<s>
A	O
digital	O
camera	O
is	O
a	O
camera	O
that	O
captures	O
photographs	O
in	O
digital	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
cameras	O
are	O
now	O
widely	O
incorporated	O
into	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
like	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
more	O
capabilities	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
dedicated	O
cameras	O
(	O
which	O
are	O
still	O
available	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
and	O
digital	B-Device
movie	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
share	O
an	O
optical	O
system	O
,	O
typically	O
using	O
a	O
lens	O
with	O
a	O
variable	O
diaphragm	O
to	O
focus	O
light	O
onto	O
an	O
image	O
pickup	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
,	O
digital	O
cameras	O
can	O
display	O
images	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
immediately	O
after	O
being	O
recorded	O
,	O
and	O
store	O
and	O
delete	O
images	O
from	O
memory	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	O
cameras	O
can	O
crop	O
and	O
stitch	B-Algorithm
pictures	O
and	O
perform	O
other	O
elementary	O
image	B-Application
editing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
semiconductor	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
device	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
invented	O
by	O
Willard	O
S	O
.	O
Boyle	O
and	O
George	O
E	O
.	O
Smith	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1969	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
MOS	O
capacitor	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NMOS	B-Algorithm
active-pixel	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
was	O
later	O
invented	O
by	O
Tsutomu	O
Nakamura	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Olympus	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
active-pixel	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
(	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
)	O
by	O
Eric	O
Fossum	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
the	O
NASA	O
Jet	O
Propulsion	O
Laboratory	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
Eugene	O
F	O
.	O
Lally	O
of	O
the	O
Jet	O
Propulsion	O
Laboratory	O
was	O
thinking	O
about	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
mosaic	B-Application
photosensor	O
to	O
capture	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
the	O
started	O
taking	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operating	O
for	O
six	O
years	O
,	O
it	O
transmitted	O
more	O
than	O
300,000	O
digital	B-Application
photographs	I-Application
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
while	O
orbiting	O
our	O
planet	O
about	O
14	O
times	O
per	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
1972	O
"	O
used	O
an	O
analog	O
to	O
digital	O
converter	O
and	O
a	O
digital	O
frame	O
memory	B-Device
to	O
store	O
256	O
x	O
256-pixel	O
images	O
of	O
planets	O
and	O
stars	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
then	O
recorded	O
on	O
digital	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
were	O
not	O
yet	O
commercially	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
camera	O
used	O
a	O
silicon	O
diode	O
vidicon	O
tube	O
detector	O
which	O
was	O
cooled	O
using	O
dry	O
ice	O
to	O
reduce	O
dark	O
current	O
,	O
allowing	O
exposure	O
times	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
one	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cromemco	B-Algorithm
Cyclops	I-Algorithm
was	O
an	O
all-digital	O
camera	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
32×32	O
metal	O
–	O
oxide	O
–	O
semiconductor	O
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
modified	O
MOS	O
dynamic	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
DRAM	O
)	O
memory	B-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steven	O
Sasson	O
,	O
an	O
engineer	O
at	O
Eastman	O
Kodak	O
,	O
built	O
a	O
self-contained	O
electronic	O
camera	O
that	O
used	O
a	O
monochrome	O
Fairchild	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Fujifilm	O
began	O
developing	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
technology	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
filmless	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
(	O
single	B-Algorithm
lens	I-Algorithm
reflex	I-Algorithm
)	O
camera	O
was	O
publicly	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
Sony	O
in	O
August	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sony	O
“	O
Mavica	B-Algorithm
”	O
(	O
magnetic	O
still	O
video	O
camera	O
)	O
used	O
a	O
color	O
striped	O
2/3	O
”	O
format	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
with	O
280K	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
along	O
with	O
analogue	O
video	O
signal	O
processing	O
and	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mavica	B-Algorithm
electronic	O
still	O
camera	O
recorded	O
FM	O
modulated	O
analog	O
video	O
signals	O
on	O
a	O
newly	O
developed	O
2	O
”	O
magnetic	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
,	O
dubbed	O
the	O
“	O
Mavipak	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disk	O
format	O
was	O
later	O
standardized	O
as	O
the	O
“	O
Still	O
Video	O
Floppy	B-Device
”	O
,	O
or	O
“	O
SVF	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Canon	O
RC-701	O
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
May	O
1986	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
SVF	O
camera	O
(	O
and	O
first	O
electronic	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
)	O
sold	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
employed	O
an	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	O
,	O
included	O
a	O
2/3	O
”	O
format	O
color	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
with	O
380K	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
was	O
sold	O
along	O
with	O
removable	B-Device
11-66mm	O
and	O
50-150mm	O
zoom	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
analog	O
electronic	O
cameras	O
included	O
the	O
Nikon	O
QV-1000C	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
an	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	O
and	O
a	O
2/3	O
"	O
