<s>
While	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
formal	O
division	O
between	O
"	O
wide-angle	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
panoramic	O
"	O
photography	O
,	O
"	O
wide-angle	O
"	O
normally	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
lens	O
,	O
but	O
using	O
this	O
lens	O
type	O
does	O
not	O
necessarily	O
make	O
an	O
image	O
a	O
panorama	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
image	O
made	O
with	O
an	O
ultra	O
wide-angle	O
fisheye	O
lens	O
covering	O
the	O
normal	O
film	O
frame	O
of	O
1:1.33	O
is	O
not	O
automatically	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
panorama	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
of	O
the	O
panorama	B-Application
existed	O
in	O
painting	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
murals	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
20	O
A.D.	O
in	O
those	O
found	O
in	O
Pompeii	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
generating	O
an	O
immersive	O
'	O
panoptic	O
 '	O
experience	O
of	O
a	O
vista	O
,	O
long	O
before	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
century	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
photography	O
,	O
and	O
from	O
1787	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Robert	O
Barker	O
,	O
it	O
reached	O
a	O
pinnacle	O
of	O
development	O
in	O
which	O
whole	O
buildings	O
were	O
constructed	O
to	O
house	O
360°	B-Application
panoramas	I-Application
,	O
and	O
even	O
incorporated	O
lighting	O
effects	O
and	O
moving	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
the	O
careers	O
of	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
inventors	O
of	O
photography	O
,	O
Daguerre	O
,	O
began	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
popular	O
panoramas	B-Application
and	O
dioramas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
panoramic	O
cameras	O
was	O
a	O
logical	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
nineteenth-century	O
fad	O
for	O
the	O
panorama	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
recorded	O
patents	O
for	O
a	O
panoramic	O
camera	O
was	O
submitted	O
by	O
Joseph	O
Puchberger	O
in	O
Austria	O
in	O
1843	O
for	O
a	O
hand-cranked	O
,	O
150°	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
8-inch	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
camera	O
that	O
exposed	O
a	O
relatively	O
large	O
Daguerreotype	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
long	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
camera	O
,	O
the	O
Megaskop	O
,	O
used	O
curved	O
plates	O
and	O
added	O
the	O
crucial	O
feature	O
of	O
set	O
gears	B-Application
,	O
offering	O
a	O
relatively	O
steady	O
panning	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
materials	O
and	O
the	O
technical	O
difficulty	O
of	O
properly	O
exposing	O
the	O
plates	O
,	O
Daguerreotype	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
especially	O
those	O
pieced	O
together	O
from	O
several	O
plates	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
are	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
William	O
Stanley	O
Jevons	O
 '	O
wet-collodion	O
Panorama	B-Application
of	O
Port	O
Jackson	O
,	O
New	O
South	O
Wales	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
high	O
rock	O
above	O
Shell	O
Cove	O
,	O
North	O
Shore	O
survived	O
undiscovered	O
until	O
1953	O
in	O
his	O
scrap-book	O
of	O
1857	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
early	O
panoramas	B-Application
were	O
assembled	O
this	O
way	O
by	O
George	O
N	O
.	O
Barnard	O
,	O
a	O
photographer	O
for	O
the	O
Union	O
Army	O
in	O
the	O
American	O
Civil	O
War	O
in	O
the	O
1860s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dozens	O
of	O
cameras	O
were	O
marketed	O
,	O
many	O
with	O
brand	O
names	O
indicative	O
of	O
their	O
era	O
;	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Pantascopic	O
,	O
(	O
1862	O
)	O
Cylindrograph	O
survey	O
camera	O
(	O
1884	O
)	O
,	O
Kodak	B-Algorithm
Panoram	I-Algorithm
(	O
1899	O
)	O
,	O
Wonder	O
Panoramic	O
(	O
1890	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Cyclo-Pan	O
(	O
1970	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attached	O
to	O
the	O
body	O
was	O
a	O
55mm	O
Jarret	O
lens	O
and	O
a	O
prism	O
that	O
directed	O
the	O
light	O
through	O
a	O
half-millimeter-wide	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
at	O
the	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
include	O
the	O
Widelux	O
,	O
Noblex	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
Horizon	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
models	O
have	O
a	O
fixed	O
focus	O
lens	O
,	O
set	O
to	O
the	O
hyperfocal	O
distance	O
of	O
the	O
maximum	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
lens	O
,	O
often	O
at	O
around	O
10	O
meters	O
(	O
30ft	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photographers	O
wishing	O
to	O
photograph	O
closer	O
subjects	O
must	O
use	O
a	O
small	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
bring	O
the	O
foreground	O
into	O
focus	O
,	O
limiting	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
use	O
in	O
low-light	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
distortion	O
can	O
be	O
reduced	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
swing-lens	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
standard	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
distortion	O
is	O
seen	O
in	O
panoramas	B-Application
shot	O
with	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
