<s>
China	O
operates	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
centers	O
which	O
,	O
altogether	O
,	O
hold	O
29.3	O
%	O
performance	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	O
500	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
ranks	O
third	O
in	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
November	O
2019	O
list	O
,	O
China	O
dominated	O
the	O
globe	O
's	O
highest	O
performance	O
machines	O
list	O
with	O
228	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
exceeding	O
the	O
second	O
placing	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
which	O
had	O
117	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
of	O
these	O
centers	O
go	O
back	O
to	O
1980s	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
State	O
Planning	O
Commission	O
,	O
the	O
State	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Commission	O
and	O
the	O
World	O
Bank	O
jointly	O
launched	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
develop	O
networking	O
and	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
facilities	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
network	B-Architecture
facilities	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
included	O
three	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
progress	O
of	O
supercomputing	B-Device
in	I-Device
China	I-Device
has	O
been	O
rapid	O
;	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
placed	O
43rd	O
in	O
November	O
2002	O
(	O
DeepComp	O
1800	O
)	O
,	O
11th	O
by	O
November	O
2003	O
(	O
DeepComp	O
6800	O
)	O
,	O
10th	O
by	O
June	O
2004	O
(	O
Dawning	O
4000A	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
November	O
2010	O
(	O
Tianhe-1A	O
)	O
held	O
top	O
spot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
would	O
go	O
on	O
to	O
fall	O
behind	O
Japan	O
in	O
June	O
2011	O
until	O
June	O
2013	O
when	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
once	O
again	O
clocked	O
in	O
as	O
the	O
world	O
record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
,	O
Chinese	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
have	O
used	O
"	O
off	O
the	O
shelf	O
"	O
processors	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Tianhe-I	B-Device
uses	O
thousands	O
of	O
Intel	O
and	O
Nvidia	O
chips	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
which	O
is	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
to	O
avoid	O
possible	O
future	O
technology	O
embargo	O
restrictions	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
are	O
developing	O
their	O
own	O
processors	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
,	O
a	O
MIPS	B-Device
type	I-Device
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
MIT	O
Technology	O
Review	O
,	O
the	O
Loongson	B-Language
processor	O
would	O
power	O
the	O
Dawning	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
by	O
2012	O
,	O
producing	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
totally	O
Chinese-made	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
that	O
reach	O
petaflop	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
seven	O
Chinese	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
entities	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Entity	O
List	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Commerce	O
's	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Industry	O
and	O
Security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Center	O
of	O
the	O
China	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
(	O
SCCAS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
support	O
service	O
unit	O
affiliated	O
to	O
the	O
Computer	B-Architecture
Network	I-Architecture
Information	O
Center	O
(	O
CNIC	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
with	O
the	O
origin	O
going	O
back	O
to	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Center	O
of	O
the	O
China	O
Academy	O
of	O
Sciences	O
(	O
SCCAS	O
)	O
provides	O
academic	O
support	O
functions	O
to	O
the	O
National	O
Centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yinhe-1	O
was	O
independently	O
designed	O
and	O
manufactured	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
leading	O
China	O
's	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
1983	O
with	O
a	O
performance	O
level	O
of	O
100	O
MFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shanghai	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
Center	O
(	O
SSC	O
)	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
December	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
public	O
service	O
platform	O
in	O
China	O
and	O
the	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
China	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Shanghai	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
Center	O
operates	O
the	O
Magic	O
Cube-II	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
that	O
runs	O
at	O
400	O
teraflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	O
Tianjin	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
centers	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
state-level	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
center	O
approved	O
in	O
May	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
houses	O
the	O
Tianhe-I	B-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
which	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
became	O
the	O
top	O
speed	O
record	O
holder	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
by	O
consistently	O
operating	O
at	O
2.507	O
petaflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tianjin	O
Computer	O
Institute	O
had	O
been	O
active	O
as	O
far	O
back	O
as	O
1984	O
when	O
it	O
developed	O
the	O
16-bit	O
TQ-0671	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
commercial	O
affiliate	O
of	O
the	O
Tianjin	O
center	O
had	O
previously	O
made	O
the	O
PHPC100	O
personal	B-Device
supercomputer	I-Device
in	O
2008	O
which	O
was	O
about	O
twice	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
normal	O
desktop	O
computer	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
40	O
times	O
the	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	I-Device
Shenzhen	I-Device
is	O
the	O
second	O
national	B-Device
supercomputing	I-Device
center	I-Device
after	O
the	O
one	O
based	O
in	O
Tianjin	O
and	O
houses	O
the	O
second	O
fastest	O
machine	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
third	O
fastest	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2010	O
the	O
Nebulae	B-Device
computer	O
in	O
Shenzhen	O
placed	O
second	O
on	O
the	O
Top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
supercomputer	B-Architecture
list	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
Cray	O
computer	O
at	O
the	O
Oak	O
Ridge	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
in	O
Tennessee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foundations	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
major	O
branch	O
of	O
the	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
( 国家超级计算中心	O
Guójiā	O
Chāojíjìsuàn	O
Zhōngxīn	O
)	O
were	O
laid	O
in	O
Hunan	O
University	O
,	O
Changsha	O
on	O
28	O
November	O
2010	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	O
Central	O
China	O
and	O
the	O
third	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	O
China	O
apart	O
from	O
the	O
two	O
centers	O
which	O
are	O
located	O
in	O
Tianjin	O
and	O
Shenzhen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Changsha	O
Center	O
is	O
managed	O
and	O
operated	O
by	O
Hunan	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
operates	O
the	O
Tianhe-1A	O
Hunan	O
Solution	O
–	O
NUDT	O
YH	O
MPP	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
which	O
runs	O
at	O
1342	O
teraflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
world	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
from	O
its	O
operation	O
in	O
November	O
2010	O
to	O
November	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	O
Jinan	O
operates	O
the	O
Sunway	O
BlueLight	O
MPP	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
that	O
runs	O
at	O
795	O
teraflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputer	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	I-Device
Guangzhou	I-Device
operates	O
the	O
fourth	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
world	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
June	O
2018	O
)	O
Tianhe-2	O
(	O
MilkyWay-2	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
runs	O
at	O
33,000	O
teraflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
operates	O
the	O
Tianhe-1A	O
Guangzhou	O
Solution	O
–	O
NUDT	O
YH	O
MPP	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
that	O
runs	O
at	O
211	O
teraflops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	B-Device
Supercomputing	I-Device
Center	I-Device
in	O
Wuxi	O
houses	O
the	O
Sunway	B-Device
TaihuLight	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
4th	O
most	O
powerful	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
world	O
as	O
of	O
November	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Zhengzhou	O
Center	O
was	O
passed	O
the	O
inspection	O
for	O
operation	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
seventh	O
national	B-Device
supercomputing	I-Device
center	I-Device
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Kunshan	O
Center	O
successfully	O
passed	O
the	O
acceptance	O
of	O
experts	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
second	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
center	O
in	O
Jiangsu	O
Province	O
and	O
the	O
eighth	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
center	O
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Chengdu	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Center	O
was	O
officially	O
completed	O
and	O
put	O
into	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