format	O
monochrome	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
with	O
380K	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
recorded	O
analog	O
black	O
and	O
white	O
images	O
on	O
a	O
Still	O
Video	O
Floppy	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Photokina	O
1988	O
,	O
Fujifilm	O
introduced	O
the	O
FUJIX	B-Algorithm
DS-1P	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
digital	O
camera	O
,	O
which	O
recorded	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
using	O
a	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
's	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
had	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
2MB	O
of	O
SRAM	B-Architecture
(	O
static	B-Architecture
random-access	I-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
hold	O
up	O
to	O
ten	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Fujifilm	O
released	O
the	O
FUJIX	B-Algorithm
DS-X	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
digital	O
camera	O
to	O
be	O
commercially	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Toshiba	O
's	O
40MB	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
card	I-Device
was	O
adopted	O
for	O
several	O
digital	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
mobile	O
videophone	O
"	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
110,000	O
-pixel	O
front-facing	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
stored	O
up	O
to	O
20	O
JPEG	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
sent	O
over	O
e-mail	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
phone	O
could	O
send	O
up	O
to	O
two	O
images	O
per	O
second	O
over	O
Japan	O
's	O
Personal	O
Handy-phone	O
System	O
(	O
PHS	O
)	O
cellular	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Samsung	B-Application
SCH-V200	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
in	O
June	O
2000	O
,	O
was	O
also	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
phones	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
TFT	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
and	O
stored	O
up	O
to	O
20	O
digital	B-Application
photos	I-Application
at	O
350,000	O
-pixel	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
higher-end	O
cell	O
phones	O
had	O
an	O
integrated	O
digital	O
camera	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
,	O
almost	O
all	O
smartphones	B-Application
had	O
an	O
integrated	O
digital	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
major	O
types	O
of	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
are	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
and	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
has	O
one	O
amplifier	O
for	O
all	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
active-pixel	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
has	O
its	O
own	O
amplifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
CCDs	O
,	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
use	O
less	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
with	O
a	O
small	O
sensor	O
use	O
a	O
back-side-illuminated	B-Algorithm
CMOS	B-Architecture
(	O
BSI-CMOS	B-Algorithm
)	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
determine	O
the	O
outcome	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
image	O
quality	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
sensor	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
of	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
is	O
often	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
that	O
turns	O
light	O
into	O
discrete	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
brighter	O
the	O
image	O
at	O
a	O
given	O
point	O
on	O
the	O
sensor	O
,	O
the	O
larger	O
the	O
value	O
that	O
is	O
read	O
for	O
that	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
physical	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
,	O
a	O
color	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
to	O
recreate	O
a	O
full-color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
sensor	O
determines	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
"	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
typical	O
sensor	O
,	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
is	O
the	O
product	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
rows	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
1,000	O
by	O
1,000	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
sensor	O
would	O
have	O
1,000,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
1	O
megapixel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firmwares	B-Application
 '	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
selector	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
optionally	O
lower	O
the	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
file	O
size	O
per	O
picture	O
and	O
extend	O
lossless	O
digital	O
zooming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
lower	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
extends	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
remaining	O
photos	O
in	O
free	O
space	O
,	O
postponing	O
the	O
exhaustion	O
of	O
space	O
storage	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
of	O
use	O
where	O
no	O
further	O
data	O
storage	O
device	O
is	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
captures	O
of	O
lower	O
significance	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
benefit	O
from	O
less	O
space	O
storage	O
consumption	O
outweighs	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
from	O
reduced	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharpness	O
is	O
a	O
factor	O
of	O
multiple	O
systems	O
throughout	O
the	O
DSLR	B-Device
camera	I-Device
by	O
its	O
ISO	O
,	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
,	O
lens	O
and	O
the	O
lens	O
settings	O
,	O
the	O
environment	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
and	O
its	O
post	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	O
camera	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
is	O
determined	O
by	O
a	O
digital	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resolution	B-Algorithm
