<s>
Symbolics	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
privately	O
held	O
American	O
computer	O
manufacturer	O
that	O
acquired	O
the	O
assets	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
company	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
sell	O
and	O
maintain	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Genera	I-Application
Lisp	B-Language
system	O
and	O
the	O
Macsyma	B-Language
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
,	O
single-user	O
computers	O
optimized	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
Lisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
also	O
made	O
significant	O
advances	O
in	O
software	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
offered	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
premier	O
software	O
development	O
environments	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
,	O
now	O
sold	O
commercially	O
as	O
Open	B-Application
Genera	I-Application
for	O
Tru64	B-Operating_System
UNIX	I-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
(	O
HP	O
)	O
Alpha	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
workstation	B-Device
,	O
although	O
that	O
word	O
had	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
coined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
was	O
a	O
spinoff	O
from	O
the	O
MIT	O
AI	B-Application
Lab	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
companies	O
to	O
be	O
founded	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
Lab	O
staffers	O
and	O
associated	O
hackers	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
was	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
although	O
Symbolics	O
attracted	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
hackers	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
funding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
 '	O
initial	O
product	O
,	O
the	O
LM-2	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
repackaged	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
MIT	B-Operating_System
CADR	I-Operating_System
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
software	O
development	O
environment	O
,	O
over	O
500,000	O
lines	O
,	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
Lisp	B-Language
from	O
the	O
microcode	B-Device
up	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
MIT	O
's	O
Lisp	B-Language
Machine	I-Language
Lisp	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
bundle	O
was	O
later	O
renamed	O
ZetaLisp	B-Language
,	O
to	O
distinguish	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
product	O
from	O
other	O
vendors	O
who	O
had	O
also	O
licensed	O
the	O
MIT	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
 '	O
Zmacs	B-Operating_System
text	O
editor	O
,	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Emacs	B-Application
,	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
a	O
text-processing	O
package	O
named	O
ZWEI	O
,	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Zwei	O
was	O
Eine	O
initially	O
,	O
with	O
Eine	O
being	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
Eine	O
Is	O
Not	O
Emacs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
system	O
software	O
was	O
then	O
copyrighted	O
by	O
MIT	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
licensed	O
to	O
both	O
Symbolics	O
and	O
LMI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
1981	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
shared	O
all	O
its	O
copyrighted	O
enhancements	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
with	O
MIT	O
and	O
kept	O
it	O
on	O
an	O
MIT	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
business	O
tactic	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
forced	O
MIT	O
to	O
make	O
all	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
copyrighted	O
fixes	O
and	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
OS	O
available	O
only	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
(	O
and	O
MIT	O
but	O
not	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
competitors	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
thereby	O
choke	O
off	O
its	O
competitor	O
LMI	O
,	O
which	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
had	O
insufficient	O
resources	O
to	O
independently	O
maintain	O
or	O
develop	O
the	O
OS	O
and	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
began	O
using	O
their	O
own	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
located	O
on	O
their	O
company	O
servers	O
,	O
while	O
Stallman	O
says	O
that	O
Symbolics	O
did	O
that	O
to	O
prevent	O
its	O
Lisp	B-Language
improvements	O
from	O
flowing	O
to	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
From	O
that	O
base	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
made	O
extensive	O
improvements	O
to	O
every	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
continued	O
to	O
deliver	O
almost	O
all	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
their	O
customers	O
(	O
including	O
MIT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
reaction	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
Stallman	O
initiated	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
project	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
new	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
Copyleft	B-License
and	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
would	O
ensure	O
that	O
a	O
hacker	O
's	O
software	O
could	O
