<s>
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
regulating	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
radio	O
frequencies	O
to	O
promote	O
efficient	O
use	O
and	O
gain	O
a	O
net	O
social	O
benefit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
typically	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
full	O
frequency	O
range	O
from	O
1Hz	O
to	O
3000GHz	O
(	O
3	O
THz	O
)	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
wireless	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasing	O
demand	O
for	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
telephones	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
has	O
required	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
philosophy	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Demand	O
for	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
has	O
soared	O
due	O
to	O
technological	O
innovation	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
3G	O
and	O
4G	O
mobile	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
rapid	O
expansion	O
of	O
wireless	O
internet	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
former	O
practice	O
of	O
discrete	O
bands	O
licensed	O
to	O
groups	O
of	O
similar	O
services	O
is	O
giving	O
way	O
,	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
"	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
"	O
model	O
that	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
speed	O
technological	O
innovation	O
and	O
improve	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
spectrum	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
President	O
Obama	O
made	O
shared	O
spectrum	O
the	O
policy	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
on	O
14	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
following	O
recommendations	O
from	O
the	O
President	O
's	O
Council	O
of	O
Advisors	O
for	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
PCAST	O
)	O
which	O
advocated	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
(	O
uncleared	O
)	O
federal	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
when	O
unused	O
at	O
a	O
place	O
and	O
time	O
provided	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
pose	O
undue	O
risks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
mitigate	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
pollution	O
,	O
and	O
maximize	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
usable	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Effective	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
requires	O
regulation	O
at	O
national	O
,	O
regional	O
,	O
and	O
global	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Goals	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
include	O
:	O
rationalize	O
and	O
optimize	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
RF	O
spectrum	O
;	O
avoid	O
and	O
solve	O
interference	O
;	O
design	O
short	O
and	O
long	O
range	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
;	O
advance	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
new	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
;	O
coordinate	O
wireless	O
communications	O
with	O
neighbours	O
and	O
other	O
administrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
items	O
which	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
nationally	O
regulated	O
:	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocation	I-Algorithm
for	O
various	O
radio	O
services	O
,	O
assignment	O
of	O
license	O
and	O
RF	O
to	O
transmitting	O
stations	O
,	O
type	O
approval	O
of	O
equipment	O
(	O
for	O
countries	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
)	O
,	O
fee	O
collection	O
,	O
notifying	O
ITU	O
for	O
the	O
Master	O
International	O
Frequency	O
Register	O
(	O
MIFR	O
)	O
,	O
coordination	O
with	O
neighbour	O
countries	O
(	O
as	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
borders	O
to	O
the	O
radio	O
waves	O
)	O
,	O
external	O
relations	O
toward	O
regional	O
commissions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
CEPT	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
CITEL	O
in	O
America	O
)	O
and	O
toward	O
ITU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
growing	O
problem	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
spectrum	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
include	O
:	O
over-the-air	O
broadcasting	O
,	O
(	O
which	O
started	O
in	O
1920	O
)	O
;	O
government	O
and	O
research	O
uses	O
(	O
which	O
include	O
defense	O
,	O
public	O
safety	O
—	O
maritime	O
,	O
air	O
,	O
police	O
—	O
resource	O
management	O
,	O
transport	O
,	O
and	O
radio	O
astronomy	O
)	O
;	O
commercial	O
services	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
(	O
including	O
voice	O
,	O
data	O
,	O
home	O
networking	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
industrial	O
,	O
scientific	O
and	O
medical	O
services	O
(	O
which	O
include	O
Telemedicine	B-Application
,	O
and	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
concern	O
was	O
about	O
radio	O
and	O
television	O
broadcasting	O
;	O
but	O
today	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
are	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
important	O
as	O
fewer	O
than	O
15%	O
of	O
US	O
households	O
rely	O
on	O
over-the-air	O
broadcasting	O
to	O
receive	O
their	O
TV	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
spectrum	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
different	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
,	O
each	O
having	O
a	O
specific	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
that	O
covers	O
300kHz	O
to	O
535kHz	O
is	O
reserved	O
for	O
aeronautical	O
