<s>
The	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
supercomputing	I-Architecture
program	O
started	O
in	O
mid-to-late	O
1980s	O
in	O
Pakistan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
recent	O
area	O
of	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
in	O
which	O
Pakistan	O
has	O
made	O
progress	O
,	O
driven	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
technology	O
age	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developing	O
on	O
the	O
ingenious	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
program	O
started	O
in	O
1980s	O
when	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
the	O
Cray	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
was	O
initially	O
denied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fastest	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
currently	O
in	O
use	O
in	O
Pakistan	O
is	O
developed	O
and	O
hosted	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
University	O
of	O
Sciences	O
and	O
Technology	O
at	O
its	O
modeling	O
and	O
simulation	O
research	O
centre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
November	O
2012	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
from	O
Pakistan	O
on	O
the	O
Top500	O
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
interests	O
of	O
Pakistan	O
in	O
the	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
began	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
at	O
several	O
high-powered	O
institutions	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
senior	O
scientists	O
at	O
the	O
Pakistan	O
Atomic	O
Energy	O
Commission	O
(	O
PAEC	O
)	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
research	O
on	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
while	O
calculating	O
and	O
determining	O
exact	O
values	O
involving	O
fast-neutron	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
one	O
scientist	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
the	O
leading	O
scientists	O
at	O
PAEC	O
developed	O
powerful	O
computerized	O
electronic	O
codes	O
,	O
acquired	O
powerful	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
to	O
design	O
this	O
system	O
and	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
design	O
that	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
manufactured	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
atomic	O
bomb	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zubairy	O
published	O
two	O
important	O
books	O
on	O
Quantum	B-Architecture
Computers	I-Architecture
and	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
throughout	O
his	O
career	O
that	O
are	O
presently	O
taught	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
scientific	O
research	O
and	O
mathematical	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
was	O
also	O
carried	O
out	O
by	O
mathematician	O
Dr.	O
Tasneem	O
Shah	O
at	O
the	O
Kahuta	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
while	O
trying	O
to	O
solve	O
additive	O
problems	O
in	O
Computational	O
mathematics	O
and	O
the	O
Statistical	O
physics	O
using	O
the	O
Monte	B-Algorithm
Carlo	I-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
Khan	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
deployed	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
at	O
its	O
site	O
,	O
becoming	O
nation	O
's	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
fastest	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technological	O
imports	O
in	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
were	O
denied	O
to	O
Pakistan	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
India	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
arms	O
embargo	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
foreign	O
powers	O
feared	O
that	O
the	O
imports	O
and	O
enhancement	O
to	O
the	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
development	O
was	O
a	O
dual	O
use	O
of	O
technology	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
developing	O
nuclear	O
weapons	O
in	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Bush	O
administration	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
help	O
US-based	O
companies	O
gain	O
competitive	O
ground	O
in	O
developing	O
information	O
technology-based	O
markets	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
government	O
eased	O
regulations	O
that	O
applied	O
to	O
exporting	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
to	O
Pakistan	O
and	O
four	O
other	O
technologically	O
developing	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
regulations	O
allowed	O
these	O
countries	O
to	O
import	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
that	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
processing	O
information	O
at	O
a	O
speed	O
of	O
190,000	O
million	O
theoretical	O
operations	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
MTOPS	O
)	O
;	O
the	O
previous	O
limit	O
had	O
been	O
85,000	O
MTOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
CCMS	O
Department	O
of	O
Physics	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Malakand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ghulam	O
Ishaq	O
Khan	O
Institute	O
of	O
Engineering	O
Sciences	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
GIKI	O
)	O
has	O
nation	O
's	O
notable	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
programmes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
provides	O
a	O
test	O
bed	O
for	O
shared	O
memory	O
systems	O
,	O
distributed	O
memory	O
systems	O
and	O
Array	O
Processing	O
using	O
OpenMP	O
,	O
MPI-2	O
and	O
CUDA	O
specifications	B-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
COMSATS	O
Institute	O
of	O
Information	O
Technology	O
(	O
CIIT	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
actively	O
involved	O
in	O
research	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
and	O
computer	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
CIIT	O
built	O
a	O
cluster-based	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
for	O
research	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux-based	O
computing	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
was	O
tested	O
and	O
configured	O
for	O
optimization	O
,	O
achieved	O
a	O
performance	O
of	O
158	O
GFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
packaging	O
of	O
the	O
cluster	B-Architecture
was	O
locally	O
designed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
University	O
of	O
Sciences	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
NUST	O
)	O
in	O
Islamabad	O
has	O
developed	O
the	O
fastest	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
facility	O
in	O
Pakistan	O
till	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
operates	O
at	O
the	O
university	O
's	O
Research	O
Centre	O
for	O
Modeling	O
and	O
Simulation	O
(	O
RCMS	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
inaugurated	O
in	O
September	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
has	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computation	I-Operating_System
abilities	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
performance	O
of	O
132	O
teraflops	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
132	O
trillion	O
floating-point	O
operations	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
fastest	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
system	O
currently	O
in	O
operation	O
in	O
Pakistan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
multi-core	O
processors	O
and	O
graphics	O
co-processors	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
inter-process	B-Operating_System
communication	I-Operating_System
speed	O
of	O
40	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
specifications	B-Application
available	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
cluster	B-Architecture
consists	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
66	O
NODE	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
with	O
30,992	O
processor	O
cores	O
,	O
2	O
head	O
nodes	O
(	O
16	O
processor	O
cores	O
)	O
,	O
32	O
dual	O
quad	O
core	O
computer	O
nodes	O
(	O
256	O
processor	O
cores	O
)	O
and	O
32	O
Nvidia	O
computing	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
processor	O
has	O
960	O
processor	O
cores	O
(	O
30,720	O
processor	O
cores	O
)	O
,	O
QDR	B-Device
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
interconnection	O
and	O
21.6	O
TB	O
SAN	O
storage.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
Kahuta	O
Research	O
Laboratories	O
(	O
KRL	O
)	O
became	O
nation	O
's	O
first	O
site	O
and	O
a	O
home	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
high-performance	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
and	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
systems	O
that	O
were	O
installed	O
at	O
the	O
facility	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
mathematicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kohat	O
University	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
installed	O
a	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
facility	O
with	O
the	O
specifications	B-Application
of	O
Cluster	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attribute	O
Value	O
Cluster	B-Architecture
Name	O
KUST-Kohat	O
Number	O
of	O
CPUs	O
104	O
CPU	O
Type	O
EM64T	O
CPU	O
Clock	O
2.00	O
GHz	O
Peak	O
Performance	O
416	O
GFLOPS	O
Organization	O
Kohat	O
University	O
Location	O
Kohat	O
,	O
N-W.F.P	O
,	O
Pakistan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
22	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
Riphah	O
International	O
University	O
based	O
in	O
Islamabad	O
announced	O
that	O
their	O
team	O
of	O
engineers	O
have	O
developed	O
a	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UCERD	O
Private	O
Limited	O
proposed	O
and	O
developed	O
Pakistan	O
's	O
1st	O
FPGA-Powered	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
