<s>
A	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
process	O
whereby	O
a	O
government	O
uses	O
an	O
auction	O
system	O
to	O
sell	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
transmit	O
signals	O
over	O
specific	O
bands	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
and	O
to	O
assign	O
scarce	O
spectrum	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
specific	O
auction	O
format	O
used	O
,	O
a	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
can	O
last	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
day	O
to	O
several	O
months	O
from	O
the	O
opening	O
bid	O
to	O
the	O
final	O
winning	O
bid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
are	O
a	O
step	O
toward	O
market-based	O
spectrum	O
management	O
and	O
privatization	O
of	O
public	O
airwaves	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
governments	O
to	O
allocate	O
scarce	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
communication	O
in	O
particular	O
has	O
made	O
many	O
transitions	O
since	O
2000	O
,	O
mobile	O
technology	O
has	O
moved	O
from	O
second	O
generation	O
(	O
2G	O
)	O
to	O
third	O
generation	O
(	O
3G	B-Architecture
)	O
to	O
fourth	O
generation	O
(	O
4G	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
in	O
transition	O
to	O
fifth	O
generation	O
(	O
5G	O
)	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
more	O
providers	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	O
industry	O
,	O
the	O
competition	O
during	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
has	O
increased	O
due	O
to	O
more	O
demand	O
from	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	O
said	O
that	O
they	O
planned	O
to	O
bid	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
C	O
"	O
block	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
which	O
correspond	O
to	O
channels	O
54	O
,	O
55	O
,	O
and	O
59	O
of	O
the	O
lower	O
700MHz	O
spectrum	O
and	O
channels	O
60	O
,	O
61	O
,	O
65	O
,	O
and	O
66	O
of	O
the	O
upper	O
spectrum	O
700MHz	O
which	O
are	O
normally	O
used	O
to	O
construct	O
nationwide	O
broadband	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
Google	O
's	O
announcement	O
,	O
AT&T	O
and	O
Verizon	O
also	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
in	O
order	O
to	O
purchase	O
"	O
C	O
"	O
block	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
telecommunications	O
is	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
federal	O
jurisdiction	O
,	O
Innovation	O
,	O
Science	O
and	O
Economic	O
Development	O
Canada	O
(	O
ISED	O
;	O
formerly	O
Industry	O
Canada	O
)	O
holds	O
nationwide	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
Canadian	O
federal	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canada	O
held	O
its	O
first	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
in	O
1999	O
,	O
for	O
Broadband	O
Wireless	O
Access	O
(	O
BWA	O
)	O
spectrum	O
in	O
the	O
24GHz	O
and	O
38GHz	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2000	O
to	O
2007	O
–	O
31	O
to	O
2000-08-18	O
,	O
the	O
German	O
government	O
conducted	O
an	O
auction	O
for	O
12	O
frequency	O
blocks	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
mobile	O
telephony	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
India	O
was	O
among	O
the	O
early	O
adopters	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
beginning	O
auctions	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
2012-11-15	O
the	O
Commission	O
for	O
Communications	O
Regulation	O
(	O
ComReg	O
)	O
announced	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
its	O
multi-band	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
(	O
Primarily	O
for	O
4G	B-Architecture
(	O
LTE	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
licences	O
to	O
be	O
issued	O
on	O
foot	O
of	O
the	O
auction	O
are	O
liberalised	O
licences	O
permitting	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
for	O
UMTS	B-Protocol
,	O
4G	B-Architecture
and	O
other	O
technologies	O
,	O
existing	O
licensees	O
were	O
permitted	O
to	O
bid	O
to	O
win	O
their	O
existing	O
spectrum	O
holdings	O
on	O
a	O
liberalised	O
basis	O
and	O
a	O
rebate	O
is	O
payable	O
in	O
respect	O
of	O
the	O
residual	O
value	O
of	O
existing	O
licences	O
where	O
this	O
was	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
spectrum	O
licenses	O
were	O
sold	O
using	O
a	O
tender	O
system	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
first	O
New	O
Zealand	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
was	O
held	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
"	O
making	O
New	O
Zealand	O
the	O
first	O
country	O
to	O
sell	O
rights	O
to	O
use	O
spectrum	O
in	O
this	O
way.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
frequencies	O
are	O
reserved	O
for	O
operation	O
of	O
4G	B-Architecture
networks	O
(	O
especially	O
LTE	O
technology	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
digital	O
television	O
transition	O
)	O
,	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
for	O
broadband	O
networks	O
to	O
provide	O
electronic	O
telecommunication	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
2008-05-08	O
the	O
Swedish	O
Post	O
and	O
Telecom	O
Authority	O
(	O
PTS	O
)	O
concluded	O
an	O
electronic	O
16-day	O
simultaneous	O
multiple-round	O
ascending	O
auction	O
for	O
nine	O
15-year	O
4G-licenses	O
;	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
190MHz	O
in	O
the	O
2.6GHz	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
Radiocommunications	O
Agency	O
of	O
the	O
UK	O
government	O
(	O
now	O
Ofcom	O
)	O
raised	O
£22.5	O
billion	O
(	O
EUR	O
36.9	O
billion	O
(	O
2000	O
)	O
)	O
from	O
an	O
auction	O
of	O
five	O
licences	O
for	O
radio	O
spectrum	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
telephony	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
