<s>
Its	O
most	O
significant	O
product	O
was	O
the	O
multi-platform	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
known	O
as	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
leadership	O
of	O
chief	O
executive	O
Ray	O
Noorda	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
became	O
the	O
dominant	O
form	O
of	O
personal	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
during	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
high	O
point	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
63	O
percent	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
and	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
there	O
were	O
over	O
half	O
a	O
million	O
NetWare-based	O
networks	O
installed	O
worldwide	O
encompassing	O
more	O
than	O
50	O
million	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
technology	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
displaced	O
the	O
dominant	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
model	O
and	O
changed	O
computing	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
Noorda	O
attempted	O
to	O
compete	O
directly	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
by	O
acquiring	O
Digital	O
Research	O
,	O
Unix	B-Application
System	I-Application
Laboratories	O
,	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
division	O
of	O
Borland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
moves	O
did	O
not	O
work	O
out	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
new	O
technologies	O
not	O
fitting	O
well	O
with	O
Novell	O
's	O
existing	O
user	O
base	O
or	O
to	O
being	O
too	O
late	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
equivalent	O
Microsoft	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
began	O
losing	O
market	O
share	O
once	O
Microsoft	O
bundled	O
network	O
services	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
successors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
new	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
Novell	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
and	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
,	O
Novell	O
entered	O
a	O
long	O
period	O
of	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
Novell	O
acquired	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
attempted	O
to	O
refocus	O
its	O
technology	O
base	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
began	O
as	O
Novell	O
Data	O
Systems	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
NDSI	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
company	O
located	O
in	O
Orem	O
,	O
Utah	O
that	O
intended	O
to	O
manufacture	O
and	O
market	O
small	O
business	O
computers	O
,	O
computer	O
terminals	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
peripherals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Safeguard	O
Scientifics	O
believed	O
that	O
a	O
new	O
computer	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
company	O
could	O
help	O
the	O
Business	O
Systems	O
company	O
automate	O
their	O
accounting	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
mid-1981	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
selling	O
two	O
products	O
,	O
the	O
Nexus	O
Series	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
and	O
the	O
Image	O
800	O
dot	O
matrix	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
product	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
and	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
produced	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
late	O
to	O
an	O
increasingly	O
crowded	O
market	O
and	O
was	O
noncompetitive	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
performance	O
when	O
it	O
did	O
arrive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
compete	O
on	O
systems	O
sales	O
,	O
Novell	O
Data	O
Systems	O
planned	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
link	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
microcomputer	B-Architecture
to	O
operate	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
this	O
point	O
the	O
computer-linking	O
work	O
that	O
the	O
SuperSet	O
group	O
had	O
produced	O
was	O
drawing	O
considerable	O
interest	O
and	O
Novell	O
Data	O
Systems	O
was	O
describing	O
themselves	O
as	O
a	O
company	O
that	O
made	O
not	O
just	O
stand-alone	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
but	O
also	O
products	O
for	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
(	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dual	O
emphasis	O
on	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	B-Application
products	I-Application
continued	O
for	O
several	O
months	O
but	O
continued	O
to	O
have	O
troubled	O
results	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
July	O
1982	O
another	O
round	O
of	O
layoffs	O
took	O
place	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
employee	O
count	O
being	O
reduced	O
from	O
50	O
people	O
to	O
30	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
introduced	O
its	O
most	O
significant	O
product	O
,	O
the	O
multi-platform	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
NOS	O
)	O
,	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Novell	O
product	O
was	O
a	O
proprietary	O
hardware	O
server	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
processor	I-Device
and	O
using	O
a	O
star	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
(	O
NOS	O
)	O
on	O
it	O
,	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
S-Net	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
ShareNet	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
it	O
achieved	O
some	O
visibility	O
;	O
by	O
April	O
1983	O
,	O
advertisements	O
were	O
seen	O
in	O
trade	O
publications	O
for	O
third-party	O
software	B-Application
products	I-Application
which	O
stated	O
they	O
were	O
compatible	O
with	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
ShareNet	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
realized	O
that	O
making	O
a	O
proprietary	O
solution	O
in	O
this	O
sense	O
was	O
disadvantageous	O
and	O
looked	O
instead	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
platform	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
called	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
was	O
ported	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
XT	I-Device
with	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8086	I-General_Concept
processor	O
and	O
supported	O
centralized	O
,	O
multitasking	O
file	O
and	O
print	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
March	O
1984	O
,	O
Novell	O
was	O
putting	O
out	O
announcements	O
about	O
third-party	O
products	O
that	O
worked	O
with	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
came	O
on	O
the	O
computing	O
scene	O
just	O
as	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
emerging	O
as	O
a	O
market	O
force	O
and	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
spreadsheet	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
were	O
showing	O
what	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
could	O
do	O
for	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
an	O
immediate	O
demand	O
for	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
that	O
could	O
make	O
files	O
and	O
printers	O
available	O
across	O
many	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
PC	O
caused	O
organizational	O
changes	O
within	O
companies	O
and	O
enterprises	O
and	O
allowed	O
Novell	O
to	O
find	O
entryways	O
into	O
individual	O
departments	O
or	O
regional	O
facilities	O
rather	O
than	O
having	O
to	O
convince	O
upper	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
networking	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Partly	O
in	O
consequence	O
of	O
its	O
design	O
of	O
running	O
at	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
level	O
ring	B-Operating_System
0	I-Operating_System
without	O
regard	O
for	O
separate	O
or	O
protected	O
address	O
spaces	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
not	O
having	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
known	O
for	O
being	O
very	O
fast	O
in	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
also	O
excelled	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
computer	O
security	O
considerations	O
,	O
supporting	O
user	O
-	O
and	O
group-based	O
roles	O
and	O
volume	O
-	O
and	O
file-level	O
access	O
restrictions	O
,	O
thus	O
making	O
it	O
attractive	O
to	O
systems	O
administrators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
based	O
its	O
network	O
protocol	O
on	O
Xerox	B-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
Systems	I-Protocol
(	O
XNS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
created	O
its	O
own	O
standards	O
which	O
it	O
named	O
Internetwork	B-Protocol
Packet	I-Protocol
Exchange	I-Protocol
(	O
IPX	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
Sequenced	B-Protocol
Packet	I-Protocol
Exchange	I-Protocol
(	O
SPX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
protocols	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
model	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	O
and	O
print	O
services	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Protocol
Core	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
NCP	O
)	O
over	O
IPX	B-Protocol
,	O
as	O
did	O
Routing	B-Protocol
Information	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
RIP	O
)	O
and	O
Service	B-Protocol
Advertising	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
SAP	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
protocols	O
mapped	O
to	O
various	O
layers	O
of	O
the	O
OSI	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
Novell	O
began	O
selling	O
its	O
own	O
Ethernet-based	O
network	B-Protocol
adapter	I-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
author	O
James	O
Causey	O
would	O
later	O
write	O
,	O
"	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
deserves	O
the	O
lion	O
's	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
credit	O
for	O
elevating	O