within	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
digital	O
still	O
and	O
digital	O
movie	O
is	O
indicated	O
through	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
determine	O
detail	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
distance	O
which	O
is	O
then	O
measured	O
by	O
frame	O
size	O
,	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
type	O
,	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
organization	O
although	O
some	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
resolutions	O
limited	O
it	O
almost	O
impossible	O
to	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
proper	O
sharpness	O
for	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
first	O
digital	B-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
were	O
introduced	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
three	O
main	O
methods	O
of	O
capturing	O
the	O
image	O
,	O
each	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
hardware	O
configuration	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
and	O
color	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-shot	O
capture	O
systems	O
use	O
either	O
one	O
sensor	O
chip	O
with	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
mosaic	B-Application
,	O
or	O
three	O
separate	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
(	O
one	O
each	O
for	O
the	O
primary	O
additive	O
colors	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
)	O
which	O
are	O
exposed	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
image	O
via	O
a	O
beam	O
splitter	O
(	O
see	O
Three-CCD	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-shot	O
exposes	O
the	O
sensor	O
to	O
the	O
image	O
in	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
three	O
or	O
more	O
openings	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
was	O
originally	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
single	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
with	O
three	O
filters	O
passed	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
in	O
sequence	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
additive	O
color	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
multiple	O
shot	O
method	O
is	O
called	O
microscanning	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
uses	O
a	O
single	O
sensor	O
chip	O
with	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
and	O
physically	O
moves	O
the	O
sensor	O
on	O
the	O
focus	O
plane	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
higher	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
image	O
than	O
the	O
native	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
version	O
combines	O
these	O
two	O
methods	O
without	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
method	O
is	O
called	O
scanning	O
because	O
the	O
sensor	O
moves	O
across	O
the	O
focal	O
plane	O
much	O
like	O
the	O
sensor	O
of	O
an	O
image	B-Application
scanner	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scanning	O
may	O
be	O
accomplished	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
sensor	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
using	O
color	B-Algorithm
co-site	I-Algorithm
sampling	I-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
by	O
rotating	O
the	O
whole	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	O
rotating	B-Device
line	I-Device
camera	I-Device
offers	O
images	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
total	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
that	O
is	O
very	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
current	O
consumer	O
digital	O
cameras	O
use	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
mosaic	B-Application
in	O
combination	O
with	O
an	O
optical	O
anti-aliasing	O
filter	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
aliasing	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
reduced	O
sampling	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
primary-color	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
algorithm	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
interpolate	B-Algorithm
color	O
information	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
full	O
array	O
of	O
RGB	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
that	O
use	O
a	O
beam-splitter	O
single-shot	O
3CCD	B-Algorithm
approach	O
,	O
three-filter	O
multi-shot	O
approach	O
,	O
color	B-Algorithm
co-site	I-Algorithm
sampling	I-Algorithm
or	O
Foveon	B-Algorithm
X3	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
do	O
not	O
use	O
anti-aliasing	O
filters	O
,	O
nor	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firmware	B-Application
in	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
software	O
in	O
a	O
raw	O
converter	O
program	O
such	O
as	O
Adobe	B-Application
Camera	I-Application
Raw	I-Application
,	O
interprets	O
the	O
raw	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
full	O
color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
because	O
the	O
RGB	O
color	O
model	O
requires	O
three	O
intensity	O
values	O
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
:	O
one	O
each	O
for	O
the	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
(	O
other	O
color	O
models	O
,	O
when	O
used	O
,	O
also	O
require	O
three	O
or	O
more	O
values	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
sensor	O
element	O
cannot	O
simultaneously	O
record	O
these	O
three	O
intensities	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
a	O
color	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
(	O
CFA	O
)	O
must	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
selectively	O
filter	O
a	O
particular	O
color	O
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
pattern	O
is	O
a	O
repeating	O
2x2	O
mosaic	B-Application
pattern	O
of	O
light	O
filters	O
,	O
with	O
green	O
ones	O
at	O
opposite	O
corners	O
and	O
red	O
and	O
blue	O
in	O
the	O
other	O
two	O
positions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
provides	O
potentially	O
more	O
accurate	O
color	O
,	O
but	O
requires	O
a	O
slightly	O
more	O
complicated	O
interpolation	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
