<s>
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
is	O
a	O
first-person	O
space	O
combat	O
simulator	O
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
written	O
by	O
Doug	O
Neubauer	O
,	O
an	O
Atari	O
employee	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
by	O
Atari	O
in	O
March	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
5200	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
distinctive	O
for	O
its	O
graphics	O
,	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
various	O
map	O
and	O
long	O
range	O
scan	O
views	O
,	O
provided	O
forward	O
and	O
aft	O
first-person	O
views	O
,	O
with	O
movement	O
conveyed	O
by	O
a	O
streaming	O
3D	O
starfield	O
as	O
the	O
player	O
engaged	O
enemy	O
spacecraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
had	O
already	O
been	O
target-shooting	O
games	O
using	O
the	O
first-person	O
perspective	O
(	O
including	O
1978	O
's	O
Cosmic	B-Application
Conflict	I-Application
)	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
had	O
considerably	O
higher	O
quality	O
visuals	O
and	O
more	O
complex	O
gameplay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
inspired	O
imitators	O
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
later-generation	O
space	O
combat	O
simulation	O
games	O
including	O
Elite	B-Application
,	O
Wing	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
:	I-Application
X-Wing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
10	O
most	O
important	O
video	O
games	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
compiled	O
by	O
Stanford	O
University	O
's	O
History	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Collections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
text-based	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
games	O
,	O
in	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
the	O
player	O
's	O
ship	O
maneuvers	O
about	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
grid	O
fighting	O
a	O
fleet	O
of	O
enemy	O
spaceships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
,	O
this	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
takes	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
Galactic	O
Chart	O
"	O
display	O
dividing	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
large-scale	O
world	O
into	O
a	O
grid	O
of	O
sectors	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
empty	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
occupied	O
by	O
enemy	O
ships	O
or	O
a	O
friendly	O
"	O
starbase	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flying	O
about	O
in	O
the	O
3D	O
view	O
with	O
the	O
ship	O
's	O
normal	O
engines	O
is	O
sufficient	O
for	O
travel	O
within	O
a	O
sector	O
;	O
travel	O
between	O
sectors	O
is	O
via	O
"	O
hyperspace	O
"	O
,	O
accomplished	O
through	O
an	O
elaborate	O
and	O
noisy	O
"	O
hyperwarp	O
"	O
sequence	O
with	O
graphics	O
loosely	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
and	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
films	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
stars	O
seemed	O
to	O
stretch	O
to	O
radial	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
formula	O
,	O
the	O
game	O
added	O
real-time	O
3D	O
battles	O
as	O
a	O
space	O
combat	O
simulator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
main	O
first-person	O
display	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
can	O
look	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
ship	O
and	O
shoot	O
"	O
photons	O
"	O
at	O
Zylon	O
ships	O
,	O
which	O
come	O
in	O
three	O
different	O
varieties	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
ships	O
from	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
,	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Battlestar	O
Galactica	O
(	O
whose	O
villains	O
were	O
the	O
similarly	O
titled	O
Cylons	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
small	O
targeting	O
display	O
in	O
the	O
lower	O
right	O
corner	O
gives	O
a	O
general	O
indication	O
of	O
a	O
distant	O
enemy	O
or	O
starbase	B-Application
's	O
position	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
ship	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
indicates	O
when	O
weapons	O
are	O
locked	O
on	O
the	O
enemy	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
point	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
weapons	O
will	O
fire	O
two	O
torpedoes	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
Fighters	O
resemble	O
the	O
TIE	B-Application
fighter	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
player	O
has	O
to	O
manage	O
finite	O
energy	O
reserves	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
damage	O
to	O
the	O
ship	O
;	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
repaired	O
and	O
restocked	O
by	O
rendezvous	O
with	O
a	O
friendly	O
starbase	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
enemy	O
can	O
also	O
destroy	O
a	O
starbase	B-Application
if	O
allowed	O
to	O
surround	O
its	O
Galactic	O
Chart	O
sector	O
for	O
too	O
long	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
starbases	B-Application
have	O
to	O
be	O
defended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
this	O
lends	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
a	O
degree	O
of	O
complexity	O
and	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
player	O
immersion	O
that	O
was	O
rare	O
in	O
action	O
games	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wanting	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
action-oriented	O
Star	O
Trek-type	O
game	O
,	O
Doug	O
Neubauer	O
designed	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
in	O
about	O
eight	O
to	O
ten	O
months	O
while	O
working	O
for	O
Atari	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
unusual	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
for	O
Atari	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
made	O
relatively	O
few	O
game	B-Protocol
cartridges	I-Protocol
for	O
its	O
computers	O
,	O
with	O
most	O
being	O
adaptations	O
of	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|Atari	O
8-bit	O
computer	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
;	O
early	O
releases	O
had	O
a	O
typo	O
on	O
the	O
label	O
:	O
Star	B-Application
Raider	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
playfield/star	O
field	O
is	O
drawn	O
in	O
the	O
graphics	O
mode	O
that	O
provides	O
160×96	O
bitmapped	B-Algorithm
pixels	B-Algorithm
utilizing	O
four	O
color	B-Data_Structure
registers	I-Data_Structure
at	O
a	O
time	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
palette	B-Data_Structure
of	O
128	O
colors	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
CTIA	B-General_Concept