PC-based	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
from	O
being	O
cute	O
toys	O
to	O
providing	O
powerful	O
,	O
reliable	O
,	O
and	O
serious	O
network	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
first	O
Intel-based	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
to	O
provide	O
a	O
serious	O
alternative	O
to	O
mainframe-based	O
server	O
networks	O
,	O
providing	O
critical	O
reliability	O
and	O
security	O
features	O
needed	O
in	O
the	O
modern	O
enterprise.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
acquired	O
Kanwal	O
Rekhi	O
's	O
company	O
Excelan	O
in	O
1989	O
;	O
Excelan	O
manufactured	O
smart	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
and	O
commercialized	O
the	O
Internet	O
protocol	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
solidifying	O
Novell	O
's	O
presence	O
in	O
these	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
software	O
introduction	O
came	O
in	O
1989	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
386	I-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
,	O
which	O
gave	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
more	O
modern	O
architectural	O
qualities	O
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
new	O
capabilities	O
in	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
while	O
it	O
maintained	O
its	O
character	O
as	O
a	O
dedicated	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
rather	O
than	O
containing	O
network	O
capabilities	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
's	O
ability	O
to	O
dynamically	O
load	O
and	O
unload	O
drivers	O
was	O
greatly	O
appreciated	O
by	O
users	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
write	O
NetWare	B-Application
Loadable	I-Application
Modules	I-Application
(	O
NLMs	B-Application
)	O
in	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
was	O
also	O
a	O
significant	O
benefit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3	O
supported	O
interactions	O
with	O
Apple	B-Device
's	I-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
computers	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
with	O
Unix-based	O
workstations	O
,	O
thus	O
enabling	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
to	O
expand	O
upon	O
file	O
and	O
print	O
sharing	O
towards	O
accessing	O
business-critical	O
data	O
within	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
to	O
work	O
with	O
database	O
products	O
from	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
and	O
Sybase	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
analyst	O
for	O
Dataquest	O
said	O
that	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
386	I-Operating_System
"	O
is	O
truly	O
a	O
blow-away-the-competition	O
type	O
product	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overall	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
significant	O
rewrite	O
that	O
the	O
product	O
would	O
ever	O
get	O
,	O
and	O
proved	O
very	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1990	O
,	O
Novell	O
had	O
an	O
almost	O
monopolistic	B-Application
position	O
in	O
NOS	O
for	O
any	O
business	O
requiring	O
a	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
competitor	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
space	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Corvus	O
Systems	O
,	O
Banyan	O
Systems	O
,	O
and	O
LANtastic	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
none	O
of	O
them	O
made	O
much	O
of	O
a	O
dent	O
in	O
Novell	O
's	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
tried	O
on	O
two	O
early	O
occasions	O
to	O
take	O
on	O
Novell	O
in	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
first	O
with	O
the	O
MS-NET	B-Application
product	O
and	O
then	O
with	O
LAN	B-Algorithm
Manager	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
both	O
failed	O
badly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
market	O
leadership	O
,	O
Novell	O
began	O
to	O
acquire	O
and	O
build	O
services	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
its	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
operating	O
platform	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
services	O
extended	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
capabilities	O
with	O
such	O
products	O
as	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
SAA	O
and	O
Novell	O
multi-protocol	O
router	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
did	O
later	O
attempt	O
to	O
refocus	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
Small	O
Business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
1985	O
,	O
Novell	O
was	O
rapidly	O
expanding	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
people	O
were	O
still	O
unaware	O
of	O
either	O
it	O
or	O
the	O
role	O
that	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
could	O
play	O
,	O
and	O
consequently	O
Noorda	O
referred	O
to	O
Novell	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
misunderstood	O
company	O
in	O
the	O
world.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
central	O
idea	O
was	O
that	O
whatever	O
was	O
good	O
for	O
networking	B-Architecture
in	O
general	O
would	O
be	O
good	O
for	O
Novell	O
and	O
took	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
encouraging	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
an	O
ecosystem	O
composed	O
of	O
hundreds	O
of	O
suppliers	O
of	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
networking	B-Architecture
products	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
some	O
of	O
those	O
suppliers	O
had	O
products	O
that	O
competed	O
with	O
Novell	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3Com	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
an	O
early	O
competitor	O
of	O
Novell	O
's	O
,	O
sold	O
more	O
instances	O
of	O
their	O
Ethernet	O
networking	B-Architecture
cards	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
than	O
they	O
did	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
3+Share	B-General_Concept
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
a	O
similar	O
situation	O
existed	O
for	O
IBM	O
and	O
their	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
1990	O
,	O
Novell	O
and	O
Lotus	O
Development	O
Corporation	O
announced	O
merger	O
of	O
equals	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
$1.5	O
-billion	O
stock	O
swap	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
the	O
largest	O
deal	O
in	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
industry	O
to	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
high	O
point	O
around	O
1993	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
roughly	O
two-thirds	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
;	O
one	O
analysis	O
put	O
the	O
figure	O
at	O
63	O
percent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
over	O
half	O
a	O
million	O
NetWare-based	O
networks	O
installed	O
worldwide	O
and	O
some	O
55	O
million	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
users	O
on	O
those	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
networking	B-Architecture
itself	O
was	O
the	O
fastest-growing	O
segment	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
market	O
,	O
increasing	O
by	O
30	O
percent	O
a	O
year	O
and	O
reaching	O
a	O
$10	O
billion	O
figure	O
by	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Equally	O
important	O
as	O
technological	O
factors	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
growth	O
was	O
that	O
Novell	O
did	O
not	O
try	O
to	O
hire	O
a	O
large	O
sales	O
force	O
to	O
do	O
direct	O
sales	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
sold	O
it	O
through	O
a	O
broad	O
channel	O
of	O
some	O
13,000	O
value-added	O
resellers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
Novell	O
constructed	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
franchise	O
in	O
literal	O
terms	O
,	O
as	O
Novell	O
Authorized	O
Education	O
Centers	O
were	O
set	O
up	O
on	O
a	O
franchising	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Credentialization	O
programs	O
were	O
in	O
place	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
becoming	O
a	O
Certified	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Engineer	O
was	O
an	O
important	O
step	O
,	O
one	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
furthered	O
with	O
levels	O
such	O
as	O
Master	O
Certified	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Engineer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
train	O
people	O
who	O
go	O
out	O
and	O
train	O
other	O
people	O
,	O
and	O
every	O
time	O
somebody	O
gets	O
trained	O
,	O
they	O
get	O
another	O
Netware	B-Operating_System
bigot	O
,	O
and	O
make	O
another	O
dollar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
Ray	O
Noorda	O
's	O
leadership	O
,	O
Novell	O
provided	O
upgrades	O
to	O
resellers	O
and	O
customers	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
packaging	O
as	O
a	O
newly	O
purchased	O
copy	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
at	O
one	O
third	O
the	O
cost	O
,	O
which	O
created	O
a	O
gray	O
market	O
that	O
allowed	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
resellers	O
to	O
sell	O
upgrades	O
as	O
newly	O
purchased	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
versions	O
at	O
full	O
price	O
periodically	O
,	O
which	O
Novell	O
intentionally	O
did	O
not	O
track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noorda	O
commented	O
to	O
several	O
analysts	O
that	O
he	O
devised	O
this	O
strategy	O
to	O
allow	O
front	O
line	O
resellers	O
to	O
"	O
punch	O
through	O
"	O
the	O
distributors	O
like	O
Tech	O
Data	O
and	O
Ingram	O
and	O
acquire	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
versions	O
at	O
a	O
discounted	O
rate	O
,	O
as	O
Novell	O
"	O
looked	O
the	O
other	O
way	O
"	O
;	O
this	O
helped	O
fund	O
the	O
salaries	O
of	O
Novell	O
Field	O
Support	O
Technicians	O
,	O
who	O
for	O
the	O
most	O
part	O
were	O
employees	O
who	O
worked	O
for	O
the	O
front	O
line	O
resellers	O
as	O
Novell	O
CNE	O
(	O
