<s>
Spinmechatronics	B-Algorithm
is	O
neologism	O
referring	O
to	O
an	O
emerging	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
concerned	O
with	O
the	O
exploitation	O
of	O
spin-dependent	O
phenomena	O
and	O
established	O
spintronic	O
methodologies	O
and	O
technologies	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
electro-mechanical	O
,	O
magno-mechanical	O
,	O
acousto-mechanical	O
and	O
opto-mechanical	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
especially	O
,	O
spinmechatronics	B-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
spin	O
mechatronics	O
)	O
concerns	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
micro	O
-	O
and	O
nano	O
-	O
mechatronic	O
systems	O
with	O
spin	O
physics	O
and	O
spintronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
spinmechatronics	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
recognised	O
only	O
recently	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
as	O
an	O
independent	O
field	O
,	O
hybrid	O
spin-mechanical	O
system	O
development	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
early	O
nineteen-nineties	O
,	O
with	O
devices	O
combining	O
spintronics	O
and	O
micromechanics	O
emerging	O
at	O
the	O
turn	O
of	O
the	O
twenty-first	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
.	O
Sidles	O
in	O
a	O
seminal	O
paper	O
of	O
1991	O
–	O
and	O
since	O
extensively	O
developed	O
both	O
theoretically	O
and	O
experimentally	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
international	O
research	O
groups	O
–	O
the	O
MRFM	O
operates	O
by	O
coupling	O
a	O
magnetically	O
loaded	O
micro-mechanical	O
cantilever	O
to	O
an	O
excited	O
nuclear	O
,	O
proton	B-Application
or	O
electron	O
spin	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
innovation	O
in	O
spinmechatronics	B-Algorithm
drives	O
forward	O
the	O
independent	O
advancement	O
of	O
cutting-edge	O
science	O
in	O
spin	O
physics	O
,	O
spintronics	O
and	O
micro	O
-	O
and	O
nano-mechatronics	O
and	O
catalyses	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
wholly	O
new	O
instrumentation	O
,	O
control	O
and	O
fabrication	O
techniques	O
to	O
facilitate	O
and	O
exploit	O
their	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MEMS	B-Architecture
:	O
micro-electromechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
are	O
the	O
key	O
ingredient	O
of	O
micro-mechatronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Micro-electromechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
are	O
–	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
suggests	O
–	O
devices	O
with	O
significant	O
dimensions	O
in	O
the	O
micrometre	O
regime	O
or	O
less	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercialisation	O
of	O
mass-produced	O
Microelectromechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
products	O
is	O
rapidly	O
picking	O
up	O
pace	O
and	O
includes	O
printer	O
ink-jet	O
technology	O
,	O
3D	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
integrated	O
pressure	O
sensors	O
,	O
and	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Light	I-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
DLP	O
)	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
cutting	O
edge	O
of	O
Microelectromechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
fabrication	O
and	O
integration	O
technologies	O
are	O
nano	O
-	O
electromechanical	O
systems	O
(	O
NEMS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
small	O
physical	O
dimensions	O
and	O
mass	O
(	O
of	O
order	O
pico-grams	O
)	O
makes	O
them	O
highly	O
sensitive	O
to	O
changes	O
in	O
stiffness	B-Algorithm
;	O
this	O
,	O
their	O
synergy	O
with	O
mechanical	O
and	O
data	O
processing	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
attaching	O
chemical/	O
biological	O
molecules	O
,	O
makes	O
them	O
ideal	O
for	O
ultra	O
high-performance	O
mechanical	O
,	O
chemical	O
and	O
biological	O
sensing	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spin	O
physics	O
spans	O
studies	O
of	O
nuclear	O
,	O
electron	O
and	O
proton	B-Application
magnetic	O
resonance	O
,	O
magnetism	O
,	O
and	O
certain	O
areas	O
of	O
optics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
two	O
best	O
known	O
applications	O
of	O
spin	O
physics	O
are	O
Magnetic	O
Resonance	O
Imaging	O
(	O
or	O
MRI	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
spintronic	O
giant-magnetoresistive	O
(	O
GMR	B-General_Concept
)	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
read	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
most	O
families	O
own	O
a	O
spintronic	O
device	O
:	O
the	O
giant-magnetoresistive	O
(	O
GMR	B-General_Concept
)	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
read	O
head	O
in	O
their	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
tunnelling-magnetoresistance	O
(	O
TMR	O
)	O
–	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
electron	O
spin	O
as	O
a	O
label	O
to	O
allow	O
or	O
forbid	O
electron	O
tunnelling	O
–	O
dominates	O
the	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
market	O
and	O
is	O
rapidly	O
establishing	O
itself	O
in	O
areas	O
as	O
diverse	O
as	O
magnetic	O
logic	O
devices	O
and	O
biosensors	O
.	O
</s>
