<s>
OpenStack	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
,	O
open	B-Application
standard	I-Application
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
platform	O
consists	O
of	O
interrelated	O
components	O
that	O
control	O
diverse	O
,	O
multi-vendor	O
hardware	O
pools	O
of	O
processing	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
and	O
networking	O
resources	O
throughout	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
manage	O
it	O
either	O
through	O
a	O
web-based	O
dashboard	O
,	O
through	O
command-line	B-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
or	O
through	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
web	I-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
Rackspace	O
Hosting	O
and	O
NASA	O
announced	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
cloud-software	O
initiative	O
known	O
as	O
OpenStack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mission	O
statement	O
was	O
"	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
ubiquitous	O
Open	O
Source	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
that	O
will	O
meet	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
clouds	O
regardless	O
of	O
size	O
,	O
by	O
being	O
simple	O
to	O
implement	O
and	O
massively	O
scalable	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
intended	O
to	O
help	O
organizations	O
offer	O
cloud-computing	B-Architecture
services	O
running	O
on	O
standard	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
code	O
came	O
from	O
NASA	O
's	O
Nebula	B-General_Concept
platform	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
from	O
Rackspace	O
's	O
Cloud	O
Files	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cloud	O
stack	O
and	O
open	O
stack	O
modules	O
were	O
merged	O
and	O
released	O
as	O
open	O
source	O
by	O
the	O
NASA	O
Nebula	B-General_Concept
team	O
in	O
concert	O
with	O
Rackspace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
developers	O
of	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
distribution	I-Operating_System
adopted	O
OpenStack	O
with	O
an	O
unsupported	O
technology	O
preview	O
of	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
"	O
Bexar	O
"	O
release	O
for	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
11.04	O
"	O
Natty	O
Narwhal	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
's	O
sponsor	O
Canonical	O
then	O
introduced	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
OpenStack	O
clouds	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
OpenStack	O
's	O
Cactus	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2012	O
,	O
SUSE	O
announced	O
its	O
commercially	O
supported	O
enterprise	O
OpenStack	O
distribution	B-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
Essex	O
"	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Red	O
Hat	O
announced	O
a	O
preview	O
of	O
their	O
OpenStack	O
distribution	B-Application
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
Essex	O
"	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
NASA	O
withdrew	O
from	O
OpenStack	O
as	O
an	O
active	O
contributor	O
,	O
and	O
instead	O
made	O
the	O
strategic	O
decision	O
to	O
use	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
for	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
had	O
joined	O
OpenStack	O
as	O
a	O
Sponsor	O
and	O
planned	O
to	O
bring	O
OpenStack	O
to	O
Oracle	B-Application
Solaris	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
Linux	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
of	O
its	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
followed	O
by	O
announcing	O
Oracle	B-Application
OpenStack	O
distributions	O
for	O
Oracle	B-Application
Solaris	O
and	O
for	O
Oracle	B-Application
Linux	O
using	O
Icehouse	O
on	O
24	O
September	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
HP	O
announced	O
HP	B-General_Concept
Helion	I-General_Concept
and	O
released	O
a	O
preview	O
of	O
HP	B-General_Concept
Helion	I-General_Concept
OpenStack	O
Community	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
IceHouse	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
has	O
operated	O
HP	B-General_Concept
Helion	I-General_Concept
Public	O
Cloud	O
on	O
OpenStack	O
since	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2014	O
Interop	O
and	O
Tech	O
Field	O
Day	O
,	O
software-defined	O
networking	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
Avaya	O
using	O
Shortest	B-Protocol
path	I-Protocol
bridging	I-Protocol
and	O
OpenStack	O
as	O
an	O
automated	O
campus	O
,	O
extending	O
automation	O
from	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
end	O
device	O
,	O
removing	O
manual	O
provisioning	O
from	O
service	O
delivery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nova	O
is	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
project	O
that	O
provides	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
provision	O
compute	O
instances	O
as	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
,	O
real	O
hardware	O
servers	O
(	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ironic	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
limited	O
support	O
for	O
system	O
containers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nova	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
many	O
external	O
Python	B-Language
libraries	O
such	O
as	O
Eventlet	O
(	O
concurrent	O
networking	O
library	O
)	O
,	O
Kombu	O
(	O
AMQP	B-Operating_System
messaging	O
framework	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
SQLAlchemy	B-Application
(	O
SQL	O
toolkit	O
and	O
Object	O
Relational	B-Application