and	O
maritime	O
communications	O
and	O
the	O
spectrum	O
from	O
520kHz	O
to	O
1700kHz	O
for	O
AM	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
process	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
allocation	B-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
specific	O
assignment	O
that	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
the	O
numbers	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
"	O
guard	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
"	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
interference	O
between	O
applications	O
to	O
a	O
minimum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
advocates	O
that	O
the	O
regulators	O
be	O
the	O
centralized	O
authorities	O
for	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
allocation	I-Algorithm
and	O
usage	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
allocation	B-Algorithm
decisions	O
are	O
often	O
static	O
in	O
temporal	O
and	O
spatial	O
dimensions	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
valid	O
for	O
extended	O
periods	O
of	O
time	O
(	O
usually	O
decades	O
)	O
and	O
for	O
large	O
geographical	O
regions	O
(	O
country	O
wide	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
digital	O
transition	O
,	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
entered	O
a	O
new	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
effects	O
of	O
this	O
scarcity	O
are	O
most	O
noticeable	O
in	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
where	O
the	O
operators	O
often	O
need	O
to	O
invest	O
billions	O
of	O
dollars	O
to	O
secure	O
access	O
to	O
specified	O
bands	O
in	O
the	O
available	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
this	O
scarcity	O
,	O
recent	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
utilization	I-Algorithm
measurements	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
available	O
spectrum	O
opportunities	O
are	O
severely	O
underutilized	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
allocation	B-Algorithm
of	O
these	O
portions	O
should	O
be	O
implemented	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
market	O
forces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
spectrum	O
property	O
rights	O
model	O
advocates	O
exclusive	O
allocation	B-Algorithm
of	O
transmission	O
rights	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
a	O
licensed	O
regime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
idea	O
of	O
spectrum	O
property	O
rights	O
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Leo	O
Herzel	O
in	O
1951	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
a	O
law	O
student	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
preparing	O
a	O
critique	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
FCC	O
policies	O
in	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
regulatory	O
review	O
mechanism	O
exists	O
to	O
check	O
if	O
the	O
merit	O
guidelines	O
are	O
still	O
being	O
followed	O
,	O
and	O
if	O
not	O
,	O
to	O
then	O
revoke	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
license	I-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
incumbent	O
spectrum	O
owner	O
and	O
reissue	O
the	O
spectrum	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
user	O
under	O
old	O
merit	O
guidelines	O
,	O
or	O
sell	O
the	O
spectrum	O
inline	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
"	O
spectrum	O
as	O
property	O
"	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Communications	O
Act	O
of	O
1934	O
grants	O
authority	O
for	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
management	I-Algorithm
to	O
the	O
President	O
for	O
all	O
federal	O
use	O
(	O
47	O
USC	O
305	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ITU	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
Sectors	O
:	O
the	O
Radiocommunication	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-R	O
)	O
determines	O
the	O
technical	O
characteristics	O
and	O
operational	O
procedures	O
for	O
wireless	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
plays	O
a	O
vital	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Management	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
radio-frequency	O
;	O
ITU-R	O
Study	O
Group	O
1	O
is	O
the	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Management	I-Algorithm
study	O
group	O
;	O
the	O
Telecommunication	O
Standardization	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-T	O
)	O
develops	O
internationally	O
agreed	O
technical	O
and	O
operating	O
standards	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
Telecommunication	O
Development	O
Sector	O
(	O
ITU-D	O
)	O
fosters	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
telecommunications	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
developing	O
nations	O
throughout	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
that	O
make	O
up	O
two-thirds	O
of	O
the	O
ITU	O
's	O
191	O
Member	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ITU	O
Radio	O
Regulations	O
set	O
a	O
binding	O
international	O
treaty	O
governing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
by	O
some	O
40	O
different	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
telecommunication	O
,	O
frequency	O
assignment	O
authority	O
is	O
the	O
power	O
granted	O
for	O
the	O
administration	O
,	O
designation	O
or	O
delegation	O
to	O
an	O
agency	O
or	O
administrator	O
via	O
treaty	O
or	O
law	O
,	O
to	O
specify	O
frequencies	O
,	O
frequency	O
channels	O
or	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
radiocommunication	O
services	O
,	O
radio	O
stations	O
or	O
ISM	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