remain	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
played	O
a	O
key	O
,	O
albeit	O
adversarial	O
,	O
role	O
in	O
instigating	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
a	O
year	O
later	O
than	O
planned	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
introduced	O
the	O
3600	O
family	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code-named	O
the	O
"	O
L-machine	O
"	O
internally	O
,	O
the	O
3600	O
family	O
was	O
an	O
innovative	O
new	O
design	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
CADR	B-Operating_System
architecture	O
but	O
sharing	O
few	O
of	O
its	O
implementation	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
words	O
were	O
44	O
bits	O
,	O
the	O
additional	O
8	O
bits	O
being	O
used	O
for	O
error-correcting	B-Error_Name
code	I-Error_Name
(	O
ECC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
was	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
stack	B-Application
machine	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
3600	O
architecture	O
provided	O
4,096	O
hardware	O
registers	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
half	O
were	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
cache	B-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
control	B-General_Concept
stack	I-General_Concept
;	O
the	O
rest	O
were	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
microcode	B-Device
and	O
time-critical	O
routines	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
Lisp	B-Language
run-time	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
support	O
was	O
provided	O
for	O
virtual	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
was	O
common	O
for	O
machines	O
in	O
its	O
class	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
unique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
3600	O
processor	O
was	O
a	O
microprogrammed	O
design	O
like	O
the	O
CADR	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
was	O
built	O
on	O
several	O
large	O
circuit	O
boards	O
from	O
standard	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
integrated	O
circuits	O
,	O
both	O
features	O
being	O
common	O
for	O
commercial	O
computers	O
in	O
its	O
class	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
clock	O
speed	O
varied	O
depending	O
on	O
which	O
instruction	O
was	O
being	O
executed	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
typically	O
around	O
5MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Lisp	B-Language
primitives	O
could	O
be	O
executed	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
clock	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disk	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
was	O
handled	O
by	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
microcode	B-Device
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
68000	B-Device
processor	I-Device
(	O
termed	O
the	O
front-end	O
processor	O
,	O
(	O
FEP	O
)	O
)	O
started	O
the	O
main	O
computer	O
up	O
,	O
and	O
handled	O
the	O
slower	O
peripherals	O
during	O
normal	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
Ethernet	O
interface	O
was	O
standard	O
equipment	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
Chaosnet	B-General_Concept
interface	O
of	O
the	O
LM-2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
3600	O
's	O
introduction	O
,	O
the	O
smallest	O
disk	O
that	O
could	O
support	O
the	O
ZetaLisp	B-Language
software	O
was	O
wide	O
(	O
most	O
3600s	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
10½-inch	O
Fujitsu	B-Device
Eagle	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
various	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
3600	O
family	O
were	O
popular	O
for	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
research	O
and	O
commercial	O
applications	O
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AI	B-Application
commercialization	O
boom	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
led	O
directly	O
to	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
success	O
during	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
computers	O
were	O
widely	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
best	O
platform	O
available	O
for	O
developing	O
AI	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
LM-2	O
used	O
a	O
Symbolics-branded	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
complex	O
space-cadet	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
,	O
while	O
later	O
models	O
used	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
(	O
at	O
right	O
)	O
,	O
known	O
simply	O
as	O
the	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbolics	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
featured	O
the	O
many	O
modifier	B-Device
keys	I-Device
used	O
in	O
Zmacs	B-Operating_System
,	O
notably	O
Control/Meta/Super/Hyper	O
in	O
a	O
block	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
feature	O
the	O
complex	O
symbol	O
set	O
of	O
the	O
space-cadet	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
3600	O
series	O
 '	O
success	O
was	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
bit-mapped	B-Algorithm
graphics	I-Algorithm
color	O
video	O
interfaces	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
extremely	O
powerful	O
animation	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
workstations	B-Device
able	O
to	O
process	O
high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
quality	O
video	O
,	O
which	O
enjoyed	O
a	O
popular	O
