<s>
Surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
concept	O
in	O
political	O
economics	O
which	O
denotes	O
the	O
widespread	O
collection	O
and	O
commodification	O
of	O
personal	O
data	O
by	O
corporations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
described	O
by	O
Shoshana	O
Zuboff	O
,	O
is	O
driven	O
by	O
a	O
profit-making	O
incentive	O
,	O
and	O
arose	O
as	O
advertising	O
companies	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Google	O
's	O
AdWords	B-Application
,	O
saw	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
using	O
personal	O
data	O
to	O
target	O
consumers	O
more	O
precisely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increased	O
data	O
collection	O
may	O
have	O
various	O
advantages	O
for	O
individuals	O
and	O
society	O
such	O
as	O
self-optimization	O
(	O
Quantified	O
Self	O
)	O
,	O
societal	O
optimizations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
)	O
and	O
optimized	O
services	O
(	O
including	O
various	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
Capitalism	O
has	O
become	O
focused	O
on	O
expanding	O
the	O
proportion	O
of	O
social	O
life	O
that	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
these	O
may	O
come	O
with	O
significant	O
implications	O
for	O
vulnerability	O
and	O
control	O
of	O
society	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
personal	O
data	B-Application
points	I-Application
increased	O
in	O
value	O
after	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
targeted	O
advertising	O
were	O
known	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
the	O
increasing	O
price	O
of	O
data	O
has	O
limited	O
accessibility	O
to	O
the	O
purchase	O
of	O
personal	O
data	B-Application
points	I-Application
to	O
the	O
richest	O
in	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
Vincent	O
Mosco	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
marketing	O
of	O
information	O
about	O
customers	O
and	O
subscribers	O
to	O
advertisers	O
as	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
and	O
makes	O
note	O
of	O
the	O
surveillance	O
state	O
alongside	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Christian	O
Fuchs	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
surveillance	O
state	O
fuses	O
with	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zuboff	O
contrasts	O
mass	O
production	O
of	O
industrial	O
capitalism	O
with	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
former	O
being	O
interdependent	O
with	O
its	O
populations	O
who	O
were	O
its	O
consumers	O
and	O
employees	O
and	O
the	O
latter	O
preying	O
on	O
dependent	O
populations	O
who	O
are	O
neither	O
its	O
consumers	O
nor	O
its	O
employees	O
and	O
largely	O
ignorant	O
of	O
its	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zuboff	O
notes	O
that	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
reaches	O
beyond	O
the	O
conventional	O
institutional	O
terrain	O
of	O
the	O
private	O
firm	O
and	O
accumulates	O
not	O
only	O
surveillance	O
assets	O
and	O
capital	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
rights	O
and	O
operates	O
without	O
meaningful	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Zuboff	O
's	O
research	O
she	O
claims	O
that	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
;	O
Google	O
and	O
Facebook	O
invented	O
and	O
transferred	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
into	O
"	O
a	O
new	O
logic	O
of	O
accumulation	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mutation	O
entailed	O
both	O
companies	O
gathering	O
very	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
data	B-Application
points	I-Application
about	O
their	O
users	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
core	O
purpose	O
of	O
making	O
profit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
selling	O
these	O
data	B-Application
points	I-Application
to	O
external	O
users	O
(	O
particularly	O
advertisers	O
)	O
it	O
has	O
become	O
an	O
economic	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
massive	O
data	O
sets	O
and	O
using	O
those	O
data	O
sets	O
as	O
a	O
market	O
mechanism	O
,	O
has	O
shaped	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
heralded	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
neoliberalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oliver	O
Stone	O
,	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
Snowden	O
,	O
pointed	O
to	O
the	O
location-based	O
game	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Go	I-Application
as	O
the	O
"	O
latest	O
sign	O
of	O
the	O
emerging	O
phenomenon	O
and	O
demonstration	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
aspect	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
relates	O
to	O
the	O
influence	O
it	O
has	O
had	O
on	O
political	O
campaigning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personal	O
data	O
retrieved	O
by	O
data	B-Application
miners	I-Application
can	O
enable	O
various	O
companies	O
(	O
most	O
notoriously	O
,	O
Cambridge	O
Analytica	O
)	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
targeting	O
of	O
political	O
advertising	O
,	O
a	O
step	O
beyond	O
the	O
commercial	O
ends	O
of	O
previous	O
Surveillance	O
Capitalist	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Zuboff	O
's	O
theory	O
,	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
novel	O
market	O
form	O
and	O
a	O
specific	O
logic	O
of	O
capitalist	O
accumulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
her	O
2014	O
essay	O
A	O
Digital	O
Declaration	O
:	O
Big	O
Data	O
as	O
Surveillance	B-General_Concept
Capitalism	I-General_Concept
,	O
she	O
characterized	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
radically	O
disembedded	O
and	O
extractive	O
variant	O
of	O
information	O
capitalism	O
"	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
commodification	O
of	O
"	O
reality	O
"	O
and	O
its	O
transformation	O
into	O
behavioral	O
data	O
for	O
analysis	O
and	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
differentiated	O
