<s>
A	O
staring	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
staring-plane	O
array	O
or	O
focal-plane	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
(	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
consisting	O
of	O
an	O
array	O
(	O
typically	O
rectangular	O
)	O
of	O
light-sensing	O
pixels	O
at	O
the	O
focal	O
plane	O
of	O
a	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
radio	O
astronomy	O
,	O
the	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
is	O
at	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
a	O
radio	O
telescope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
sensitive	O
in	O
other	O
spectra	O
are	O
usually	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
other	O
terms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
CCD	O
(	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
device	I-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
image	I-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
visible	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Staring	B-Algorithm
arrays	I-Algorithm
are	O
distinct	O
from	O
scanning	O
array	O
and	O
TDI	O
(	O
time-delay	O
integration	O
)	O
imagers	B-Algorithm
in	O
that	O
they	O
image	O
the	O
desired	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
without	O
scanning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TDI	O
imager	B-Algorithm
operates	O
in	O
similar	O
fashion	O
to	O
a	O
scanning	O
array	O
except	O
that	O
it	O
images	O
perpendicularly	O
to	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
staring	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
is	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
film	O
in	O
a	O
typical	O
camera	O
;	O
it	O
directly	O
captures	O
a	O
2-D	O
image	O
projected	O
by	O
the	O
lens	O
at	O
the	O
image	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
TDI	O
imager	B-Algorithm
is	O
analogous	O
to	O
looking	O
through	O
a	O
vertical	O
slit	O
out	O
the	O
side	O
window	O
of	O
a	O
moving	O
car	O
,	O
and	O
building	O
a	O
long	O
,	O
continuous	O
image	O
as	O
the	O
car	O
passes	O
the	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
visible	O
imagers	B-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
CCD	O
and	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
image	I-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
are	O
fabricated	O
from	O
silicon	O
,	O
using	O
mature	O
and	O
well-understood	O
processes	O
,	O
IR	O
sensors	O
must	O
be	O
fabricated	O
from	O
other	O
,	O
more	O
exotic	O
materials	O
because	O
silicon	O
is	O
sensitive	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
visible	O
and	O
near-IR	O
spectra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
set	O
of	O
functions	O
is	O
implemented	O
on	O
a	O
chip	O
called	O
the	O
multiplexer	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
readout	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
(	O
ROIC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
fabricated	O
in	O
silicon	O
using	O
standard	O
CMOS	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
detector	O
array	O
is	O
then	O
hybridized	O
or	O
bonded	O
to	O
the	O
ROIC	O
,	O
typically	O
using	O
indium	O
bump-bonding	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
resulting	O
assembly	O
is	O
called	O
an	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
materials	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
FPAs	O
fabricated	O
from	O
them	O
)	O
operate	O
only	O
at	O
cryogenic	O
temperatures	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
resistive	O
amorphous	O
silicon	O
(	O
a-Si	O
)	O
and	O
VOx	O
microbolometers	B-Algorithm
)	O
can	O
operate	O
at	O
uncooled	O
temperatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
nearly	O
all	O
FPAs	O
have	O
both	O
significant	O
pixel-to-pixel	O
offset	O
and	O
pixel-to-pixel	O
photo	B-Algorithm
response	I-Algorithm
non-uniformity	I-Algorithm
(	O
PRNU	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
correction	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
in	O
software	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
DSP	B-Architecture
or	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
camera	O
electronics	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
on	O
the	O
ROIC	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
modern	O
of	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
low	O
volumes	O
,	O
rarer	O
materials	O
,	O
and	O
complex	O
processes	O
involved	O
in	O
fabricating	O
and	O
using	O
IR	O
FPAs	O
makes	O
them	O
far	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
visible	O
imagers	B-Algorithm
of	O
comparable	O
size	O
and	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Focal	B-Algorithm
plane	I-Algorithm
arrays	I-Algorithm
(	O
FPAs	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
reported	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
3D	O
LIDAR	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
cross	O
talk	O
was	O
attributed	O
to	O
capacitive	O
coupling	O
between	O
the	O
microstrip	O
lines	O
and	O
between	O
the	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
’s	O
internal	O
conductors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
method	O
was	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
flat	O
thinned	O
substrate	O
membrane	O
(	O
approximately	O
800	O
angstroms	O
thick	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
reported	O
to	O
eliminate	O
pixel-to-pixel	O
cross	O
talk	O
in	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
imaging	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
another	O
an	O
avalanche	O
photodiode	O
FPA	B-Algorithm
study	O
,	O
the	O
etching	O
of	O
trenches	O
in	O
between	O
neighboring	O
pixels	O
reduced	O
cross	O
talk	O
.	O
</s>