using	O
in-camera	O
stitching	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
rotating	B-Device
line	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
image	O
a	O
360°	B-Application
panorama	I-Application
line	O
by	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
in	O
this	O
style	O
are	O
the	O
Panoscan	B-Device
and	O
Eyescan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
camera	O
are	O
:	O
Taiyokoki	O
Viscawide-16	O
ST-D	O
(	O
16	O
mm	O
film	O
)	O
,	O
Siciliano	O
Camera	O
Works	O
Pannaroma	O
(	O
35mm	O
,	O
1987	O
)	O
,	O
Hasselblad	B-Algorithm
X-Pan	O
(	O
35mm	O
,	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
Linhof	O
612PC	O
,	O
Horseman	O
SW612	O
,	O
Linhof	O
Technorama	O
617	O
,	O
Tomiyama	O
Art	O
Panorama	B-Application
617	O
and	O
624	O
,	O
and	O
Fuji	O
G617	O
and	O
GX617	O
(	O
Medium	O
format	O
(	O
film	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
panomorph	B-General_Concept
lens	O
provides	O
a	O
full	O
hemispheric	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
with	O
no	O
blind	O
spot	O
,	O
unlike	O
catadioptric	O
lenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
digital	O
photography	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
method	O
for	O
producing	O
panoramas	B-Application
is	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
pictures	O
and	O
stitch	O
them	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
:	O
the	O
cylindrical	O
panorama	B-Application
used	O
primarily	O
in	O
stills	O
photography	O
and	O
the	O
spherical	O
panorama	B-Application
used	O
for	O
virtual-reality	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Segmented	O
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
also	O
called	O
stitched	B-Algorithm
panoramas	B-Application
,	O
are	O
made	O
by	O
joining	O
multiple	O
photographs	O
with	O
slightly	O
overlapping	O
fields	O
of	O
view	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
panoramic	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stitching	B-Algorithm
software	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
combine	O
multiple	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ideally	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
correctly	O
stitch	O
images	O
together	O
without	O
parallax	B-Device
error	O
,	O
the	O
camera	O
must	O
be	O
rotated	O
about	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
its	O
lens	O
entrance	O
pupil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stitching	B-Algorithm
software	O
can	O
correct	O
some	O
parallax	B-Device
errors	O
and	O
different	O
programs	O
seem	O
to	O
vary	O
in	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
correct	O
parallax	B-Device
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
specific	O
panorama	B-Application
software	O
seems	O
better	O
at	O
this	O
than	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
built	O
in	O
stitching	B-Algorithm
in	O
general	O
photomanipulation	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
especially	O
smartphone	B-Application
cameras	O
can	O
do	O
the	O
stitching	B-Algorithm
internally	O
,	O
sometimes	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
either	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
feature	O
or	O
by	O
installing	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
single	O
viewpoint	O
means	O
the	O
complete	O
panorama	B-Application
is	O
effectively	O
imaged	O
or	O
viewed	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
point	O
in	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
simply	O
warp	O
the	O
acquired	O
image	O
into	O
a	O
cylindrical	O
or	O
spherical	O
panorama	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
complete	O
panorama	B-Application
is	O
imaged	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
dynamic	O
scenes	O
can	O
be	O
captured	O
without	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mirror	O
lens	O
system	O
uses	O
only	O
a	O
partial	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
's	O
sensor	O
and	O
therefore	O
some	O
pixels	O
are	O
not	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
even	O
inexpensive	O
add-on	O
catadioptric	O
lenses	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
GoPano	O
micro	O
and	O
Kogeto	O
Dot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Preceding	O
Ruscha	O
's	O
work	O
,	O
in	O
1954	O
,	O
Yoshikazu	O
Suzuki	O
produced	O
an	O
accordion-fold	O
panorama	B-Application
of	O
every	O
building	O
on	O
Ginza	O
Street	O
,	O
Tokyo	O
in	O
the	O
Japanese	O
architecture	O
book	O
Ginza	O
,	O
Kawaii	O
,	O
Ginza	O
Haccho	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
manually	O
with	O
prints	O
or	O
by	O
using	O
digital	B-Application
image	I-Application
editing	I-Application
software	O
and	O
may	O
resemble	O
a	O
wide-angle	O
or	O
panoramic	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
scene	O
,	O
similar	O
in	O
effect	O
to	O
segmented	O
panoramic	O
photography	O
or	O
image	B-Algorithm
stitching	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jan	O
Dibbets	O
 '	O
Dutch	O
Mountain	O
series	O
(	O
c.1971	O
)	O
relies	O
on	O
stitching	B-Algorithm
of	O
panoramic	O
sequences	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
mountain	O
of	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
seaside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andreas	O
Gursky	O
frequently	O
employs	O
digital	O
stitching	B-Algorithm
in	O
his	O
large-format	O
panoramic	O
imagery	O
.	O
</s>