Mapper	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitoring	O
end-to-end	O
performance	O
requires	O
tracking	O
metrics	O
from	O
Nova	O
,	O
Keystone	O
,	O
Neutron	O
,	O
Cinder	O
,	O
Swift	B-Application
and	O
other	O
services	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
monitoring	O
RabbitMQ	B-Application
which	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
OpenStack	O
services	O
for	O
message	O
passing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStack	O
Networking	O
enables	O
projects	O
to	O
create	O
advanced	O
virtual	O
network	O
topologies	O
which	O
may	O
include	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
firewall	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
(	O
VPN	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neutron	O
allows	O
dedicated	O
static	O
IP	O
addresses	O
or	O
DHCP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
allows	O
Floating	B-Operating_System
IP	I-Operating_System
addresses	O
to	O
let	O
traffic	O
be	O
dynamically	O
rerouted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
use	O
software-defined	O
networking	O
(	O
SDN	O
)	O
technologies	O
like	O
OpenFlow	B-Protocol
to	O
support	O
multi-tenancy	B-Architecture
and	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStack	O
networking	O
can	O
deploy	O
and	O
manage	O
additional	O
network	O
services	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
intrusion	O
detection	O
systems	O
(	O
IDS	O
)	O
,	O
load	B-Application
balancing	I-Application
,	O
firewalls	B-Application
,	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
networks	I-Application
(	O
VPN	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cinder	O
is	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
Block	O
Storage	O
service	O
for	O
providing	O
volumes	O
to	O
Nova	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
,	O
Ironic	O
bare	O
metal	O
hosts	O
,	O
containers	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cinder	O
volumes	O
provide	O
persistent	O
storage	O
to	O
guest	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
-	O
known	O
as	O
instances	O
,	O
that	O
are	O
managed	O
by	O
OpenStack	O
Compute	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keystone	O
is	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
service	O
that	O
provides	O
API	O
client	O
authentication	O
,	O
service	O
discovery	O
,	O
and	O
distributed	O
multi-tenant	B-Architecture
authorization	O
by	O
implementing	O
OpenStack	O
's	O
Identity	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keystone	O
can	O
integrate	O
with	O
directory	O
services	O
like	O
LDAP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
standard	O
username	O
and	O
password	O
credentials	O
,	O
token-based	O
systems	O
and	O
AWS-style	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
)	O
logins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenStack	O
keystone	O
service	O
catalog	O
allows	O
API	O
clients	O
to	O
dynamically	O
discover	O
and	O
navigate	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glance	O
image	O
services	O
include	O
discovering	O
,	O
registering	O
,	O
and	O
retrieving	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
(	O
VM	O
)	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glance	O
has	O
a	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
that	O
allows	O
querying	O
of	O
VM	O
image	O
metadata	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
retrieval	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VM	O
images	O
made	O
available	O
through	O
Glance	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
locations	O
from	O
simple	O
filesystems	O
to	O
object-storage	O
systems	O
like	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
Swift	B-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swift	B-Application
is	O
a	O
distributed	O
,	O
eventually	O
consistent	O
object/blob	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenStack	O
Object	O
Store	O
project	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Swift	B-Application
,	O
offers	O
cloud	O
storage	O
software	O
so	O
that	O
you	O
can	O
store	O
and	O
retrieve	O
lots	O
of	O
data	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Swift	B-Application
is	O
ideal	O
for	O
storing	O
unstructured	O
data	O
that	O
can	O
grow	O
without	O
bound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SwiftStack	O
,	O
an	O
object	O
storage	O
software	O
company	O
,	O
is	O
currently	O
the	O
leading	O
developer	O
for	O
Swift	B-Application
with	O
significant	O
contributions	O
from	O
Intel	O
,	O
Red	O
Hat	O
,	O
NTT	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Horizon	O
is	O
the	O
canonical	O
implementation	O
of	O
OpenStack	O
's	O
Dashboard	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
web	O
based	O
user	O
interface	O
to	O
OpenStack	O
services	O
including	O
Nova	O
,	O
Swift	B-Application
,	O
Keystone	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heat	O
is	O
a	O
service	O
to	O
orchestrate	B-Application
multiple	O
composite	O
cloud	B-Architecture
applications	I-Architecture
using	O
templates	O
,	O
through	O
both	O
an	O
OpenStack-native	O
REST	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
CloudFormation-compatible	O
Query	O
API	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	O
typically	O
writes	O
a	O
workflow	O
using	O
workflow	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
YAML	O
and	O
uploads	O
the	O
workflow	O
definition	O
to	O
Mistral	O
via	O
its	O
REST	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trove	O
is	O
a	O
database-as-a-service	O
provisioning	O
relational	B-Application
and	O
a	O
non-relational	O