color	O
intensity	O
values	O
not	O
captured	O
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
interpolated	O
from	O
the	O
values	O
of	O
adjacent	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
which	O
represent	O
the	O
color	O
being	O
calculated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
with	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
typical	O
35mm	O
film	O
size	O
have	O
a	O
smaller	O
field	O
or	O
angle	O
of	O
view	O
when	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
lens	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
angle	O
of	O
view	O
is	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
both	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
sensor	O
or	O
film	O
size	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
smaller	O
sensor	O
is	O
used	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
most	O
digicams	O
,	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
is	O
cropped	O
by	O
the	O
sensor	O
to	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
35mm	B-Algorithm
full-frame	I-Algorithm
format	O
's	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
narrowing	O
of	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
may	O
be	O
described	O
as	O
crop	O
factor	O
,	O
a	O
factor	O
by	O
which	O
a	O
longer	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
lens	O
would	O
be	O
needed	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
same	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
on	O
a	O
35mm	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Full-frame	B-Algorithm
digital	I-Algorithm
SLRs	I-Algorithm
utilize	O
a	O
sensor	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
as	O
a	O
frame	O
of	O
35mm	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
values	O
for	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
crop	O
in	O
DSLRs	B-Device
using	O
active	B-Architecture
pixel	I-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
include	O
1.3x	O
for	O
some	O
Canon	O
(	O
APS-H	O
)	O
sensors	O
,	O
1.5x	O
for	O
Sony	O
APS-C	B-Algorithm
sensors	O
used	O
by	O
Nikon	O
,	O
Pentax	B-Application
and	O
Konica	O
Minolta	O
and	O
for	O
Fujifilm	O
sensors	O
,	O
1.6	O
(	O
APS-C	B-Algorithm
)	O
for	O
most	O
Canon	O
sensors	O
,	O
~	O
1.7x	O
for	O
Sigma	O
's	O
Foveon	O
sensors	O
and	O
2x	O
for	O
Kodak	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
4/3	B-Architecture
-inch	O
sensors	O
currently	O
used	O
by	O
Olympus	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crop	O
factors	O
for	O
non-SLR	O
consumer	O
compact	O
and	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
larger	O
,	O
frequently	O
4x	O
or	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
of	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
is	O
often	O
limited	O
by	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
that	O
turns	O
light	O
into	O
discrete	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
brighter	O
the	O
image	O
at	O
a	O
given	O
point	O
on	O
the	O
sensor	O
,	O
the	O
larger	O
the	O
value	O
that	O
is	O
read	O
for	O
that	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
physical	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
,	O
a	O
color	B-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
to	O
recreate	O
a	O
full-color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
sensor	O
determines	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
"	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
typical	O
sensor	O
,	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
is	O
the	O
product	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
rows	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
square	O
and	O
is	O
often	O
equal	O
to	O
1	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
1,000	O
by	O
1,000	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
sensor	O
would	O
have	O
1,000,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
1	O
megapixel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
full-frame	O
sensors	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
24	O
mm	O
36	O
mm	O
)	O
,	O
some	O
cameras	O
propose	O
images	O
with	O
20	O
–	O
25	O
million	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
that	O
were	O
captured	O
by	O
7.5	O
–	O
m	O
photosites	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
a	O
surface	O
that	O
is	O
50	O
times	O
larger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
portable	O
(	O
pocketable	O
)	O
and	O
are	O
particularly	O
suitable	O
for	O
casual	O
"	O
snapshots	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
usually	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
easy	B-General_Concept
to	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
high	O
end	O
compact	O
digital	O
cameras	O
have	O
a	O
hotshoe	B-Algorithm
for	O
connecting	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
flash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Live	B-Device
preview	I-Device
is	O
almost	O
always	O
used	O
to	O
frame	O
the	O
photo	O
on	O
an	O
integrated	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
still	O
photographs	O
almost	O
all	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
record	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compacts	B-Algorithm
often	O
have	O
macro	O
capability	O
and	O
zoom	O
lenses	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
zoom	O
range	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
30x	O
)	O
is	O
generally	O
enough	O
for	O
candid	O
photography	O
but	O
less	O
than	O
is	O
available	O
on	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
(	O
more	O
than	O
60x	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
of	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
available	O
at	O
a	O
much	O
higher	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autofocus	O
systems	O
in	O
compact	O
digital	O
cameras	O
generally	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
contrast-detection	O
methodology	O
using	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
live	B-Device
preview	I-Device
feed	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