following	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
 '	O
Graphics	O
Division	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Nichimen	O
Trading	O
Company	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
S-Graphics	O
software	O
suite	O
(	O
S-Paint	O
,	O
S-Geometry	O
,	O
S-Dynamics	O
,	O
S-Render	O
)	O
ported	O
to	O
Franz	O
Allegro	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
on	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
(	O
SGI	O
)	O
and	O
PC	O
computers	O
running	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
it	O
is	O
sold	O
as	O
Mirai	B-Language
by	O
Izware	O
LLC	O
,	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
major	O
motion	O
pictures	O
(	O
most	O
famously	O
in	O
New	O
Line	O
Cinema	O
's	O
The	O
Lord	O
of	O
the	O
Rings	O
)	O
,	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
simulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
 '	O
3600-series	O
computers	O
were	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
front	O
end	O
controller	O
computers	O
for	O
the	B-Device
Connection	I-Device
Machine	I-Device
massively	O
parallel	O
computers	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Thinking	O
Machines	O
Corporation	O
,	O
another	O
MIT	O
spinoff	O
based	O
in	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Device
Connection	I-Device
Machine	I-Device
ran	O
a	O
parallel	O
variant	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
and	O
,	O
initially	O
,	O
was	O
used	O
primarily	O
by	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
community	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
particularly	O
good	O
fit	O
as	O
a	O
front-end	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
did	O
n't	O
have	O
a	O
name	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
finally	O
named	O
Genera	B-Application
around	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
included	O
several	O
advanced	O
dialects	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
heritage	O
was	O
Maclisp	B-Language
on	O
the	O
PDP-10	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
included	O
more	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
and	O
multiple-inheritance	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Lisp	B-Language
dialect	O
was	O
called	O
Lisp	B-Language
Machine	I-Language
Lisp	I-Language
at	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
used	O
the	O
name	O
ZetaLisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
later	O
wrote	O
new	O
software	O
in	O
Symbolics	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
,	O
its	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
(	O
2	O
years	O
later	O
than	O
planned	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Ivory	O
family	O
of	O
single-chip	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
processors	O
superseded	O
the	O
G-Machine	O
3650	O
,	O
3620	O
,	O
and	O
3630	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ivory	O
390k	O
transistor	O
VLSI	O
implementation	O
designed	O
in	O
Symbolics	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
using	O
NS	O
,	O
a	O
custom	O
Symbolics	O
Hardware	O
Design	O
Language	O
(	O
HDL	O
)	O
,	O
addressed	O
a	O
40-bit	O
word	O
(	O
8	O
bits	O
tag	O
,	O
32	O
bits	O
data/address	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
only	O
addressed	O
full	O
words	O
and	O
not	O
bytes	O
or	O
half-words	O
,	O
this	O
allowed	O
addressing	O
of	O
4	O
Gigawords	O
(	O
GW	O
)	O
or	O
16	O
gigabytes	O
(	O
GB	O
)	O
of	O
memory	O
;	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
address	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
reflected	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
programs	O
and	O
data	O
as	O
semiconductor	O
memory	O
and	O
disk	B-General_Concept
space	I-General_Concept
became	O
cheaper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
3600	O
's	O
microprogrammed	O
architecture	O
,	O
the	O
Ivory	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
was	O
still	O
microcoded	B-Device
,	O
but	O
was	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
1200	O
×	O
180-bit	O
ROM	O
inside	O
the	O
Ivory	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ivory	O
had	O
a	O
stack	B-Application
architecture	I-Application
and	O
operated	O
a	O
4-stage	O
pipeline	O
:	O
Fetch	O
,	O
Decode	O
,	O
Execute	O
and	O
Write	O
Back	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ivory	O
processors	O
were	O
marketed	O
in	O
stand-alone	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
(	O
the	O
XL400	O
,	O
XL1200	O
,	O
and	O
XL1201	O
)	O
,	O
headless	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
(	O
NXP1000	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
add-in	O
cards	O
for	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
(	O
UX400	O
,	O
UX1200	O
)	O
and	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
(	O
MacIvory	O
I	O
,	O
II	O
,	O
III	O
)	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machines	I-Operating_System
with	O
Ivory	O
processors	O
operated	O
at	O
speeds	O
that	O
were	O
between	O
two	O
and	O
six	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
a	O
3600	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
revision	O
of	O
the	O
Ivory	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ivory	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
was	O
later	O
emulated	B-Application
in	O
software	O
for	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
implementing	O
the	O
64-bit	O
Alpha	B-Device