"	O
surveillance	O
assets	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capital	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
their	O
dependence	O
on	O
a	O
global	O
architecture	O
of	O
computer	O
mediation	O
that	O
she	O
calls	O
"	O
Big	O
Other	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
distributed	O
and	O
largely	O
uncontested	O
new	O
expression	O
of	O
power	O
which	O
constitutes	O
hidden	O
mechanisms	O
of	O
extraction	O
,	O
commodification	O
,	O
and	O
control	O
that	O
threatens	O
core	O
values	O
such	O
as	O
freedom	O
,	O
democracy	O
,	O
and	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Zuboff	O
,	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
was	O
pioneered	O
at	O
Google	O
and	O
later	O
Facebook	O
,	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
that	O
mass-production	O
and	O
managerial	O
capitalism	O
were	O
pioneered	O
at	O
Ford	O
and	O
General	O
Motors	O
a	O
century	O
earlier	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
now	O
become	O
the	O
dominant	O
form	O
of	O
information	O
capitalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
her	O
Oxford	O
University	O
lecture	O
published	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
Zuboff	O
identified	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
's	O
mechanisms	O
and	O
practices	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
manufacture	O
of	O
"	O
prediction	O
products	O
"	O
for	O
sale	O
in	O
new	O
"	O
behavioral	O
futures	O
markets.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Zuboff	O
's	O
book	O
The	O
Age	O
of	O
Surveillance	B-General_Concept
Capitalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
detailed	O
examination	O
of	O
the	O
unprecedented	O
power	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
quest	O
by	O
powerful	O
corporations	O
to	O
predict	O
and	O
control	O
human	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zuboff	O
identifies	O
four	O
key	O
features	O
in	O
the	O
logic	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
and	O
explicitly	O
follows	O
the	O
four	O
key	O
features	O
identified	O
by	O
Google	O
's	O
chief	O
economist	O
,	O
Hal	O
Varian	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
her	O
book	O
,	O
Zuboff	O
discusses	O
the	O
differences	O
between	O
industrial	O
capitalism	O
and	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zuboff	O
writes	O
that	O
as	O
industrial	O
capitalism	O
exploited	O
nature	O
,	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
human	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
"	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
political	O
economists	O
John	O
Bellamy	O
Foster	O
and	O
Robert	O
W	O
.	O
McChesney	O
,	O
although	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
organizations	O
have	O
been	O
struggling	O
for	O
free	O
speech	O
and	O
privacy	O
rights	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
and	O
various	O
national	O
governments	O
have	O
enacted	O
privacy	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Government	O
attention	O
towards	O
the	O
dangers	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
especially	O
increased	O
after	O
the	O
exposure	O
of	O
the	O
Facebook-Cambridge	O
Analytica	O
data	O
scandal	O
that	O
occurred	O
in	O
early	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bruce	O
Sterling	O
's	O
2014	O
lecture	O
at	O
Strelka	O
Institute	O
"	O
The	O
epic	O
struggle	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
"	O
explained	O
how	O
consumer	O
products	O
could	O
become	O
surveillance	O
objects	O
that	O
track	O
people	O
's	O
everyday	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
talk	O
,	O
Sterling	O
highlights	O
the	O
alliances	O
between	O
multinational	O
corporations	O
who	O
develop	O
Internet	O
of	O
Things-based	O
surveillance	O
systems	O
which	O
feeds	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Tega	O
Brain	O
and	O
Surya	O
Mattu	O
's	O
satirical	O
artwork	O
Unfit	O
Bits	O
encourages	O
users	O
to	O
subvert	O
fitness	O
data	O
collected	O
by	O
Fitbits	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
large	O
response	O
since	O
Zuboff	O
's	O
book	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
end	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
current	O
digital	O
and	O
political	O
sphere	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
power	O
that	O
large	O
technology	O
companies	O
have	O
politically	O
and	O
economically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
likely	O
that	O
we	O
will	O
see	O
governments	O
adopting	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
for	O
their	O
own	O
benefit	O
,	O
creating	O
deals	O
with	O
these	O
large	O
technology	O
companies	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
both	O
monitor	O
and	O
gain	O
advantage	O
of	O
its	O
going	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
become	O
almost	O
inevitably	O
ingrained	O
within	O
most	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
forms	O
of	O
government	O
and	O
society	O
is	O
through	O
the	O
lens	O
of	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
this	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
them	O
viewing	O
the	O
digital	O
space	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
national	O
resource	O
"	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
an	O
extremely	O
high-functioning	O
form	O
of	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
ultimately	O
shows	O
the	O
power	O
in	O
which	O
governments	O
could	O
have	O
should	O
they	O
choose	O
to	O
adopt	O
a	O
similar	O
level	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
footprints	O
of	O
their	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
suggests	O
that	O
while	O
surveillance	B-General_Concept
capitalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
inherently	O
about	O
market	O
forces	O
,	O
governments	O
and	O
other	O
political	O
actors	O
also	O
participate	O
in	O
this	O
new	O
economy	O
.	O
</s>