imager	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
compact	O
digital	O
cameras	O
use	O
a	O
hybrid	O
autofocus	O
system	O
similar	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
commonly	O
available	O
on	O
DSLRs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
low	O
cost	O
and	O
small	O
size	O
,	O
these	O
cameras	O
typically	O
use	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
formats	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
diagonal	O
between	O
6	O
and	O
11mm	O
,	O
corresponding	O
to	O
a	O
crop	O
factor	O
between	O
7	O
and	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
use	O
a	O
larger	O
sensor	O
including	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
end	O
,	O
a	O
pricey	O
full-frame	O
sensor	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
Cyber-shot	I-Algorithm
DSC-RX1	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
have	O
capability	O
near	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
3D	O
compact	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
can	O
capture	O
3D	O
panoramic	O
photos	O
with	O
dual	O
lens	O
or	O
even	O
single	B-Algorithm
lens	I-Algorithm
for	O
play	O
back	O
on	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
TV	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Sony	O
released	O
two	O
add-on	O
camera	O
models	O
without	O
display	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
or	O
tablet	O
,	O
controlled	O
by	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
application	I-Application
via	O
WiFi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rugged	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
typically	O
include	O
protection	O
against	O
submersion	O
,	O
hot	O
and	O
cold	O
conditions	O
,	O
shock	O
and	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruggeds	O
often	O
lack	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
ordinary	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
they	O
have	O
video	O
capability	O
and	O
the	O
majority	O
can	O
record	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	O
LCD	B-Device
and	O
GPS	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
under	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoPro	B-Device
and	O
other	O
brands	O
offer	O
action	O
cameras	O
which	O
are	O
rugged	O
,	O
small	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
attached	O
to	O
helmets	B-Algorithm
,	O
arms	O
,	O
bicycles	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
cameras	O
are	O
Ricoh	O
Theta	O
S	O
,	O
Nikon	O
Keymission	O
360	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
Gear	O
360	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
mode	O
built-in	O
stitching	O
,	O
Wifi	O
,	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
live	O
streaming	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
tend	O
that	O
action	O
cameras	O
have	O
capabilities	O
to	O
shoot	O
360	O
degrees	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
4K	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
physically	O
resemble	O
DSLRs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
are	O
sometimes	O
called	O
DSLR-shape	O
or	O
DSLR-like	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
some	O
similar	O
features	O
but	O
,	O
like	O
compacts	B-Algorithm
,	O
they	O
use	O
a	O
fixed	O
lens	O
and	O
a	O
small	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
also	O
PSAM	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
use	O
live	B-Device
preview	I-Device
to	O
frame	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
usual	O
autofocus	O
is	O
by	O
the	O
same	O
contrast-detect	O
mechanism	O
as	O
compacts	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
many	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
a	O
manual	O
focus	O
mode	O
and	O
some	O
have	O
a	O
separate	O
focus	O
ring	O
for	O
greater	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Big	O
physical	O
size	O
and	O
small	O
sensor	O
allow	O
superzoom	O
and	O
wide	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
generally	O
include	O
an	O
image	O
stabilization	O
system	O
to	O
enable	O
longer	O
handheld	B-Application
exposures	O
,	O
sometimes	O
better	O
than	O
DSLR	B-Device
for	O
low	O
light	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2014	O
,	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
come	O
in	O
two	O
principal	O
classes	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
size	I-Algorithm
,	O
firstly	O
the	O
more	O
traditional	O
1/2.3	O
"	O
sensor	O
(	O
as	O
measured	O
by	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
)	O
which	O
gives	O
more	O
flexibility	O
in	O
lens	O
design	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
handholdable	O
zoom	O
from	O
20	O
to	O
24mm	O
(	O
35mm	O
equivalent	O
)	O
wide	O
angle	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
up	O
to	O
over	O
1000mm	O
supertele	O
,	O
and	O
secondly	O
a	O
1	O
"	O
sensor	O
that	O
allows	O
better	O
image	O
quality	O
particularly	O
in	O
low	O
light	O
(	O
higher	O
ISO	O
)	O
but	O
puts	O
greater	O
constraints	O
on	O
lens	O
design	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
zoom	O
lenses	O
that	O
stop	O
at	O
200mm	O
(	O
constant	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
RX10	O
)	O
or	O
400mm	O
(	O
variable	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
a	O
lens	O
thread	O
to	O
attach	O
accessories	O
such	O
as	O
wide-angle	O
or	O
telephoto	O
converters	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
filters	O
such	O
as	O
UV	O
or	O
Circular	O
Polarizing	O
filter	O
and	O
lens	O
hoods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scene	O
is	O
composed	O
by	O
viewing	O
the	O
display	O
or	O
the	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
(	O
EVF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
have	O
a	O
slightly	O
longer	O
shutter	O
lag	O
than	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
cameras	O
can	O
store	O
images	O
in	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
format	I-Application
in	O
addition	O
to	O
supporting	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
have	O
a	O
built-in	O