Certified	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Engineers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Novell	O
faced	O
a	O
looming	O
challenge	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
upcoming	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
huge	O
investment	O
of	O
resources	O
from	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
featured	O
bundled	O
networking	B-Architecture
and	O
more	O
advanced	O
OS	O
capabilities	O
and	O
looked	O
to	O
be	O
that	O
company	O
's	O
first	O
offering	O
that	O
could	O
seriously	O
challenge	O
Novell	O
's	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
franchise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noorda	O
was	O
motivated	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
a	O
realization	O
that	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
technology	O
was	O
not	O
suitable	O
as	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
full-fledged	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
application	B-Device
platform	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1991	O
and	O
1994	O
,	O
the	O
Noorda-led	O
Novell	O
made	O
this	O
series	O
of	O
major	O
acquisitions	O
:	O
Digital	O
Research	O
Inc.	O
,	O
producer	O
of	O
DR-DOS	B-Application
,	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
;	O
Unix	B-Application
System	I-Application
Laboratories	O
,	O
holder	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
technology	O
,	O
to	O
improve	O
Novell	O
's	O
technology	O
base	O
versus	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
;	O
Serius	B-Application
Corp.	O
,	O
maker	O
of	O
an	O
advanced	O
application	O
development	O
tool	O
;	O
and	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
from	O
Borland	O
to	O
provide	O
personal	O
productivity	O
and	O
group	O
collaboration	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
then	O
the	O
USL	O
acquisition	O
was	O
already	O
showing	O
difficulties	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
acquisition	O
was	O
questioned	O
even	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
acquisitions	O
closed	O
in	O
June	O
1994	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
largest	O
such	O
deal	O
in	O
the	B-Application
software	I-Application
industry	O
to	O
that	O
time	O
;	O
it	O
made	O
Novell	O
the	O
third-largest	O
software	O
company	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
trailing	O
only	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
used	O
DR	O
DOS	O
as	O
a	O
boot	O
loader	O
and	O
maintenance	O
platform	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Novell	O
intended	O
to	O
extend	O
its	O
desktop	O
presence	O
by	O
integrating	O
networking	B-Architecture
into	O
DRDOS	B-Application
and	O
providing	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
,	O
the	O
idea	O
was	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
environment	I-Application
based	O
on	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
GEM	B-Application
,	O
but	O
Novell	O
's	O
legal	O
department	O
rejected	O
this	O
due	O
to	O
apprehension	O
of	O
a	O
possible	O
legal	O
response	O
from	O
Apple	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
company	O
went	O
directly	O
to	O
Apple	O
starting	O
Star	B-Operating_System
Trek	I-Operating_System
in	O
February	O
1992	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
x86-port	O
of	O
their	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
multitasking	O
DRDOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
had	O
already	O
abandoned	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
Multiuser	B-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
FlexOS	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
licensed	O
to	O
IBM	O
for	O
their	O
4690	B-Language
OS	I-Language
in	O
1993	O
and	O
was	O
also	O
utilized	O
for	O
the	O
in-house	O
development	O
of	O
Novell	B-Application
's	I-Application
Embedded	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
Technology	I-Application
(	O
NEST	B-Application
)	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
sold	O
off	O
to	O
Integrated	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
ISI	O
)	O
for	O
in	O
July	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEST	B-Application
however	O
held	O
importance	O
for	O
Frankenberg	O
's	O
vision	O
of	O
"	O
pervasive	O
computing	O
"	O
,	O
wherein	O
Novell	O
software	O
would	O
be	O
connecting	O
a	O
billion	O
nodes	O
by	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
those	O
nodes	O
would	O
be	O
common	O
,	O
everyday	O
devices	O
running	O
NEST	B-Application
,	O
linked	O
by	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Novell	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
management	O
services	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	B-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
(	O
and	O
all	O
former	O
DR	O
DOS	O
versions	O
including	O
StarTrek	B-Operating_System
,	O
PalmDOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
DOS	B-Operating_System
Plus	I-Operating_System
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
remaining	O
Digital	O
Research	O
assets	O
(	O
like	O
GEM	B-Application
and	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
-	O
and	O
MP/M	B-Operating_System
-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
tools	O
and	O
technologies	O
)	O
were	O
sold	O
to	O
Caldera	O
on	O
23	O
July	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personal	B-Application
NetWare	I-Application
had	O
been	O
abandoned	O
at	O
Novell	O
in	O
1995	O
but	O
was	O
licensed	O
to	O
Caldera	O
in	O
binary	O
form	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1997	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
NEST	B-Application
initiative	O
was	O
abandoned	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
server	O
side	O
,	O
after	O
their	O
initial	O
October	O
1991	O
Univel	O
initiative	O
,	O
Novell	O
announced	O
in	O
December	O
1992	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
buying	O
Unix	B-Application
System	I-Application
Laboratories	O
(	O
USL	O
)	O
from	O
AT&T	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
measure	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
help	O
Novell	O
compete	O
against	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
on	O
the	O
verge	O
of	O
including	O
networking	B-Architecture
as	O
a	O
built-in	O
feature	O
of	O
Windows	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
server	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix	B-Application
did	O
present	O
some	O
attractive	O
characteristics	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
its	O
abilities	O
as	O
an	O
application	O
server	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
still	O
considerable	O
obstacles	O
to	O
be	O
overcome	O
in	O
using	O
it	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deal	O
closed	O
in	O
June	O
1993	O
,	O
with	O
Novell	O
acquiring	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
SVR4	O
source	O
base	O
and	O
the	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
then	O
turned	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
brand	O
name	O
and	O
specification	O
over	O
to	O
the	O
industry	O
consortium	O
X/Open	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
created	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
Group	O
to	O
contain	O
the	O
new	O
business	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
absorbed	O
the	O
Univel	O
venture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
time	O
with	O
Unix	B-Application
technology	O
saw	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
1.1	O
in	O
January	O
1994	O
,	O
in	O
both	O
personal	O
and	O
advanced	O
server	O
editions	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
bundled	O
inclusion	O
of	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Unix	B-Application
Client	O
,	O
and	O
Merge	O
functionality	O
for	O
running	O
DOS	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
followed	O
in	O
early	O
1995	O
by	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
multiple	O
processors	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
improved	O
installation	O
and	O
ease-of-use	O
and	O
additional	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
integration	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1994	O
Novell	O
began	O
publicly	O
describing	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
"	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
a	O
microkernel-based	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
based	O
on	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.1	O
and	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
was	O
to	O
include	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
technology	O
inside	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
provide	O
the	O
strengths	O
of	O
both	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
network	O
services	O
and	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
application	O
services	O
,	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
existing	O
NetWare	B-Application
Loadable	I-Application
Modules	I-Application
(	O
NLMs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
Unix	B-Application
executables	O
,	O
and	O
accordingly	O
create	O
a	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
that	O
could	O
successfully	O
compete	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
also	O
operate	O
across	O
distributed	O
servers	O
with	O
unified	O
presentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
paradigms	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
fostering	O
easier	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
architecture	O
,	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
run	O
NLMs	B-Application
in	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
,	O
for	O
maximum	O
throughput	O
,	O
while	O
it	O
would	O
run	O
Spec	O
1170-based	O
Unix	B-Application
applications	O
in	O
user	B-Operating_System
space	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
