<s>
A	O
surgery	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
is	O
computer	O
technology	O
developed	O
to	O
simulate	O
surgical	O
procedures	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
training	O
medical	O
professionals	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
,	O
cadaver	B-Application
or	O
animal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
goes	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1980s	O
with	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
with	O
three-dimensional	O
graphics	O
and	O
the	O
2000s	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
motion	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
for	O
realistic	O
movements	O
(	O
motion	O
control	O
)	O
has	O
the	O
technology	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
real	O
situation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Surgery	B-General_Concept
simulators	I-General_Concept
are	O
generally	O
used	O
to	O
train	O
medical	O
students	O
and	O
surgeons	O
in	O
specific	O
types	O
of	O
procedures	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
animals	O
or	O
cadavers	B-Application
before	O
working	O
with	O
live	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
surgical	O
tools	O
or	O
gloves	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
motion	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
and	O
haptic	B-Device
or	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
mechanisms	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
physically	O
feel	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
simulated	O
tissue	O
and	O
organs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-General_Concept
surgery	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
simulate	O
procedures	O
and	O
train	O
surgeons	O
grew	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
improved	O
more	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
what	O
allowed	O
more	O
realistic	O
manipulation	O
of	O
the	O
virtual	O
reality	O
through	O
motion	B-Device
sensors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
surgery	I-General_Concept
(	O
where	O
actual	O
surgery	O
followed	O
the	O
virtual	O
practice	O
)	O
was	O
performed	O
on	O
17	O
August	O
2009	O
when	O
Dr.	O
David	O
Clarke	O
in	O
Halifax	O
,	O
Nova	O
Scotia	O
removed	O
a	O
brain	O
tumour	O
24	O
hours	O
after	O
removing	O
a	O
simulated	O
tumour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
students	O
have	O
grown	O
up	O
with	O
both	O
entertainment	O
video	O
games	O
and	O
serious	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
those	O
developed	O
for	O
educational	O
purposes	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
simulators	O
both	O
more	O
acceptable	O
and	O
effective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
simulator	O
for	O
laparoscopic	O
surgery	O
today	O
is	O
the	O
da	O
Vinci	O
Surgery	B-General_Concept
Simulator	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HelpMeSee	O
Eye	O
Surgery	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
is	O
another	O
virtual	O
reality	O
simulator	O
with	O
realtime	O
haptic	B-Device
feedback	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
train	O
trainees	O
for	O
Manual	O
Small	O
Incision	O
Cataract	O
Surgery	O
.	O
</s>
