<s>
Stamping	B-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
pressing	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
placing	O
flat	O
sheet	O
metal	O
in	O
either	O
blank	O
or	O
coil	O
form	O
into	O
a	O
stamping	B-Application
press	O
where	O
a	O
tool	O
and	O
die	O
surface	O
forms	O
the	O
metal	O
into	O
a	O
net	O
shape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stamping	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
sheet-metal	O
forming	O
manufacturing	O
processes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
punching	O
using	O
a	O
machine	O
press	O
or	O
stamping	B-Application
press	O
,	O
blanking	O
,	O
embossing	O
,	O
bending	O
,	O
flanging	O
,	O
and	O
coining	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stamping	B-Application
is	O
usually	O
done	O
on	O
cold	O
metal	O
sheet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Marx	O
Schwab	O
in	O
Germany	O
developed	O
a	O
new	O
process	O
for	O
stamping	B-Application
that	O
involved	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
12	O
men	O
turning	O
a	O
large	O
wheel	O
to	O
press	O
metal	O
into	O
coins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1880s	O
,	O
the	O
stamping	B-Application
process	O
was	O
further	O
innovated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stamping	B-Application
replaced	O
die	O
forging	O
and	O
machining	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
greatly	O
reduced	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
U.S.	O
companies	O
then	O
started	O
to	O
have	O
stamping	B-Application
machines	O
custom	O
built	O
by	O
U.S.	O
machine	O
tool	O
makers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
automobile	O
manufacturers	O
adopted	O
stamping	B-Application
of	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Henry	O
Ford	O
resisted	O
the	O
recommendations	O
of	O
his	O
engineers	O
to	O
use	O
stamped	O
parts	O
,	O
but	O
when	O
his	O
company	O
could	O
not	O
satisfy	O
demand	O
with	O
die	O
forged	O
parts	O
,	O
Ford	O
was	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
stamping	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
metal	B-Application
stamping	I-Application
,	O
forging	O
and	O
deep	O
drawing	O
,	O
presses	O
of	O
all	O
types	O
are	O
the	O
backbone	O
of	O
metals	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Piercing	O
and	O
cutting	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
performed	O
in	O
stamping	B-Application
presses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Progressive	O
stamping	B-Application
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
above	O
methods	O
done	O
with	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
dies	O
in	O
a	O
row	O
through	O
which	O
a	O
strip	O
of	O
the	O
material	O
passes	O
one	O
step	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
include	O
plant	O
and	O
mineral	O
oil-based	O
,	O
animal	O
fat	O
or	O
lard-based	O
,	O
graphite-based	O
,	O
soap	O
and	O
acrylic-based	O
dry	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sheet	O
metal	O
forming	O
simulation	O
is	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
calculates	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
sheet	O
metal	B-Application
stamping	I-Application
,	O
predicting	O
common	O
defects	O
such	O
as	O
splits	O
,	O
wrinkles	O
,	O
springback	O
and	O
material	O
thinning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
forming	O
simulation	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
is	O
a	O
specific	O
application	O
of	O
non-linear	O
finite	B-Application
element	I-Application
analysis	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stamping	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
is	O
used	O
when	O
a	O
sheet	O
metal	O
part	O
designer	O
or	O
toolmaker	O
desires	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
likelihood	O
of	O
successfully	O
manufacturing	O
a	O
sheet	O
metal	O
part	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
making	O
a	O
physical	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stamping	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
allows	O
any	O
sheet	O
metal	O
part	O
forming	O
process	O
to	O
be	O
simulated	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	O
environment	O
of	O
a	O
PC	O
for	O
a	O
fraction	O
of	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
tryout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
a	O
stamping	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
allow	O
sheet	O
metal	O
part	O
designers	O
to	O
assess	O
alternative	O
designs	O
very	O
quickly	O
to	O
optimize	O
their	O
parts	O
for	O
low	O
cost	O
manufacture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
stamping	B-Application
sheet	O
metal	O
components	O
has	O
traditionally	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
macro	O
level	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
vehicle	O
,	O
aircraft	O
,	O
and	O
packaging	O
applications	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
continuing	O
trend	O
of	O
miniaturization	O
has	O
driven	O
research	O
into	O
micro	O
-	O
forms	O
of	O
stamping	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metal	B-Application
stamping	I-Application
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
materials	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
unique	O
metalworking	O
qualities	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
applications	O
across	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metal	B-Application
stamping	I-Application
may	O
require	O
the	O
forming	O
and	O
processing	O
of	O
base	O
common	O
metals	O
to	O
rare	O
alloys	O
for	O
their	O
application-specific	O
advantages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industries	O
metal	B-Application
stamping	I-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
:	O
</s>