database	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sahara	O
is	O
a	O
component	O
to	O
easily	O
and	O
rapidly	O
provision	O
Hadoop	B-Application
clusters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
will	O
specify	O
several	O
parameters	O
like	O
the	O
Hadoop	B-Application
version	O
number	O
,	O
the	O
cluster	O
topology	O
type	O
,	O
node	O
flavor	O
details	O
(	O
defining	O
disk	O
space	O
,	O
CPU	O
and	O
RAM	O
settings	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sahara	O
also	O
provides	O
means	O
to	O
scale	O
a	O
preexisting	O
Hadoop	B-Application
cluster	O
by	O
adding	O
and	O
removing	O
worker	O
nodes	O
on	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ironic	O
is	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
project	O
that	O
provisions	O
bare	O
metal	O
machines	O
instead	O
of	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
use	O
PXE	B-Device
and	O
IPMI	O
or	O
Redfish	B-Application
in	O
concert	O
to	O
provision	O
and	O
manage	O
physical	O
machines	O
,	O
but	O
Ironic	O
supports	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
extended	O
with	O
vendor-specific	O
plugins	O
to	O
implement	O
additional	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sushy	O
is	O
a	O
lightweight	O
Redfish	B-Application
API	O
client	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zaqar	O
is	O
a	O
multi-tenant	B-Architecture
cloud	O
messaging	O
service	O
for	O
Web	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
features	O
a	O
fully	O
RESTful	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
developers	O
can	O
use	O
to	O
send	O
messages	O
between	O
various	O
components	O
of	O
their	O
SaaS	O
and	O
mobile	O
applications	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
communication	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
storage	O
appliances	O
from	O
EMC	O
,	O
NetApp	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
,	O
Quobyte	O
,	O
INFINIDAT	O
and	O
Hitachi	O
Data	O
Systems	O
are	O
supported	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
filesystem	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Red	O
Hat	O
GlusterFS	O
or	O
Ceph	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designate	O
is	O
a	O
multi-tenant	B-Architecture
REST	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
for	O
managing	O
DNS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Searchlight	O
provides	O
advanced	O
and	O
consistent	O
search	O
capabilities	O
across	O
various	O
OpenStack	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
accomplishes	O
this	O
by	O
offloading	O
user	O
search	O
queries	O
from	O
other	O
OpenStack	O
API	O
servers	O
by	O
indexing	O
their	O
data	O
into	O
ElasticSearch	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Searchlight	O
is	O
being	O
integrated	O
into	O
Horizon	O
and	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
Command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Barbican	O
is	O
a	O
REST	B-Protocol
API	I-Protocol
designed	O
for	O
the	O
secure	O
storage	O
,	O
provisioning	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
secrets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magnum	O
is	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
API	O
service	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
Containers	O
Team	O
making	O
container	B-Application
orchestration	I-Application
engines	O
such	O
as	O
Docker	O
Swarm	O
,	O
Kubernetes	O
,	O
and	O
Apache	O
Mesos	O
available	O
as	O
first	O
class	O
resources	O
in	O
OpenStack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magnum	O
uses	O
Heat	O
to	O
orchestrate	B-Application
an	O
OS	O
image	O
which	O
contains	O
Docker	O
and	O
Kubernetes	O
and	O
runs	O
that	O
image	O
in	O
either	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
or	O
bare	O
metal	O
in	O
a	O
cluster	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OpenStack	O
Appliance	O
is	O
the	O
name	O
given	O
to	O
software	O
that	O
can	O
support	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platform	I-Architecture
on	O
either	O
physical	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
servers	O
or	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
applying	O
this	O
strict	O
definition	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
helpful	O
,	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
really	O
a	O
clear	O
distinction	O
between	O
an	O
appliance	O
and	O
a	O
distribution	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
above	O
challenges	O
the	O
most	O
appropriate	O
route	O
for	O
an	O
organization	O
wishing	O
to	O
implement	O
OpenStack	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
go	O
with	O
a	O
vendor	O
,	O
and	O
source	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
appliance	O
or	O
distribution	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenStack-based	O
Public	O
Cloud	O
A	O
vendor	O
provides	O
a	O
public	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
system	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
OpenStack	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On-premises	O
distribution	B-Application
In	O
this	O
model	O
,	O
a	O
customer	O
downloads	O
and	O
installs	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
distribution	B-Application
in	O
their	O
internal	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Appliance	O
based	O
OpenStack	O
Nebula	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
vendor	O
that	O
sold	O
appliances	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
network	O
which	O
spawned	O
an	O
OpenStack	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
