<s>
Subminiature	O
—	O
"	O
very	O
much	O
reduced	O
in	O
size	O
"	O
,	O
Oxford	B-Application
English	I-Application
Dictionary	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
camera	O
that	O
is	O
very	O
much	O
smaller	O
than	O
a	O
"	O
miniature	O
camera	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lipstick	O
cameras	O
and	O
other	O
small	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
not	O
included	O
,	O
because	O
they	O
do	O
n't	O
use	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smaller	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
called	O
ultraminiature	O
cameras	O
,	O
particularly	O
Minox	O
,	O
are	O
associated	O
with	O
spying	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
short	O
,	O
some	O
people	O
define	O
"	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
"	O
as	O
one	O
that	O
uses	O
film	O
smaller	O
than	O
35mm	O
(	O
even	O
though	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
cameras	O
are	O
larger	O
than	O
full-framed	O
35mm	O
cameras	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
others	O
define	O
it	O
any	O
camera	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
film	O
format	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
standard	O
35mm	O
format	O
of	O
24x36mm	O
(	O
even	O
though	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
cameras	O
are	O
larger	O
than	O
full-framed	O
35mm	O
cameras	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minox	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Tessina	B-Algorithm
,	O
GaMi	O
,	O
Rollei	O
,	O
Yashica	O
,	O
Mamiya	O
,	O
Gemflex	B-Algorithm
and	O
Minolta	O
are	O
the	O
best-known	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
were	O
inexpensive	O
and	O
poorly	O
manufactured	O
(	O
thus	O
giving	O
the	O
format	O
a	O
bad	O
name	O
)	O
,	O
Minox	O
,	O
Gami	O
,	O
Edixa	B-Algorithm
,	O
Rollei	O
,	O
Pentax	B-Application
and	O
Minolta	O
made	O
quality	O
cameras	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
fine	O
results	O
—	O
even	O
when	O
enlarged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
subminiature	O
single	O
lens	O
reflex	O
is	O
the	O
Russian	O
Narciss	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
produced	O
in	O
1961-65	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
making	O
an	O
appearance	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
19th	O
century	O
,	O
often	O
as	O
concealed	O
cameras	O
,	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
became	O
popular	O
soon	O
after	O
WWII	O
when	O
many	O
consumer	O
markets	O
required	O
small	O
,	O
inexpensive	O
cameras	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Petie	B-Algorithm
in	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kodak	O
's	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
110	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
the	O
Kodak	O
disc	O
camera	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
brought	O
the	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
to	O
the	O
forefront	O
of	O
the	O
photographic	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
formats	O
of	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
have	O
come	O
and	O
gone	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
as	O
newer	O
formats	O
have	O
replaced	O
older	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
many	O
larger	O
format	O
cameras	O
,	O
especially	O
35mm	O
,	O
become	O
smaller	O
in	O
size	O
and	O
weight	O
—	O
partly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
consumer	O
demand	O
for	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
—	O
and	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
replace	O
some	O
subminiature	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
full-frame	O
35mm	O
cameras	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Minox	O
35	O
and	O
the	O
Olympus	B-Algorithm
XA	I-Algorithm
,	O
were	O
made	O
as	O
small	O
as	O
earlier	O
half-frame	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
the	O
Olympus	O
Pen	O
,	O
using	O
moderate	O
wide-angle	O
fixed	O
lenses	O
to	O
minimise	O
lens	O
barrel	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
other	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
still	O
usable	O
if	O
film	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
,	O
particularly	O
if	O
the	O
photographer	O
is	O
prepared	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
film	B-Algorithm
slitter	I-Algorithm
to	O
slit	O
35mm	O
roll	O
film	O
into	O
Minox	O
format	O
film	O
or	O
16mm	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
focusing	O
a	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
any	O
other	O
camera	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
:	O
Minox	O
B	O
,	O
C	O
,	O
LX	O
,	O
TLX	O
;	O
Edixa	B-Algorithm
16	O
,	O
Tessina	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
include	O
a	O
rangefinder	B-Algorithm
,	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
Minox	O
110	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autofocus	O
or	O
through-the-lens	O
focusing	O
systems	O
are	O
not	O
used	O
on	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
size	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
less	O
suited	O
to	O
macro	O
photography	O
than	O
larger	O
cameras	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
relatively	O
large	O
depth	O
of	O
field	O
at	O
close	O
distances	O
is	O
an	O
advantage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
concealment	O
is	O
required	O
,	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
required	O
;	O
they	O
(	O
particularly	O
the	O
various	O
Minox	O
models	O
)	O
are	O
well	O
known	O
as	O
spy	O
cameras	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
photograph	O
documents	O
close	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
subminiature	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
,	O
which	O
reduce	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
size	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
