<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
(	O
,	O
,	O
alternatively	O
,	O
occasionally	O
stylized	O
as	O
STATA	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
statistical	B-Algorithm
software	I-Algorithm
package	O
developed	O
by	O
StataCorp	O
for	O
data	O
manipulation	O
,	O
visualization	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
and	O
automated	O
reporting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
by	O
Computing	O
Resource	O
Center	O
in	O
California	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
moved	O
to	O
College	O
Station	O
,	O
TX	O
and	O
was	O
renamed	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
Corporation	O
,	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
StataCorp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
is	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
17	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
its	O
creation	O
,	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
has	O
always	O
employed	O
an	O
integrated	O
command-line	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
version	O
8.0	O
,	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
has	O
included	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
based	O
on	O
Qt	B-Language
framework	I-Language
which	O
uses	O
menus	O
and	O
dialog	O
boxes	O
to	O
give	O
access	O
to	O
many	O
built-in	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
or	O
edited	O
in	O
spreadsheet	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
version	O
16	O
,	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
could	O
only	O
open	O
a	O
single	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
at	O
any	O
one	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
allows	O
for	O
flexibility	O
with	O
assigning	O
data	O
types	O
to	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
utilizes	O
integer	O
storage	O
types	O
which	O
occupy	O
only	O
one	O
or	O
two	O
bytes	O
rather	O
than	O
four	O
,	O
and	O
single-precision	O
(	O
4	O
bytes	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
double-precision	O
(	O
8	O
bytes	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
default	O
for	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
numbers	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
's	O
data	O
format	O
is	O
always	O
tabular	B-Application
in	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
the	O
columns	O
of	O
tabular	B-Application
data	O
as	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
can	O
import	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
data	O
formats	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
CSV	O
or	O
databank	O
formats	O
)	O
and	O
spreadsheet	O
formats	O
(	O
including	O
various	O
Excel	B-Application
formats	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
's	O
proprietary	B-Application
file	O
formats	O
have	O
changed	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
every	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
release	O
includes	O
a	O
new	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
version	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
can	O
read	O
all	O
older	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
formats	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
write	O
both	O
the	O
current	O
and	O
most	O
recent	O
previous	O
dataset	B-General_Concept
format	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
saveold	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
current	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
release	O
can	O
always	O
open	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
that	O
were	O
created	O
with	O
older	O
versions	O
,	O
but	O
older	O
versions	O
cannot	O
read	O
newer	O
format	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
can	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
SAS	O
XPORT	O
format	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
natively	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
fdause	O
and	O
fdasave	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
other	O
econometric	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
gretl	B-Application
,	O
can	O
directly	O
import	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
began	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
initially	O
by	O
William	O
(	O
Bill	O
)	O
Gould	O
and	O
later	O
by	O
Sean	O
Becketti	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
was	O
originally	O
intended	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
statistical	O
programs	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
such	O
as	O
SYSTAT	B-Language
and	O
MicroTSP	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata	B-Algorithm
was	O
written	O
,	O
then	O
as	O
now	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
C	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
initially	O
for	O
PCs	B-Device
running	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
17	O
major	O
releases	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
between	O
1985	O
and	O
2021	O
,	O
and	O
additional	O
code	O
and	O
documentation	O
updates	O
between	O
major	O
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
early	O
years	O
,	O
extra	O
sets	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
programs	O
were	O
sometimes	O
sold	O
as	O
"	O
kits	O
"	O
or	O
distributed	O
as	O
Support	O
Disks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
6	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
updates	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
to	O
users	O
via	O
the	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