chip	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
early	O
Atari	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
called	O
ANTIC	O
mode	O
D	O
,	O
but	O
accessed	O
in	O
Atari	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
by	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
GRAPHICS	O
7	O
"	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
indirect	O
palette	B-Data_Structure
means	O
that	O
color	O
changes	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
presence	O
or	O
absence	O
of	O
energy	O
shields	O
,	O
emergency	O
alarms	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
screen	O
flash	O
representing	O
destruction	O
of	O
the	O
ship	O
can	O
be	O
accomplished	O
by	O
simply	O
changing	O
the	O
palette	B-Data_Structure
values	O
in	O
memory	O
registers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enemy	O
ships	O
,	O
shots	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
other	O
moving	O
objects	O
use	O
Atari	O
's	O
variant	O
of	O
hardware	O
sprites	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
player-missile	O
graphics	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
color	B-Data_Structure
registers	I-Data_Structure
independent	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
screen	O
graphics	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
6502	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
native	O
multiply	O
or	O
divide	O
command	O
,	O
the	O
game	O
slows	O
down	O
considerably	O
when	O
several	O
of	O
these	O
particles	O
are	O
active	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
rotating	O
the	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
ship	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
positions	O
of	O
enemy	O
ships	O
,	O
shots	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
moving	O
objects	O
are	O
computed	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
applying	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
CORDIC	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
using	O
only	O
addition	O
,	O
subtraction	O
,	O
and	O
bitshift	O
operations.Lorenz	O
Wiest	O
:	O
Reverse	O
Engineering	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
allows	O
different	O
graphics	O
modes	O
and	O
color	O
palettes	B-Data_Structure
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
different	O
horizontal	O
bands	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
simple	O
display	O
list	O
and	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
horizontal	B-General_Concept
blank	I-General_Concept
interrupt	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
other	O
games	O
make	O
more	O
extensive	O
use	O
of	O
these	O
techniques	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
uses	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
relatively	O
simple	O
fashion	O
to	O
combine	O
text	O
displays	O
and	O
graphics	O
;	O
the	O
cockpit	O
display	O
uses	O
a	O
custom	O
character	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
to	O
display	O
futuristic-looking	O
characters	O
and	O
symbols	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
MICR.Star	O
Raiders	O
 '	O
sounds	O
of	O
engines	O
,	O
shots	O
,	O
explosions	O
,	O
alarms	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
are	O
algorithmically	O
synthesized	O
directly	O
using	O
the	O
POKEY	B-Device
sound	O
chip	O
's	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neubauer	O
was	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
POKEY	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
entire	O
game	O
,	O
code	O
and	O
data	O
,	O
fits	O
into	O
8K	O
(	O
8192	O
bytes	B-Application
)	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
and	O
requires	O
only	O
8K	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
for	O
its	O
working	O
data	O
and	O
display	O
visuals	O
;	O
thus	O
it	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
any	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|right|The	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
version	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
Video	O
Touch	O
Pad	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
were	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
5200	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
series	O
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
5200	I-General_Concept
version	O
was	O
done	O
by	O
programmer	O
Joe	O
Copson	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
autumn	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
version	O
was	O
programmed	O
by	O
Carla	O
Meninsky	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
controller	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
accept	O
overlays	O
for	O
compatibility	O
with	O
multiple	O
games	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
the	O
only	O
game	O
to	O
utilize	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
version	O
was	O
designed	O
and	O
programmed	O
by	O
Robert	O
Zdybel	O
with	O
graphics	O
and	O
animation	O
by	O
Jerome	O
Domurat	O
and	O
released	O
by	O
Atari	O
Corporation	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
very	O
different	O
game	O
in	O
many	O
ways	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
enemy	O
ship	O
types	O
,	O
different	O
weapons	O
,	O
slower	O
action	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
map	O
featuring	O
a	O
triangular	O
grid	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
square	O
one	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
much	O
easier	O
for	O
the	O
Zylon	O
ships	O
to	O
surround	O
starbases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
criticizing	O
the	O
violent	O
gameplay	O
,	O
after	O
seeing	O
a	O
demonstration	O
Ted	O
Nelson	O
wrote	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
Atari	O
machine	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
extraordinary	O
computer	O
graphics	O
box	O
ever	O
made	O
,	O
and	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
is	O
its	O
virtuoso	O
demonstration	O
game	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
1980	O
wrote	O
that	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
is	O
"	O
incredibly	O
exciting	O
to	O
play	O
and	O
just	O
about	O
as	O
much	O
fun	O
to	O
watch	O
!	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
reported	O
that	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
complexity	O
encouraged	O
cooperative	O
gameplay	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
"	O
over	O
twenty	O
hours	O
of	O
grueling	O
tests	O
by	O
a	O
battery	O
of	O
ingenious	O
children	O
"	O
had	O
proven	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
free	O
of	O
bugs.BYTE	O
wrote	O
in	O
1981	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