4G	B-Architecture
auction	O
took	O
place	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
13	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
telecoms	O
regulator	O
,	O
Ofcom	O
,	O
announced	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
2.3GHz	O
band	O
(	O
for	O
improved	O
4G	B-Architecture
capacity	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
3.4GHz	O
band	O
for	O
future	O
5G	O
mobile	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
July	O
1994	O
,	O
the	O
FCC	O
has	O
conducted	O
87	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
raised	O
over	O
$60	O
billion	O
for	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Treasury	O
(	O
not	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
collected	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
initially	O
planning	O
and	O
designing	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
,	O
major	O
telephone	O
companies	O
and	O
the	O
federal	O
government	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
input	O
of	O
various	O
theorists	O
including	O
Paul	O
Milgrom	O
,	O
Charles	O
Plott	O
,	O
Barry	O
Nalebuff	O
,	O
Preston	O
McAfee	O
,	O
and	O
John	O
McMillan	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
date	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
Congress	O
set	O
multiple	O
goals	O
for	O
FCC	O
when	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
launched	O
:	O
"	O
In	O
designing	O
auctions	O
for	O
spectrum	O
licenses	O
,	O
the	O
FCC	O
is	O
required	O
by	O
law	O
to	O
meet	O
multiple	O
goals	O
and	O
not	O
focus	O
simply	O
on	O
maximizing	O
receipts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
apparent	O
success	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
,	O
important	O
disadvantages	O
limiting	O
efficiency	O
and	O
revenues	O
are	O
demand	O
reduction	O
and	O
collusive	O
bidding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
foregoing	O
notwithstanding	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
complicated	O
structure	O
of	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
easy	O
to	O
identify	O
collusive	O
from	O
non-collusive	O
bidding	O
,	O
although	O
simple	O
analyses	O
of	O
bid	O
behavior	O
can	O
provide	O
an	O
important	O
basis	O
for	O
recommended	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
rules	O
and	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
auctions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FCC	O
held	O
the	O
700MHz	O
band	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
on	O
July	O
19	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shown	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
the	O
right	O
,	O
the	O
UHF	O
band	O
will	O
be	O
re-allocated	O
to	O
cell	O
phones	O
using	O
5-MHz-wide	O
uplink	O
and	O
downlink	O
blocks	O
,	O
with	O
guard	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
of	O
varying	O
width	O
(	O
3MHz	O
between	O
UHF	O
37	O
and	O
Uplink	O
Block	O
A	O
and	O
11MHz	O
between	O
Uplink	O
Block	O
G	O
and	O
Downlink	O
Block	O
A	O
)	O
to	O
protect	O
from	O
adjacent-channel	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
has	O
established	O
rules	O
and	O
regulations	O
,	O
as	O
outlined	O
by	O
the	O
FCC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
FCC	O
published	O
a	O
Public	O
Notice	O
establishing	O
procedures	O
for	O
their	O
first	O
5G	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Auctions	I-Algorithm
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
established	O
procedures	O
for	O
the	O
FCC	O
's	O
2018	O
5G	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Auction	I-Algorithm
101	O
state	O
that	O
information	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
public	O
after	O
each	O
round	O
of	O
bidding	O
will	O
include	O
,	O
for	O
each	O
license	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
bidders	O
that	O
placed	O
a	O
bid	O
on	O
the	O
license	O
,	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
every	O
bid	O
placed	O
,	O
whether	O
a	O
bid	O
was	O
withdrawn	O
,	O
the	O
minimum	O
acceptable	O
bid	O
amount	O
for	O
the	O
next	O
round	O
,	O
and	O
whether	O
the	O
license	O
has	O
a	O
provisionally	O
winning	O
bid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
FCC	O
employs	O
a	O
simultaneous	O
stopping	O
rule	O
approach	O
to	O
an	O
auction	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
has	O
in	O
Auction	O
101	O
of	O
its	O
2018	O
5G	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Auctions	I-Algorithm
,	O
this	O
means	O
all	O
licenses	O
remain	O
available	O
for	O
bidding	O
until	O
bidding	O
stops	O
on	O
every	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
established	O
procedures	O
for	O
the	O
FCC	O
's	O
2018	O
5G	O
Spectrum	B-Algorithm
Auction	I-Algorithm
101	O
state	O
that	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
before	O
or	O
during	O
the	O
bidding	O
process	O
,	O
the	O
Bureau	O
may	O
delay	O
,	O
suspend	O
,	O
or	O
cancel	O
bidding	O
in	O
the	O
auction	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
a	O
natural	O
disaster	O
,	O
technical	O
obstacle	O
,	O
network	O
interruption	O
,	O
administrative	O
or	O
weather	O
necessity	O
,	O
evidence	O
of	O
an	O
auction	O
security	O
breach	O
or	O
unlawful	O
bidding	O
activity	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
any	O
other	O
reason	O
that	O
affects	O
the	O
fair	O
and	O
efficient	O
conduct	O
of	O
competitive	O
bidding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
network	O
congestion	O
,	O
FCC	O
chairman	O
Julius	O
Genachowski	O
sought	O
companies	O
who	O
would	O
voluntarily	O
surrender	O
their	O
unused	O
spectrum	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
a	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
money	O
made	O
from	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