clustering	O
,	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
embrace	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
distributed	O
parallel	O
processing	O
proposal	O
and	O
a	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
single	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
image	I-Operating_System
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
based	O
on	O
work	O
that	O
had	O
already	O
started	O
at	O
USL	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
French	O
company	O
Chorus	B-Operating_System
Systèmes	O
SA	O
for	O
cooperative	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Chorus	B-Operating_System
microkernel	B-Operating_System
technology	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
supporting	O
SVR4	O
on	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
arguably	O
superior	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
than	O
the	O
more	O
well-known	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
one	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
gave	O
more	O
flexibility	O
at	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
mode	O
–	O
user	B-Operating_System
mode	I-Operating_System
boundary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
mid-1995	O
the	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
project	O
was	O
reportedly	O
about	O
one-third	O
completed	O
,	O
with	O
1997	O
being	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
customer	O
release	O
date	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
over	O
60	O
engineers	O
assigned	O
to	O
it	O
,	O
mostly	O
from	O
the	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
Chorus	B-Operating_System
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
endured	O
prolonged	O
internal	O
architectural	O
debates	O
and	O
resistance	O
from	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
side	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
reluctance	O
to	O
believe	O
that	O
Unix	B-Application
was	O
really	O
superior	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
in	O
key	O
aspects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
instance	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
Drew	O
Major	O
and	O
Chorus	B-Operating_System
Systèmes	O
 '	O
Michel	O
Gien	O
disagreed	O
in	O
the	O
trade	O
press	O
about	O
whether	O
the	O
existent	O
Chorus	B-Operating_System
technology	O
was	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
long-running	O
disputes	O
reflected	O
cultural	O
and	O
political	O
divisions	O
between	O
the	O
San	O
Jose	O
(	O
with	O
Rekhi	O
being	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
supporter	O
before	O
leaving	O
altogether	O
)	O
and	O
Utah	O
camps	O
within	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
any	O
case	O
the	O
1997	O
date	O
was	O
seen	O
by	O
industry	O
observers	O
as	O
being	O
too	O
late	O
to	O
forestall	O
the	O
market-share	O
gains	O
that	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
was	O
already	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
fiscal	O
years	O
of	O
1993	O
,	O
1994	O
,	O
and	O
1995	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
Unix	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
Group	O
represented	O
only	O
about	O
5	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
revenue	O
on	O
an	O
ongoing	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
Certified	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Engineers	O
ever	O
reached	O
a	O
similar	O
level	O
of	O
involvement	O
with	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
aim	O
,	O
that	O
Novell	O
might	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
coalesce	O
Unix	B-Application
vendor	O
versions	O
and	O
thus	O
resolve	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
wars	O
,	O
was	O
not	O
achieved	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
summer	O
1995	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
looking	O
for	O
a	O
way	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1995	O
,	O
Novell	O
announced	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
Santa	O
Cruz	O
Operation	O
(	O
SCO	O
)	O
,	O
coincident	O
with	O
a	O
licensing	O
arrangement	O
with	O
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
deal	O
,	O
SCO	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
merge	O
the	O
SVR4.2-based	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
with	O
its	O
existing	O
SVR3.2-based	O
OpenServer	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
add	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
services	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
merged	O
product	O
,	O
code-named	O
"	O
Gemini	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
HP	O
,	O
they	O
said	O
they	O
would	O
add	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
code	O
and	O
NetWare	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
to	O
their	O
own	O
version	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Computing	I-Operating_System
Environment	I-Operating_System
elements	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
then	O
be	O
sold	O
by	O
HP	O
's	O
strong	O
direct-sales	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
SCO	O
and	O
HP	O
said	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
co-develop	O
a	O
next-generation	O
,	O
64-bit	O
version	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
400	O
Novell	O
software	O
engineers	O
had	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
;	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
were	O
offered	O
jobs	O
with	O
either	O
SCO	O
or	O
HP	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
few	O
remained	O
with	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
lip	O
service	O
was	O
paid	O
to	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
would	O
go	O
on	O
after	O
the	O
three-way	O
deal	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
abandoned	O
and	O
never	O
achieved	O
fruition	O
in	O
that	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
A	O
decade	O
later	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
product	O
would	O
realize	O
some	O
aspects	O
of	O
a	O
hybrid	O
NetWare/Unix	O
-like	O
system	O
,	O
this	O
time	O
based	O
around	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Server	O
rather	O
than	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
industry	O
was	O
not	O
sure	O
that	O
SCO	O
could	O
handle	O
being	O
the	O
primary	O
Unix	B-Application
shepherd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HP	O
project	O
,	O
code-named	O
"	O
White	O
Box	O
"	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
making	O
a	O
hybrid	O
environment	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
SRV4.2-based	O
Gemini	O
and	O
the	O
SVR3.2-based	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
but	O
that	O
effort	O
faced	O
major	O
technical	O
hurdles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
deal	O
between	O
Novell	O
and	O
SCO	O
,	O
which	O
closed	O
in	O
December	O
1995	O
,	O
were	O
uncertain	O
enough	O
that	O
an	O
amendment	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
signed	O
in	O
October	O
1996	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
that	O
was	O
not	O
clear	O
enough	O
to	O
preclude	O
an	O
extended	O
battle	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
during	O
the	O
SCO-Linux	O
disputes	O
of	O
the	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1993	O
,	O
Novell	O
purchased	O
Serius	B-Application
Corp.	O
,	O
a	O
firm	O
that	O
made	O
a	O
graphical	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
could	O
construct	O
applications	O
by	O
connecting	O
together	O
icons	O
representing	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
their	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
also	O
purchased	O
Software	O
Transformations	O
Inc.	O
,	O
who	O
made	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
object	O
code	O
library	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
port	O
conventional	O
programs	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disparate	O
technologies	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
products	O
were	O
combined	O
and	O
renamed	O
to	O
AppWare	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
Serius	B-Application
product	O
being	O
called	O
AppWare	B-Application
Visual	O
AppBuilder	O
,	O
the	O
objects	O
it	O
used	O
AppWare	B-Application
Loadable	O
Modules	O
,	O
and	O
the	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Transformations	O
library	O
AppWare	B-Application
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
working	O
on	O
this	O
was	O
called	O
the	O
AppWare	B-Application
Systems	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
founder	O
of	O
Serius	B-Application
,	O
Joe	O
Firmage	O
,	O
became	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
strategy	O
for	O
Novell	O
's	O
Network	O
Systems	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppWare	B-Application
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
main	O
strategic	O
focuses	O
of	O
Novell	O
during	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
three	O
prongs	O
were	O
intended	O
to	O
satisfy	O
the	O
growing	O
need	O
for	O
scalable	O
,	O
distributed	O
computing	O
at	O
the	O
enterprise	O
level	O
of	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
general	O
ledger	O
systems	O
or	O
reservation	O
systems	O
;	O
as	O
Novell	O
executive	O
Jim	O
Tolonen	O
outlined	O
:	O
"[NetWare]	O
being	O
the	O
underlying	O
infrastructure	O
over	O
which	O
those	O
mission	O
critical	O
transactions	O
will	O
be	O
moved	O
,	O
Unix	B-Application
 [ being ] 	O
a	O
place	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
applications	O
can	O
run	O
,	O
and	O
AppWare	B-Application
as	O
tools	O
that	O
will	O
help	O
programmers	O
write	O
that	O
class	O
of	O
application	O
in	O
a	O
distributed	O
environment.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
not	O
long	O
before	O
the	O
AppWare	B-Application