Atari	O
's	O
killer	O
app	O
:	O
"	O
What	O
can	O
you	O
say	O
about	O
a	O
game	O
that	O
takes	O
your	O
breath	O
away	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
not	O
enough	O
superlatives	O
to	O
describe	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
as	O
the	O
VisiCalc	B-Application
software	O
...	O
has	O
enticed	O
many	O
people	O
into	O
buying	O
Apple	O
II	O
computers	O
,	O
I	O
'm	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
cartridge	B-Protocol
...	O
has	O
sold	O
its	O
share	O
of	O
Atari	O
400	O
and	O
800	O
computers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
Games	O
agreed	O
,	O
reporting	O
that	O
it	O
"	O
is	O
the	O
game	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
opinion	O
of	O
many	O
,	O
sells	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
400	O
computers	O
systems	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
has	O
established	O
the	O
standards	O
prospective	O
software	O
marketed	O
will	O
be	O
trying	O
to	O
surpass	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
year	O
or	O
so	O
"	O
.Softline	O
in	O
1982	O
called	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
"	O
quite	O
a	O
game	O
...	O
stands	O
repeat	O
play	O
well	O
and	O
remains	O
quite	O
difficult	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
the	O
magazine	O
's	O
readers	O
named	O
it	O
"	O
The	O
Most	O
Popular	O
Atari	O
Program	O
Ever	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
65%	O
more	O
weighted	O
votes	O
than	O
second-place	O
Jawbreaker	B-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
1984	O
they	O
named	O
the	O
game	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Atari	O
program	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
book	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
game	O
is	O
simply	O
great	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
despite	O
imitations	O
,	O
"	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
remains	O
the	O
classic	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jerry	O
Pournelle	O
of	O
BYTE	B-Application
named	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
version	O
his	O
game	O
of	O
the	O
month	O
for	O
August	O
1986	O
,	O
describing	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
like	O
the	O
old	O
8-bit	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
had	O
died	O
and	O
gone	O
to	O
heaven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
version	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
inducted	O
into	O
GameSpot	O
's	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
greatest	O
games	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
12	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
reported	O
that	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
was	O
named	O
to	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
ten	O
most	O
important	O
video	O
games	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
so-called	O
game	O
canon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
took	O
up	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
preservation	O
proposal	O
and	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
games	O
from	O
this	O
list	O
,	O
including	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
II	O
that	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1986	O
by	O
Atari	O
Corp	O
.	O
had	O
no	O
relationship	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
merely	O
a	O
rebranded	O
game	O
originally	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
licensed	O
tie-in	O
for	O
the	O
movie	O
The	B-Device
Last	I-Device
Starfighter	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wilmunder	O
mentioned	O
he	O
had	O
been	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
team	O
working	O
on	O
8-bit	O
computer	O
games	O
and	O
decided	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
sequel	O
to	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
version	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
II	O
is	O
faithful	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
gameplay	O
,	O
but	O
designed	O
to	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
new	O
32	O
kB	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
planets	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
attacked	O
on	O
the	O
surface	O
in	O
a	O
view	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
arcade	O
game	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
being	O
developed	O
down	O
the	O
hall	O
from	O
Wilmunder	O
's	O
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
re-imagining	O
of	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Incinerator	O
Studios	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
Atari	O
SA	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
Xbox	O
360	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
on	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
games	O
heavily	O
inspired	O
by	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
appeared	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Starmaster	B-Protocol
(	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
Space	B-Application
Spartans	I-Application
(	O
Intellivision	O
)	O
,	O
Moonbeam	O
Express	O
(	O
TI-99/4A	O
)	O
,	O
Codename	B-Application
MAT	I-Application
(	O
ZX	O
Spectrum	O
and	O
Amstrad	O
CPC	O
)	O
,	O
Star	B-Application
Voyager	I-Application
(	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
Star	B-Application
Luster	I-Application
(	O
Famicom	O
–	O
Japan	O
only	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neubauer	O
's	O
own	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
both	O
similar	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
ways	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
than	O
his	O
earlier	O
game	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
difference	O
in	O
technology	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
systems.Star	O
Raiders	O
inspired	O
later	O
space	O
combat	O
games	O
like	O
Elite	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Wing	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
series	O
and	O
BattleSphere.Star	O
Rangers	O
,	O
an	O
homage	O
to	O
Star	B-Application
Raiders	I-Application
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2010	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
production	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
were	O
accompanied	O
by	O
an	O
Atari	O
Force	O
mini-comic	O
(	O
published	O
by	O
DC	O
Comics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
final	O
mini-comics	O
followed	O
with	O
the	O
games	O
Phoenix	B-Application
and	O
Galaxian	B-Application
.	O
</s>