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Virtual	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
"	O
emulator	B-Application
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
software	O
development	O
environment	O
from	O
the	O
XL	O
machines	O
,	O
is	O
sold	O
as	O
Open	B-Application
Genera	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sunstone	O
was	O
a	O
processor	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
reduced	B-Architecture
instruction	I-Architecture
set	I-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
(	O
RISC	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
that	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
shortly	O
after	O
the	O
Ivory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
quickly	O
as	O
the	O
commercial	O
AI	B-Application
boom	O
of	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
had	O
propelled	O
Symbolics	O
to	O
success	O
,	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
Winter	O
of	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
slowdown	O
of	O
the	O
Ronald	O
Reagan	O
administration	O
's	O
Strategic	O
Defense	O
Initiative	O
,	O
popularly	O
termed	O
Star	O
Wars	O
,	O
missile	O
defense	O
program	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
had	O
invested	O
heavily	O
in	O
AI	B-Application
solutions	O
,	O
severely	O
damaged	O
Symbolics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rapid	O
evolution	O
in	O
mass	O
market	O
microprocessor	B-Architecture
technology	O
(	O
the	O
PC	O
revolution	O
)	O
,	O
advances	O
in	O
Lisp	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
technology	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
economics	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
custom	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
severely	O
diminished	O
the	O
commercial	O
advantages	O
of	O
purpose-built	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machines	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
era	O
had	O
ended	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
it	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
hopes	O
for	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
also	O
sold	O
Virtual	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
(	O
VLM	O
)	O
software	O
for	O
DEC	O
,	O
Compaq	O
,	O
and	O
HP	O
Alpha-based	O
workstations	B-Device
(	O
AlphaStation	B-Device
)	O
and	O
servers	O
(	O
AlphaServer	B-Device
)	O
,	O
refurbished	O
MacIvory	O
IIs	O
,	O
and	O
Symbolics	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genera	B-Application
also	O
featured	O
the	O
most	O
extensive	O
networking	O
interoperability	O
software	O
seen	O
to	O
that	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
system	O
called	O
Chaosnet	B-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
invented	O
for	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
(	O
predating	O
the	O
commercial	O
availability	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbolics	O
system	O
supported	O
Chaosnet	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
also	O
had	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
supported	O
DECnet	B-Protocol
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
SNA	B-Architecture
network	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Dialnet	O
protocol	O
used	O
phone	O
lines	O
and	O
modems	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genera	B-Application
would	O
,	O
using	O
hints	O
from	O
its	O
distributed	O
namespace	O
database	O
(	O
somewhat	O
similar	O
to	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
but	O
more	O
comprehensive	O
,	O
like	O
parts	O
of	O
Xerox	O
's	O
Grapevine	O
)	O
,	O
automatically	O
select	O
the	O
best	O
protocol	O
combination	O
to	O
use	O
when	O
connecting	O
to	O
network	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
host	O
name	O
and	O
a	O
request	O
for	O
"	O
Terminal	O
Connection	O
"	O
might	O
yield	O
a	O
connection	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
using	O
the	O
Telnet	B-Protocol
protocol	O
(	O
although	O
there	O
were	O
many	O
other	O
possibilities	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
requesting	O
a	O
file	O
operation	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
Copy	O
File	O
command	O
)	O
might	O
pick	O
NFS	B-Protocol
,	O
FTP	B-Protocol
,	O
NFILE	O
(	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
network	O
file	O
access	O
protocol	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
others	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
might	O
execute	O
the	O
request	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
Chaosnet	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
whatever	O
other	O
network	O
was	O
most	O
suitable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
application	O
program	O
for	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
ICAD	B-Application
computer-aided	O
engineering	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
networked	O
multi-player	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Spacewar	B-Application
,	O
was	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
CAD	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
Machine	I-Operating_System
was	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
first	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
Precision	B-Device
Architecture	I-Device
(	O
PA-RISC	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flavors	B-Language