plans	O
started	O
to	O
fall	O
apart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1994	O
Novell	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
selling	O
the	O
Appware	B-Application
Foundation	O
product	O
to	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
did	O
state	O
that	O
development	O
of	O
Visual	O
AppBuilder	O
would	O
continue	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
port	O
would	O
be	O
following	O
(	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
materialize	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
also	O
continued	O
to	O
release	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
Appware	B-Application
Loadable	O
Modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joe	O
Firmage	O
became	O
disillusioned	O
with	O
Novell	O
in	O
mid-1995	O
,	O
following	O
its	O
decision	O
to	O
sell	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
abandon	O
the	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
project	O
,	O
and	O
left	O
Novell	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
then	O
publicly	O
stated	O
in	O
November	O
1995	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
looking	O
for	O
a	O
buyer	O
for	O
AppWare	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1996	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
an	O
agreement	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
signed	O
the	O
month	O
before	O
)	O
that	O
Novell	O
had	O
sold	O
all	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
AppWare	B-Application
technology	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
company	O
called	O
Network	O
Multimedia	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
headed	O
by	O
Ed	O
Firmage	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
director	O
of	O
AppWare	B-Application
marketing	O
at	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1994	O
,	O
Novell	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
acquiring	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
,	O
whose	O
primary	O
product	O
was	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
word	O
processor	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
acquiring	O
the	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
spreadsheet	O
from	O
Borland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
executives	O
said	O
that	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
acquisitions	O
was	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
products	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
connected	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
via	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
to	O
this	O
was	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
"	O
groupware	B-Application
"	O
for	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
before	O
and	O
after	O
the	O
acquisition	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
substantial	O
layoffs	O
of	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
staff	O
;	O
at	O
the	O
peak	O
right	O
after	O
the	O
acquisition	O
closed	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
employee	O
count	O
was	O
around	O
10,150	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
corporate	O
address	O
was	O
shifted	O
to	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
's	O
Orem	O
location	O
for	O
a	O
while	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
market	O
for	O
standalone	O
word	O
processors	O
and	O
spreadsheets	O
was	O
expanding	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
office	O
suites	O
,	O
where	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
had	O
an	O
early	O
lead	O
in	O
marketshare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
compete	O
,	O
Novell	O
PerfectOffice	B-Application
3.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contained	O
not	O
just	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
but	O
also	O
other	O
products	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
had	O
originated	O
at	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Presentations	B-Application
for	O
slides	B-Application
preparation	I-Application
,	O
a	O
personal	B-Application
information	I-Application
manager	I-Application
called	O
InfoCentral	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
collaboration	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
professional	O
edition	O
that	O
included	O
AppWare	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
Borland	O
's	O
Paradox	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PerfectOffice	B-Application
surpassed	O
in	O
sales	O
one	O
early	O
player	O
in	O
the	O
space	O
,	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
SmartSuite	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
found	O
three	O
times	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
as	O
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
industry	O
analyst	O
reaction	O
was	O
that	O
while	O
PerfectOffice	B-Application
3.0	O
was	O
a	O
good	O
product	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
arriving	O
too	O
late	O
to	O
head	O
off	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
's	O
momentum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordPerfect	B-Application
also	O
played	O
in	O
a	O
role	O
in	O
larger	O
architectural	O
ambitions	O
within	O
Novell	O
,	O
as	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
incorporated	O
OpenDoc	B-Application
and	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
Object	I-Device
Model	I-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
Novell	O
's	O
larger	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
object	I-Operating_System
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
strategy	O
was	O
tied	O
to	O
having	O
supporting	O
multiple	O
object	B-General_Concept
request	I-General_Concept
brokers	I-General_Concept
that	O
could	O
tie	O
in	O
NetWare	B-Application
Loadable	I-Application
Modules	I-Application
,	O
the	O
AppWare	B-Application
Bus	O
,	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
eventually	O
SuperNOS	B-Operating_System
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WordPerfect	B-Application
itself	O
was	O
also	O
supposedly	O
using	O
the	O
AppWare	B-Application
foundation	O
layer	O
in	O
its	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
parts	O
of	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
were	O
deemed	O
less	O
strategic	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Main	O
Street	O
line	O
of	O
multimedia	O
products	O
for	O
children	O
was	O
dropped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
its	O
time	O
in	O
Novell	O
,	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
still	O
sold	O
reasonably	O
well	O
as	O
standalone	O
software	O
,	O
garnering	O
almost	O
half	O
of	O
all	O
such	O
word	O
processor	O
sales	O
;	O
but	O
the	O
market	O
was	O
increasingly	O
dominated	O
by	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
office	O
suites	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
was	O
supreme	O
,	O
with	O
86	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
compared	O
to	O
only	O
5	O
percent	O
for	O
Novell	O
's	O
PerfectOffice	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
part	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
dragged	O
down	O
Novell	O
's	O
earnings	O
and	O
stock	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
in	O
January	O
1996	O
it	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
these	O
products	O
,	O
primarily	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
Quattro	B-Application
Pro	I-Application
,	O
would	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
Corel	O
for	O
$186	O
million	O
,	O
a	O
large	O
loss	O
from	O
the	O
$855	O
million	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
originally	O
paid	O
to	O
acquire	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
did	O
hold	O
onto	O
a	O
few	O
pieces	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
acquired	O
from	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
,	O
most	O
importantly	O
the	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
collaboration	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
some	O
estimates	O
Novell	O
had	O
lost	O
$750	O
million	O
on	O
the	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
,	O
The	O
Age	O
would	O
say	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
acquisition	O
was	O
the	O
biggest	O
disaster	O
in	O
software	O
history	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
years	O
there	O
had	O
been	O
marked	O
by	O
having	O
to	O
disassemble	O
Noorda	O
's	O
acquisitions	O
but	O
also	O
by	O
failing	O
to	O
fully	O
recognize	O
the	O
growing	O
importance	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
for	O
networking	B-Architecture
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
core	O
products	O
did	O
not	O
stay	O
idle	O
during	O
this	O
challenging-of-Microsoft	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
Systems	O
Group	O
continued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
Novell	O
's	O
major	O
innovations	O
was	O
Novell	B-Application
Directory	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
NDS	B-Application
)	O
,	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
eDirectory	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
CCITT	B-Protocol
X.500	I-Protocol
standard	O
and	O
supported	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
a	O
distributed	O
directory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.0	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
NDS	B-Application
replaced	O
the	O
old	O
Bindery	O
server	O
and	O
user	O
management	O
technology	O
employed	O
by	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3.x	O
and	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Directory	O
services	O
were	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
crucial	O
strategic	O
key	O
to	O
staying	O
relevant	O
in	O
the	O
networking	B-Architecture
marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
one	O
where	O
Novell	O
had	O
a	O
lead	O
over	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
latter	O
's	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
was	O
not	O
yet	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
with	O
UnixWare	B-Operating_System
gone	O
,	O
Novell	O
focused	O
on	O
major	O
upgrades	O
to	O
its	O
core	O
NetWare-based	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
release	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4	O
came	O
with	O
compatibility	O
problems	O
for	O
some	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
3	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
large	O
enterprises	O
were	O
faced	O
with	O
an	O
upgrade-all-or-upgrade-none	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
some	O
40	O
million	O
users	O
declined	O
to	O
move	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
result	O
that	O
Novell	O
lost	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
possible	O
revenue	O
in	O
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
4.1	O
release	O
of	O
1995	O
sought	O
to	O
remedy	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
issues	O
,	O
the	O
lag	O
had	O
caused	O
many	O
Novell	O
customers	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
serious	O
look	O
at	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
was	O
proving	O
better	O
as	O
a	O
platform	B-Device
for	O
application	O
and	O
database	O
services	O
than	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
having	O
success	O
with	O
its	O
no-extra-charge	O
bundling	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
IIS	B-Application
web	I-Application
server	I-Application
on	O
NT	O
,	O
while	O
Novell	O
's	O
presence	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
market	O
was	O
severely	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
1996	O
,	O
by	O
one	O
estimate	O
there	O
were	O
three	O
million	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
tens	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
PCs	O
,	O
still	O
using	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
began	O
a	O
move	O
into	O
Internet-enabled	O
products	O
,	O
replacing	O
reliance	O
on	O
the	O
proprietary	O
IPX	B-Protocol
protocol	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
native	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
Java	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
also	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
result	O
of	O
these	O
shifts	O
was	O
BorderManager	B-Protocol
,	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
1997	O
,	O
which	O
supplied	O
proxy	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
firewall	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
services	O
for	O
connecting	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
networks	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
was	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
NDS	B-Application
,	O
that	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
not	O
just	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
still	O
another	O
was	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
5.0	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
October	O
1998	O
,	O
with	O
hopes	O
for	O
it	O
accelerating	O
Novell	O
's	O
improved	O
fortunes	O
under	O
Schmidt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
5.0	O
leveraged	O
and	O
built	O
upon	O
eDirectory	B-Application
and	O
introduced	O
new	O
functions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Novell	O
Cluster	O
Services	O
(	O
NCS	O
,	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
SFT-III	O
)	O
and	O
Novell	O
Storage	O
Services	O
(	O
NSS	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
the	O
traditional	O
Turbo	B-Application
FAT	I-Application
filesystem	O
used	O
by	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
5.0	O
introduced	O
native	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
into	O
the	O
NOS	O
,	O
IPX	B-Protocol
was	O
still	O
supported	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
smooth	O
transitions	O
between	O
environments	O
and	O
avoiding	O
the	O
"	O
forklift	O
upgrades	O
"	O
frequently	O
required	O
by	O
competing	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
traditional	O
Turbo	B-Application
FAT	I-Application
file	O
system	O
remained	O
a	O
supported	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inclusion	O
of	O
networking	B-Architecture
as	O
a	O
core	O
system	O
component	O
in	O
all	O
mainstream	O
PC	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
after	O
1995	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
steep	O
decline	O
in	O
Novell	O
's	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Windows	B-Application
3.1	I-Application
and	O
its	O
predecessors	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
OS/2	B-Application
all	O
included	O
network	O
functionality	O
which	O
greatly	O
reduced	O
demand	O
for	O
third-party	O
products	O
in	O
this	O
segment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
one	O
mid-1996	O
survey	O
of	O
a	O
thousand	O
corporate	O
users	O
,	O
conducted	O
by	O
Forrester	O
Research	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
90	O
percent	O
of	O
them	O
owned	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
but	O
only	O
20	O
percent	O
said	O
they	O
had	O
upgraded	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
version	O
and	O
less	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
users	O
thought	O
they	O
would	O
still	O
be	O
using	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
three	O
years	O
hence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1997	O
,	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
was	O
winning	O
42	O
percent	O
of	O
new	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
installations	O
versus	O
33	O
percent	O
for	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
on	O
the	O
verge	O
of	O
overtaking	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
even	O
when	O
upgrade	O
sales	O
were	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overall	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
's	O
market	O
share	O
had	O
fallen	O
to	O
26	O
percent	O
and	O
had	O
been	O
passed	O
by	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
's	O
36	O
percent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix	B-Application
also	O
had	O
a	O
significant	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
had	O
started	O
to	O
appear	O
and	O
make	O
inroads	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
he	O
was	O
forced	O
to	O
halt	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
shipments	O
to	O
resellers	O
because	O
unsold	O
inventory	O
levels	O
were	O
so	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
Novell	O
's	O
decline	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
market	O
share	O
accelerated	O
under	O
Schmidt	O
's	O
leadership	O
,	O
with	O
Novell	O
experiencing	O
an	O
across-the-board	O
decline	O
in	O
sales	O
and	O
purchases	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
and	O
a	O
drop	O
in	O
share	O
price	O
from	O
/share	O
to	O
/share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schmidt	O
embarked	O
on	O
a	O
channel	O
strategy	O
to	O
undo	O
Noorda	O
's	O
"	O
look	O
the	O
other	O
way	O
"	O
approach	O
and	O
thereby	O
remove	O
the	O
upgrades	O
as	O
whole	O
box	O
products	O
,	O
then	O
directed	O
Novell	O
's	O
general	O
counsel	O
to	O
initiate	O
litigation	O
against	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
Novell	O
resellers	O
who	O
were	O
routinely	O
selling	O
upgrades	O
as	O
newly	O
purchased	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
move	O
bolstered	O
Novell	O
's	O
revenue	O
numbers	O
for	O
several	O
quarters	O
,	O
Novell	O
's	O
channels	O
subsequently	O
collapsed	O
with	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
Novell	O
's	O
resellers	O
dropping	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
for	O
fear	O
of	O
litigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1999	O
,	O
Novell	O
had	O
lost	O
its	O
dominant	O
market	O
position	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
continually	O
being	O
out-marketed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
as	O
resellers	O
dropped	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
allowing	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
gain	O
access	O
to	O
corporate	O
data	O
centers	O
by	O
bypassing	O
technical	O
staff	O
and	O
selling	O
directly	O
to	O
corporate	O
executives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
resellers	O
then	O
re-certified	O
their	O
Novell	O
CNE	O
employees	O
—	O
the	O
field	O
support	O
technicians	O
who	O
were	O
Novell	O
's	O
primary	O
contact	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
with	O
direct	O
customers	O
—	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
MCSE	O
technicians	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
encouraged	O
to	O
position	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
as	O
inferior	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
features	O
such	O
as	O
Group	O
Policy	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
modern	O
than	O
the	O
character-based	O
Novell	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
falling	O
revenue	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
focused	O
on	O
net	O
services	O
and	O
platform	B-Device
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Products	O
such	O
as	O
eDirectory	B-Application
and	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
were	O
made	O
multi-platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
,	O
some	O
large	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
enterprise	O
customers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Chase	O
Manhattan	O
Bank	O
,	O
United	O
Parcel	O
Service	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
migrating	O
