<s>
Studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
loudspeakers	O
in	O
speaker	B-Device
enclosures	I-Device
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
professional	O
audio	O
production	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
recording	O
studios	O
,	O
filmmaking	O
,	O
television	O
studios	O
,	O
radio	O
studios	O
and	O
project	O
or	O
home	O
studios	O
,	O
where	O
accurate	O
audio	O
reproduction	O
is	O
crucial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitor	O
speakers	O
may	O
include	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
type	O
of	O
driver	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
tweeter	B-Device
and	O
a	O
woofer	B-Device
)	O
or	O
,	O
for	O
monitoring	O
low-frequency	O
sounds	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
bass	O
drum	O
,	O
additional	O
subwoofer	B-Application
cabinets	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
designed	O
for	O
mid-field	O
or	O
far-field	O
use	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
larger	O
monitors	O
with	O
approximately	O
12	O
inch	O
or	O
larger	O
woofers	B-Device
,	O
suited	O
to	O
the	O
bigger	O
studio	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
made	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
physically	O
robust	O
manner	O
than	O
home	O
hi-fi	O
loudspeakers	O
;	O
whereas	O
home	O
hi-fi	O
loudspeakers	O
often	O
only	O
have	O
to	O
reproduce	O
compressed	O
commercial	O
recordings	O
,	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
have	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
high	O
volumes	O
and	O
sudden	O
sound	O
bursts	O
that	O
may	O
happen	O
in	O
the	O
studio	O
when	O
playing	O
back	O
unmastered	O
mixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
broadcaster	O
dealing	O
with	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
live	O
material	O
,	O
the	O
BBC	O
holds	O
the	O
view	O
that	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
should	O
be	O
"	O
as	O
free	O
as	O
possible	O
from	O
avoidable	O
defects	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amplification	O
:	O
Studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
may	O
be	O
"	O
active	B-Device
"	O
(	O
including	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
internal	O
power	O
amplifier(s )	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
passive	O
(	O
requiring	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
amplifier	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Device
models	O
are	O
usually	O
bi-amplified	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
input	O
sound	O
signal	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
parts	O
by	O
an	O
active	B-Device
crossover	O
for	O
low	O
and	O
high	O
frequency	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
parts	O
are	O
amplified	O
using	O
separate	O
low	O
-	O
and	O
high-frequency	O
amplifiers	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
low-frequency	O
part	O
is	O
routed	O
to	O
a	O
woofer	B-Device
and	O
the	O
high-frequency	O
part	O
is	O
routed	O
to	O
a	O
tweeter	B-Device
or	O
horn	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
recording	O
industry	O
in	O
the	O
1920s	O
and	O
1930s	O
,	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
were	O
used	O
primarily	O
to	O
check	O
for	O
noise	O
interference	O
and	O
obvious	O
technical	O
problems	O
rather	O
than	O
for	O
making	O
artistic	O
evaluations	O
of	O
the	O
performance	O
and	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
early	O
monitors	O
tended	O
to	O
be	O
basic	O
loudspeaker	B-Device
cabinets	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
state-of-the-art	O
loudspeakers	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
were	O
massive	O
horn-loaded	B-Device
systems	O
which	O
were	O
mostly	O
used	O
in	O
cinemas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
high-quality	O
loudspeaker	O
developed	O
expressly	O
as	O
a	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
was	O
the	O
Altec	B-Device
Lansing	I-Device
Duplex	I-Device
604	O
in	O
1944	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
innovative	O
driver	O
has	O
historically	O
been	O
regarded	O
as	O
growing	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
James	O
Bullough	O
Lansing	O
who	O
had	O
previously	O
supplied	O
the	O
drivers	O
for	O
the	O
Shearer	O
Horn	B-Device
in	O
1936	O
,	O
a	O
speaker	O
that	O
had	O
rapidly	O
become	O
the	O
industry	O
standard	O
in	O
motion-picture	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
had	O
also	O
designed	O
the	O
smaller	O
Iconic	O
and	O
this	O
was	O
widely	O
employed	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
as	O
a	O
motion-picture	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
Tannoy	O
introduced	O
its	O
own	O
coaxial	O
design	O
,	O
the	O
Dual	B-Device
Concentric	I-Device
,	O
and	O
this	O
assumed	O
the	O
same	O
reference	O
role	O
in	O
Europe	O
as	O
the	O
Altec	O
604	O
held	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
pretty	O
well	O
every	O
U.S	O
studio	O
had	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
604	O
's	O
and	O
every	O
European	O
studio	O
a	O
Tannoy	O
Dual	B-Device
Concentric	I-Device
or	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
decade	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
developments	O
in	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
design	O
originated	O
from	O
JBL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
renowned	B-Application
research	I-Application
departments	I-Application
invested	O
considerable	O
resources	O
in	O
determining	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
suited	O
to	O
their	O
different	O
broadcasting	O