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
extensions	O
to	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
was	O
a	O
message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
object	B-Language
system	I-Language
patterned	O
after	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
,	O
but	O
with	O
multiple	B-Application
inheritance	I-Application
and	O
several	O
other	O
enhancements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbolics	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
made	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
Flavors	B-Language
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
experience	O
gained	O
with	O
Flavors	B-Language
led	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
New	B-Language
Flavors	I-Language
,	O
a	O
short-lived	O
successor	O
based	O
on	O
generic	O
functions	O
rather	O
than	O
message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
in	O
New	B-Language
Flavors	I-Language
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
CLOS	B-Application
(	O
Common	B-Application
Lisp	I-Application
Object	I-Application
System	I-Application
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
by	O
Henry	O
Baker	O
,	O
David	O
A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moon	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
particularly	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
use	O
of	O
generational	O
scavenging	O
,	O
allowed	O
Symbolics	O
computers	O
to	O
run	O
large	O
Lisp	B-Language
programs	O
for	O
months	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moon	O
,	O
Neal	O
Feinberg	O
,	O
Kent	O
Pitman	O
,	O
Scott	O
McKay	O
,	O
Sonya	O
Keene	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
made	O
significant	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
emerging	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
language	I-Language
standard	O
from	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
through	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
National	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ANSI	O
)	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
standard	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
introduced	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
object	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
Statice	O
,	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
developers	O
later	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
found	O
Object	O
Design	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
create	O
ObjectStore	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
introduced	O
in	O
1987	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
designed	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
execution	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
programs	O
:	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
Ivory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
contract	O
from	O
AT&T	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
developed	O
Minima	O
,	O
a	O
real-time	O
Lisp	B-Language
run-time	O
environment	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
Ivory	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
delivered	O
in	O
a	O
small	O
hardware	O
configuration	O
featuring	O
much	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
no	O
disk	O
,	O
and	O
dual	O
network	O
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boids	B-Application
made	O
their	O
first	O
appearance	O
at	O
SIGGRAPH	O
in	O
the	O
1987	O
animated	O
short	O
"	O
Stanley	O
and	O
Stella	O
in	O
:	O
Breaking	O
the	O
Ice	O
"	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
Graphics	O
Division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbolics	B-General_Concept
Document	I-General_Concept
Examiner	I-General_Concept
hypertext	O
system	O
originally	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Symbolics	O
manuals	O
-	O
it	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
Zmacs	B-Operating_System
following	O
a	O
design	O
by	O
Janet	O
Walker	O
,	O
and	O
proved	O
influential	O
in	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
hypertext	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
was	O
very	O
active	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
Interface	I-Language
Manager	I-Language
(	O
CLIM	B-Language
)	O
presentation-based	O
User	B-Application
Interface	I-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIM	B-Language
is	O
a	O
descendant	O
of	O
Dynamic	O
Windows	O
,	O
Symbolics	O
 '	O
own	O
window	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CLIM	B-Language
was	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
collaboration	O
of	O
several	O
Lisp	B-Language
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbolics	O
produced	O
the	O
first	O
workstation	B-Device
which	O
could	O
genlock	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
have	O
real	O
time	O
video	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
support	O
digital	O
video	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
do	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Symbolics	O
Graphics	O
Division	O
(	O
SGD	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
sold	O
to	O
Nichimen	O
Graphics	O
in	O
1992	O
)	O
developed	O
the	O
S-Graphics	O
software	O
suite	O
(	O
S-Paint	O
,	O
S-Geometry	O
,	O
S-Dynamics	O
,	O
S-Render	O
)	O
for	O
Symbolics	B-Application
Genera	I-Application
.	O
</s>