most	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
systems	O
to	O
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
product	O
leveraged	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
functionality	O
of	O
eDirectory	B-Application
to	O
store	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
later	O
become	O
the	O
Novell	O
Identity	O
Manager	O
,	O
forming	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
a	O
core	O
product	O
set	O
within	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
Schmidt	O
's	O
efforts	O
with	O
Novell	O
,	O
News.com	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
He	O
had	O
traversed	O
a	O
rocky	O
road	O
as	O
chief	O
executive	O
at	O
Novell	O
,	O
briefly	O
laying	O
a	O
smooth	O
path	O
for	O
a	O
renaissance	O
at	O
the	O
aging	O
network	B-Architecture
software	I-Architecture
provider	O
before	O
succumbing	O
to	O
strategy	O
issues	O
that	O
have	O
plagued	O
it	O
for	O
years.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Chris	O
Stone	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
left	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
was	O
rehired	O
as	O
vice	O
chairman	O
to	O
set	O
the	O
course	O
for	O
Novell	O
's	O
strategy	O
into	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
and	O
enterprise	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
Schmidt	O
,	O
he	O
departed	O
Novell	O
soon	O
after	O
the	O
CTP	O
announcement	O
and	O
headed	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
where	O
he	O
became	O
chair	O
of	O
the	O
board	O
(	O
and	O
soon	O
after	O
that	O
,	O
CEO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Renamed	O
to	O
Novell	B-Language
exteNd	I-Language
,	O
the	O
platform	B-Device
comprised	O
XML	B-Protocol
and	O
web	O
service	O
tools	O
based	O
on	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2003	O
,	O
Novell	O
acquired	O
Ximian	O
,	O
a	O
developer	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
Linux	B-Operating_System
applications	O
(	O
Evolution	B-Language
,	O
Red	B-Application
Carpet	I-Application
and	O
Mono	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
acquisition	O
signaled	O
Novell	O
's	O
plans	O
to	O
move	O
its	O
collective	O
product	O
set	O
onto	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2003	O
,	O
Novell	O
acquired	O
Linux	B-Application
OS	I-Application
developer	O
SuSE	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
major	O
shift	O
of	O
power	O
in	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2003	O
,	O
Novell	O
released	O
"	O
Novell	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Services	O
"	O
(	O
NNLS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
ported	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
traditionally	O
associated	O
with	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
to	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Server	O
(	O
SLES	O
)	O
version	O
8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetWare	B-Operating_System
6.5	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
would	O
prove	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
last	O
version	O
of	O
that	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2004	O
,	O
Novell	O
released	O
the	O
Linux-based	O
enterprise	O
desktop	O
Novell	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Desktop	O
9	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
Ximian	O
Desktop	O
and	O
SUSE	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Professional	I-Operating_System
9.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successor	O
product	O
to	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
,	O
Novell	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
OES	B-Application
)	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OES	B-Application
offers	O
all	O
the	O
services	O
previously	O
hosted	O
by	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
6.5	O
,	O
and	O
added	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
delivering	O
those	O
services	O
using	O
either	O
a	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
6.5	O
or	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Server	O
9	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
was	O
aimed	O
to	O
persuade	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
customers	O
to	O
move	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2005	O
,	O
Novell	O
created	O
the	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
project	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
SUSE	O
Professional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
freely	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
boxed	O
retail	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
revenue	O
from	O
its	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
business	O
continued	O
to	O
grow	O
,	O
the	O
growth	O
was	O
not	O
fast	O
enough	O
to	O
offset	O
the	O
decrease	O
in	O
revenue	O
of	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2006	O
,	O
Novell	O
released	O
the	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
10	O
(	O
SLE	O
10	O
)	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Server	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
enterprise	O
class	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
server	O
to	O
offer	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
Xen	B-Operating_System
hypervisor	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Desktop	O
(	O
popularly	O
known	O
as	O
SLED	O
)	O
featured	O
a	O
new	O
user-friendly	O
GUI	B-Application
and	O
XGL-based	O
3D	O
display	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
of	O
SLE	O
10	O
was	O
marketed	O
with	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
Your	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
Ready	O
"	O
,	O
meant	O
to	O
convey	O
that	O
Novell	O
's	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
offerings	O
were	O
ready	O
for	O
the	O
enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
September	O
2006	O
Novell	O
announced	O
a	O
real-time	B-Operating_System
version	O
of	O
SLES	O
called	O
"	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
Real	O
Time	O
"	O
(	O
SLERT	O
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
technology	O
from	O
Concurrent	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
Novell	O
became	O
a	O
key	O
player	O
in	O
the	O
SCO	O
–	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
disputes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
case	O
SCO	O
Group	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
v	O
.	O
Novell	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
revolved	O
around	O
the	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
1995	O
asset-transfer	O
agreements	O
between	O
Novell	O
and	O
the	O
Santa	O
Cruz	O
Operation	O
,	O
a	O
predecessor	O
company	O
to	O
The	O
SCO	O
Group	O
–	O
when	O
Novell	O
got	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
business	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
abandoning	O
its	O
effort	O
to	O
take	O
on	O
Microsoft	O
on	O
all	O
fronts	O
–	O
and	O
a	O
1996	O
amendment	O
that	O
had	O
attempted	O
to	O
clarify	O
that	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SCO	O
Group	O
believed	O
that	O
the	O
transfer	O
included	O
ownership	O
of	O
,	O
and	O
copyrights	O
for	O
,	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
(	O
which	O
they	O
in	O
turn	O
claimed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
had	O
infringed	O
upon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
case	O
attracted	O
considerable	O
industry	O
and	O
media	O
attention	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
FOSS	O
)	O
community	O
solidly	O
on	O
the	O
side	O
of	O
Novell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Novell	O
made	O
no	O
material	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
ownership	O
once	O
it	O
was	O
ruled	O
theirs	O
,	O
as	O
by	O
then	O
their	O
interests	O
were	O
with	O
SuSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
Novell	O
sued	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
asserting	O
it	O
had	O
engaged	O
in	O
antitrust	O
violations	O
regarding	O
Novell	O
's	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
business	O
in	O
1994	O
through	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Executives	O
of	O
both	O
companies	O
expressed	O
the	O
hope	O
that	O
such	O
cooperation	O
would	O
lead	O
to	O
better	O
compatibility	O
between	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
and	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
and	O
better	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
said	O
of	O
the	O
deal	O
,	O
"	O
This	O
set	O
of	O
agreements	O
will	O
really	O
help	O
bridge	O
the	O
divide	O
between	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
proprietary	O
source	O
software.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
agreed	O
to	O
spend	O
around	O
yearly	O
,	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
5years	O
,	O
for	O
marketing	O
and	O
selling	O
a	O
combined	O
SLES/Windows	O
Server	O
offering	O
and	O
related	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
solutions	O
,	O
while	O
Novell	O
paid	O
at	O
least	O
yearly	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
results	O
of	O
this	O
partnership	O
was	O
Novell	O
adapting	O
the	O
OpenXML/ODF	O
Translator	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
released	O
two	O
public	O
covenants	O
not	O
to	O
sue	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
Moonlight	B-Language
runtime	O
—	O
a	O
workalike	O
for	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
rich	O
media	O
platform	B-Device
—	O
for	O
patent	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
condition	O
common	O
to	O
each	O
covenant	O
was	O
that	O
no	O
Moonlight	B-Language
implementation	O
be	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
SCO	O
case	O
,	O
here	O
initial	O
reaction	O
from	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
over	O
the	O
patent	O
protection	O