release	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
was	O
for	O
the	O
DOS	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
versions	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
systems	O
running	O
Unix	B-Application
variants	O
like	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
and	O
MacOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
files	O
are	O
platform-independent	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hundreds	O
of	O
commands	O
have	O
been	O
added	O
to	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
in	O
its	O
37-year	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
developments	O
have	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
particularly	O
important	O
and	O
continue	O
to	O
shape	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
today	O
,	O
including	O
extensibility	B-Architecture
,	O
platform	B-Operating_System
independence	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
active	O
user	B-Architecture
community	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
command	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
1.2	O
,	O
giving	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
add	O
their	O
own	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ado-files	O
followed	O
in	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
2.1	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
user-written	O
program	O
to	O
be	O
automatically	O
loaded	O
into	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
user-written	O
ado-files	O
are	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
[	O
Statistical	B-Algorithm
Software	I-Algorithm
Components	O
Archive ]	O
hosted	O
by	O
Boston	O
College	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
StataCorp	O
added	O
an	O
ssc	O
command	O
to	O
allow	O
community-contributed	O
programs	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
directly	O
within	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
editions	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
allow	O
users	O
to	O
call	O
Python	O
and	O
R	O
scripts	O
using	O
commands	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
allowing	O
Python	O
IDEs	O
like	O
Jupyter	O
Notebooks	O
to	O
import	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
important	O
developments	O
were	O
initiated	O
by	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
's	O
active	O
user	B-Architecture
community	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
Technical	O
Bulletin	O
,	O
which	O
often	O
contains	O
user-created	O
commands	O
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1991	O
and	O
issued	O
six	O
times	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
relaunched	O
in	O
2001	O
as	O
the	O
peer-reviewed	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
Journal	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
quarterly	O
publication	O
containing	O
descriptions	O
of	O
community-contributed	O
commands	O
and	O
tips	O
for	O
the	O
effective	O
use	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
the	O
annual	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
Conference	O
held	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
is	O
hosted	O
by	O
StataCorp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
user	O
group	O
meetings	O
are	O
held	O
annually	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
(	O
the	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
Conference	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
and	O
Italy	O
,	O
and	O
less	O
frequently	O
in	O
several	O
other	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Local	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
distributors	O
host	O
User	O
Group	O
meetings	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
builds	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
:	O
Stata/MP	O
,	O
Stata/SE	O
,	O
Stata/BE	O
,	O
and	O
Numerics	B-Algorithm
by	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
Stata/MP	O
allows	O
for	O
built-in	O
parallel	O
processing	O
of	O
certain	O
commands	O
,	O
Stata/SE	O
and	O
Stata/BE	O
are	O
bottlenecked	O
and	O
limit	O
usage	O
to	O
only	O
one	O
single	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stata/MP	O
runs	O
certain	O
commands	O
about	O
2.4	O
times	O
faster	O
,	O
roughly	O
60%	O
of	O
theoretical	O
maximum	O
efficiency	O
,	O
when	O
running	O
parallel	O
processes	O
on	O
four	O
CPU	O
cores	O
compared	O
to	O
SE	O
or	O
BE	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerics	B-Algorithm
by	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
allows	O
for	O
web	O
integration	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SE	O
and	O
BE	O
versions	O
differ	O
in	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
memory	O
datasets	B-General_Concept
may	O
utilize	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
Stata/MP	O
can	O
store	O
10	O
to	O
20	O
billion	O
observations	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
120,000	O
variables	O
,	O
Stata/SE	O
and	O
Stata/BE	O
store	O
up	O
to	O
2.14	O
billion	O
observations	O
and	O
handle	O
32,767	O
variables	O
and	O
2,048	O
variables	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
number	O
of	O
independent	O
variables	O
in	O
a	O
model	O
is	O
65,532	O
variables	O
in	O
Stata/MP	O
,	O
10,998	O
variables	O
in	O
Stata/SE	O
,	O
and	O
798	O
variables	O
in	O
Stata/BE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pricing	O
and	O
licensing	O
of	O
Stata	B-Algorithm
depends	O
on	O
its	O
intended	O
use	O
:	O
business	O
,	O
government/nonprofit	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
or	O
student	O
.	O
</s>