needs	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
created	O
their	O
own	O
models	O
from	O
first	O
principles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-way	O
designs	O
were	O
preferred	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
inherently	O
simpler	O
crossover	O
network	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
subject	O
to	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
speaker	O
driver	O
technology	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
there	O
were	O
few	O
high-frequency	O
units	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
that	O
functioned	O
down	O
to	O
1.5kHz	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
woofer	B-Device
must	O
operate	O
in	O
a	O
predictable	O
manner	O
up	O
to	O
about	O
2kHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BBC	O
developed	O
a	O
two-way	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
in	O
1959	O
,	O
the	O
LS5/1	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
58mm	O
Celestion	O
tweeter	B-Device
and	O
380mm	O
Goodmans	O
bass	O
unit	O
,	O
but	O
continually	O
had	O
problems	O
with	O
consistency	O
of	O
the	O
bass	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
recording	O
became	O
less	O
and	O
less	O
"	O
live	O
"	O
and	O
multi-tracking	O
and	O
overdubbing	O
became	O
the	O
norm	O
,	O
the	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
became	O
far	O
more	O
crucial	O
to	O
the	O
recording	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
scaling	O
tests	O
done	O
in	O
1968	O
,	O
and	O
detailed	O
audio	O
work	O
against	O
the	O
LS5/8	O
–	O
a	O
large	O
"	O
Grade	O
I	O
monitor	O
"	O
already	O
in	O
use	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
–	O
and	O
with	O
live	O
sources	O
,	O
the	O
BBC	B-Application
Research	I-Application
Department	I-Application
developed	O
the	O
LS3/5	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
the	O
famous	O
LS3/5A	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
from	O
1975	O
to	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
and	O
beyond	O
by	O
the	O
BBC	O
and	O
audiophiles	O
alike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
near-field	O
speaker	O
is	O
a	O
compact	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
designed	O
for	O
listening	O
at	O
close	O
distances	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
so	O
,	O
in	O
theory	O
,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
poor	O
room	O
acoustics	O
are	O
greatly	O
reduced	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
trend	O
reached	O
its	O
zenith	O
with	O
The	O
Who	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
dozen	O
JBL	O
4350	O
monitors	O
,	O
each	O
capable	O
of	O
125dB	O
and	O
containing	O
two	O
fifteen-inch	O
woofers	B-Device
and	O
a	O
twelve-inch	O
mid-bass	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
large	O
monitors	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
were	O
Eastlake	O
/	O
Westlake	O
monitors	O
with	O
twin	O
15	O
"	O
bass	O
units	O
,	O
a	O
wooden	O
midrange	O
horn	B-Device
and	O
a	O
horn-loaded	B-Device
tweeter	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
operated	O
without	O
horn-loaded	B-Device
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lack	O
of	O
distortion	O
of	O
high-end	O
dome	O
midrange	O
&	O
tweeters	B-Device
made	O
them	O
easy	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
all	O
day	O
(	O
and	O
night	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typical	O
soft-dome	O
systems	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
Roger	O
Quested	O
,	O
ATC	O
,	O
Neil	O
Grant	O
and	O
PMC	O
and	O
were	O
actively	O
driven	O
by	O
racks	O
of	O
active	B-Device
crossovers	O
and	O
amplifiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
post-NS-10	O
trend	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
almost	O
universal	O
acceptance	O
of	O
powered	O
monitors	O
where	O
the	O
speaker	B-Device
enclosure	I-Device
contains	O
the	O
driving	O
amplifiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
no	O
rigid	O
distinction	O
exists	O
between	O
consumer	O
speakers	O
and	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
manufacturers	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
accent	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
their	O
marketing	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
,	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
physically	O
robust	O
,	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
high	O
volumes	O
and	O
physical	O
knocks	O
that	O
may	O
happen	O
in	O
the	O
studio	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
listening	O
at	O
shorter	O
distances	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
near	O
field	O
)	O
than	O
hi-fi	O
speakers	O
,	O
though	O
nothing	O
precludes	O
them	O
from	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
home-sized	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
prominent	O
recording	O
magazine	O
,	O
Sound	O
on	O
Sound	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
self-amplified	O
(	O
active	B-Device
)	O
studio	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
reviews	O
significantly	O
outweighs	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
passive	O
monitor	O
reviews	O
over	O
the	O
past	O
two	O
decades	O
indicating	O
that	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
predominantly	O
self-amplified	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
exclusively	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
claimed	O
advantage	O
of	O
studio	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
is	O
that	O
the	O
production	O
translates	O
better	O
to	O
other	O
sound	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
