<s>
A	O
super-twisted	B-General_Concept
nematic	I-General_Concept
(	O
STN	O
)	O
display	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
monochrome	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
was	O
invented	O
at	O
the	O
Brown	O
Boveri	O
Research	O
Center	O
,	O
Baden	O
,	O
Switzerland	O
,	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
(	O
TN	O
)	O
LCDs	B-Device
with	O
a	O
90	O
degrees	O
twisted	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
molecules	O
have	O
a	O
contrast	O
vs.	O
voltage	O
characteristic	O
unfavorable	O
for	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressing	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
distinct	O
threshold	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
advantage	O
of	O
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
is	O
their	O
more	O
pronounced	O
electro-optical	O
threshold	O
allowing	O
for	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
addressing	O
with	O
many	O
more	O
lines	O
and	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
prototype	O
STN	O
matrix	O
display	O
with	O
540x270	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
was	O
made	O
by	O
Brown	O
Boveri	O
(	O
today	O
ABB	O
)	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
considered	O
a	O
breakthrough	O
for	O
the	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
require	O
less	O
power	O
and	O
are	O
less	O
expensive	O
to	O
manufacture	O
than	O
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
,	O
another	O
popular	O
type	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
that	O
has	O
largely	O
superseded	O
STN	O
for	O
mainstream	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
STN	O
displays	O
typically	O
suffer	O
from	O
lower	O
image	O
quality	O
and	O
slower	O
response	O
time	O
than	O
TFT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
can	O
be	O
made	O
purely	O
reflective	O
for	O
viewing	O
under	O
direct	O
sunlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
they	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
portable	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
Amstrad	B-Device
's	I-Device
PPC512	I-Device
and	I-Device
PPC640	I-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSTN	B-General_Concept
(	O
color	O
super-twist	B-General_Concept
nematic	I-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
color	O
form	O
for	O
electronic	O
display	O
screens	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Sharp	O
Electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
uses	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
and	O
blue	O
filters	O
to	O
display	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
displays	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
suffered	O
from	O
slow	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
ghosting	O
(	O
where	O
text	O
or	O
graphic	O
changes	O
are	O
blurred	O
because	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
cannot	O
turn	O
off	O
and	O
on	O
fast	O
enough	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
advances	O
in	O
the	O
technology	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
have	O
made	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
a	O
viable	O
alternative	O
to	O
active	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
displays	O
offer	O
100ms	O
response	O
times	O
(	O
for	O
comparison	O
TFT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
offer	O
8ms	O
or	O
less	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
140	O
degree	O
viewing	O
angle	O
and	O
high-quality	O
color	O
rivaling	O
TFT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
–	O
all	O
at	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
newer	O
passive-matrix	B-Device
technology	O
called	O
High-Performance	B-General_Concept
Addressing	I-General_Concept
(	O
HPA	O
)	O
offers	O
even	O
better	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
contrast	O
than	O
CSTN	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	O
had	O
two	O
proprietary	O
technologies	O
for	O
STN	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
Ultra	O
Fine	O
&	O
Bright	O
(	O
UFB	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
delivered	O
wide	O
viewing	O
angle	O
(	O
about	O
120	O
degrees	O
)	O
,	O
faster	O
response	O
time	O
(	O
about	O
60	O
ms	O
)	O
and	O
less	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
while	O
Ultra	O
Fine	O
&	O
High	O
Speed	O
(	O
UFS	O
)	O
,	O
delivered	O
almost	O
same	O
color	O
depths	O
as	O
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
,	O
greater	O
color	O
purity	O
,	O
much	O
faster	O
response	O
time	O
(	O
about	O
14	O
ms	O
)	O
and	O
same	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
as	O
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Double	O
layer	O
STN	O
:	O
An	O
earlier	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
that	O
used	O
an	O
extra	O
compensating	O
layer	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
sharper	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSTN	B-Application
:	O
An	O
enhanced	O
STN	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSTN	B-Application
was	O
widely	O
used	O
on	O
earlier	O
laptops	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
STN	O
and	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
FSTN	B-General_Concept
:	O
Film	O
compensated	O
STN	O
,	O
Formulated	O
STN	O
or	O
Filtered	O
STN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
film	O
compensating	O
layer	O
between	O
the	O
STN	O
display	O
and	O
rear	O
polarizer	O
for	O
added	O
sharpness	O
and	O
contrast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
laptops	B-Device
before	O
the	O
DSTN	B-Application
method	O
became	O
popular	O
and	O
many	O
early	O
21st	O
Century	O
cellphones	O
.	O
</s>