was	O
mostly	O
critical	O
,	O
with	O
expressions	O
of	O
concern	O
that	O
Novell	O
had	O
"	O
sold	O
out	O
"	O
and	O
doubt	O
that	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
would	O
allow	O
distribution	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
under	O
this	O
exclusive	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
letter	O
to	O
the	O
FOSS	O
development	O
community	O
on	O
9	O
November	O
2006	O
,	O
Bradley	O
M	O
.	O
Kuhn	O
,	O
CTO	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Freedom	O
Law	O
Center	O
(	O
SFLC	O
)	O
,	O
described	O
the	O
agreement	O
as	O
"	O
worse	O
than	O
useless	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
separate	O
development	O
,	O
the	O
chairman	O
of	O
the	O
SFLC	O
,	O
Eben	O
Moglen	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
Novell	O
had	O
offered	O
cooperation	O
with	O
the	O
SFLC	O
to	O
permit	O
a	O
confidential	O
audit	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
compliance	O
of	O
the	O
agreement	O
with	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
(	O
version	O
2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
said	O
in	O
November	O
2006	O
that	O
changes	O
coming	O
with	O
version	O
3	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
would	O
preclude	O
such	O
deals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
final	O
revision	O
of	O
the	O
third	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
license	I-License
was	O
decided	O
,	O
the	O
deal	O
between	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Novell	O
was	O
grandfathered	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
12	O
November	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
Samba	B-Language
team	O
expressed	O
strong	O
disapproval	O
of	O
the	O
announcement	O
and	O
asked	O
Novell	O
to	O
reconsider	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
February	O
2007	O
,	O
Reuters	O
reported	O
that	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
had	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
reviewing	O
Novell	O
's	O
right	O
to	O
sell	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
versions	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
considering	O
banning	O
Novell	O
from	O
selling	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
spokesman	O
Eben	O
Moglen	O
later	O
said	O
that	O
he	O
was	O
quoted	O
out	O
of	O
context	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
only	O
noting	O
that	O
GPL	B-License
version	O
3	O
would	O
be	O
designed	O
to	O
block	O
similar	O
deals	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2009	O
,	O
Novell	O
announced	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
lead	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
intelligent	B-Application
workload	I-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
with	O
products	O
designed	O
to	O
manage	O
diverse	O
workloads	O
in	O
a	O
heterogeneous	O
data	O
center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seeing	O
this	O
approach	O
as	O
a	O
key	O
to	O
giving	O
customers	O
confidence	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
cloud	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
,	O
Novell	O
restructured	O
its	O
business	O
around	O
the	O
new	O
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
to	O
this	O
also	O
was	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
SUSE	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
an	O
online	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
software	O
creation	O
tool	O
through	O
which	O
users	O
could	O
develop	O
their	O
own	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
,	O
software	B-Application
appliance	I-Application
,	O
or	O
virtual	B-Application
appliance	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
product	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
appliance	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
Novell	O
's	O
approach	O
would	O
also	O
support	O
other	O
cloud	O
environments	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
based	O
around	O
Hyper-V	O
,	O
VMware	O
,	O
and	O
Xen	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Partnerships	O
in	O
connection	O
with	O
intelligent	B-Application
workload	I-Application
management	I-Application
were	O
announced	O
with	O
SAP	B-Application
,	O
Citrix	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
deal	O
,	O
882	O
patents	O
owned	O
by	O
Novell	O
were	O
sold	O
to	O
CPTN	O
Holdings	O
LLC	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
companies	O
led	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
including	O
Apple	O
,	O
EMC	O
,	O
and	O
Oracle	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Novell	O
's	O
SEC	O
filing	O
,	O
the	O
patents	O
"	O
relate	O
primarily	O
to	O
enterprise-level	O
computer	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
management	O
software	O
,	O
enterprise-level	O
file	O
management	O
and	O
collaboration	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
addition	O
to	O
patents	O
relevant	O
to	O
our	O
identity	O
and	O
security	O
management	O
business	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
that	O
certain	O
of	O
such	O
issued	O
patents	O
and	O
patent	O
applications	O
read	O
on	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
different	O
software	B-Application
products	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Attachmate	O
Group	O
expressed	O
in	O
advance	O
of	O
the	O
deal	O
closing	O
that	O
there	O
would	O
no	O
change	O
to	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
SUSE	O
business	O
and	O
the	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concurrent	O
with	O
the	O
closing	O
of	O
the	O
acquisition	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
Novell	O
's	O
products	O
and	O
brands	O
were	O
transferred	O
to	O
another	O
of	O
the	O
Attachmate	O
Group	O
business	O
units	O
,	O
NetIQ	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
brand	O
was	O
spun	O
off	O
as	O
its	O
own	O
business	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Justice	O
announced	O
that	O
,	O
as	O
originally	O
proposed	O
,	O
the	O
deal	O
with	O
CPTN	O
would	O
jeopardize	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
innovate	O
and	O
compete	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
server	O
,	O
desktop	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
middleware	O
,	O
and	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
products	O
;	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
department	O
's	O
antitrust	O
concerns	O
,	O
CPTN	O
and	O
its	O
owners	O
had	O
altered	O
their	O
original	O
agreement	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
April	O
and	O
May	O
2011	O
,	O
The	O
Attachmate	O
Group	O
announced	O
layoffs	O
for	O
the	O
Novell	O
workforce	O
,	O
including	O
hundreds	O
of	O
employees	O
from	O
the	O
Provo	O
location	O
,	O
raising	O
questions	O
about	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
some	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Mono	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
software	O
company	O
Micro	O
Focus	O
announced	O
it	O
was	O
buying	O
The	O
Attachmate	O
Group	O
,	O
including	O
Novell	O
,	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Novell	O
products	O
themselves	O
were	O
relabeled	O
and	O
dispersed	O
among	O
the	O
file	O
and	O
networking	B-Architecture
services	O
,	O
collaborations	O
,	O
and	O
security	O
product	O
lines	O
of	O
Micro	O
Focus	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
offerings	O
like	O
Open	B-Application
Enterprise	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
GroupWise	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Zenworks	B-Protocol
became	O
billed	O
as	O
Micro	O
Focus	O
products	O
with	O
no	O
mention	O
of	O
their	O
Novell	O
past	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
one	O
page	O
at	O
the	O
Micro	O
Focus	O
website	O
listing	O
former	O
Novell	O
products	O
does	O
not	O
even	O
mention	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
Research	O
for	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
for	O
PC	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
software	O
(	O
DRDOS	B-Application
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
had	O
a	O
difficult	O
time	O
being	O
associated	O
for	O
anything	O
other	O
than	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
as	O
The	O
Register	O
has	O
written	O
,	O
"	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
was	O
almost	O
uniquely	O
a	O
thing	O
of	O
its	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
the	O
PC	O
has	O
transcended	O
its	O
roots	O
...	O
and	O
Windows	O
has	O
grown	O
...	O
into	O
a	O
sophisticated	O
64-bit	O
OS	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
never	O
escaped	O
as	O
its	O
niche	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Windows	O
was	O
just	O
a	O
client	O
OS	O
,	O
Novell	O
’s	O
proprietary	O
IPX/SPX	B-Protocol
protocol	O
and	O
simple	O
,	O
fast	O
,	O
semi-dedicated	O
file	O
servers	O
were	O
a	O
compelling	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Windows	O
grew	O
into	O
a	O
server	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
too	O
,	O
though	O
,	O
NetWare	B-Operating_System
could	O
n't	O
compete.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
information	O
technology	O
had	O
been	O
present	O
along	O
the	O
Wasatch	O
Front	O
since	O
the	O
1950s	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
work	O
done	O
at	O
Utah	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
software	O
giants	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
in	O
Utah	O
were	O
Novell	O
and	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
the	O
Deseret	O
News	O
has	O
stated	O
,	O
"	O
WordPerfect	B-Application
and	O
Novell	O
put	O
Utah	O
Valley	O
on	O
the	O
high-tech	O
industry	O
map	O
in	O
the	O
1980s.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
OEM	O
product	O
from	O
LiveTime	O
Software	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