flash	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
have	O
a	O
hotshoe	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
bright	O
sun	O
,	O
the	O
quality	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
good	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
SLR	I-Device
is	O
minimal	O
but	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
more	O
portable	O
,	O
cost	O
less	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
greater	O
zoom	O
ability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
a	O
bridge	B-Device
camera	I-Device
may	O
better	O
suit	O
outdoor	O
daytime	O
activities	O
,	O
except	O
when	O
seeking	O
professional-quality	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
camera	O
emerged	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
mirrorless	B-Device
interchangeable-lens	I-Device
camera	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
technically	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
camera	I-Device
that	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
reflex	O
mirror	O
,	O
a	O
key	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
typical	O
DSLR	B-Device
has	O
a	O
mirror	O
that	O
reflects	O
light	O
from	O
the	O
lens	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
optical	O
viewfinder	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
mirrorless	B-Device
camera	I-Device
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
optical	O
viewfinder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
is	O
exposed	O
to	O
light	O
at	O
all	O
times	O
,	O
giving	O
the	O
user	O
a	O
digital	O
preview	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
either	O
on	O
the	O
built-in	O
rear	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
or	O
an	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
(	O
EVF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
simpler	O
and	O
more	O
compact	O
than	O
DSLRs	B-Device
due	O
to	O
not	O
having	O
a	O
lens	O
reflex	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MILCs	B-Device
,	O
or	O
mirrorless	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
for	O
short	O
,	O
come	O
with	O
various	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
sizes	I-Algorithm
depending	O
on	O
the	O
brand	O
and	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
these	O
include	O
:	O
a	O
small	O
1/2.3inch	O
sensor	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
Q	I-Algorithm
(	O
more	O
recent	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
Q	I-Algorithm
versions	O
have	O
a	O
slightly	O
larger	O
1/1.7inch	O
sensor	O
)	O
;	O
a	O
1-inch	O
sensor	O
;	O
a	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
sensor	O
;	O
an	O
APS-C	B-Algorithm
sensor	O
found	O
in	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
NEX	I-Algorithm
series	O
and	O
α	B-Algorithm
"	O
DSLR-likes	O
"	O
,	O
Fujifilm	B-Device
X	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
K-01	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS	I-Algorithm
M	I-Algorithm
;	O
and	O
some	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
α7	I-Algorithm
,	O
use	O
a	O
full	O
frame	O
(	O
35mm	O
)	O
sensor	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Hasselblad	B-Algorithm
X1D	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
medium	O
format	O
mirrorless	B-Device
camera	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
MILCs	B-Device
have	O
a	O
separate	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
to	O
compensate	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
an	O
optical	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cameras	O
,	O
the	O
back	O
display	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
primary	O
viewfinder	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
in	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
mirrorless	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
compared	O
to	O
a	O
typical	O
DSLR	B-Device
is	O
its	O
battery	O
life	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
energy	O
consumption	O
of	O
the	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
mitigated	O
by	O
a	O
setting	O
inside	O
the	O
camera	O
in	O
some	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Olympus	O
and	O
Panasonic	O
released	O
many	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
cameras	O
with	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
that	O
are	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
without	O
any	O
adapter	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
have	O
proprietary	O
mounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
mirrorless	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
fast	O
becoming	O
appealing	O
to	O
both	O
amateurs	O
and	O
professionals	O
alike	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
simplicity	O
,	O
compatibility	O
with	O
some	O
DSLR	B-Device
lenses	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
that	O
match	O
most	O
DSLRs	B-Device
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
such	O
modular	O
camera	O
was	O
the	O
Minolta	O
Dimâge	O
V	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Minolta	B-Device
Dimâge	I-Device
EX	I-Device
1500	I-Device
in	O
1998	O
and	O
the	O
Minolta	B-Device
MetaFlash	I-Device
3D	I-Device
1500	I-Device
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Ricoh	O
released	O
the	O
Ricoh	B-Device
GXR	I-Device
modular	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
adapter	O
for	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
,	O
Nikon	O
and	O
K-mount	O
lenses	O
was	O
planned	O
to	O
ship	O
with	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
add-on	O
camera	O
modules	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
they	O
are	O
called	O
lens-style	O
cameras	O
(	O
lens	O
camera	O
or	O
smart	O
lens	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
contain	O
all	O
the	O
essential	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
inside	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
lens-shaped	O
module	O
,	O
hence	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
but	O
lack	O
any	O
sort	O
of	O
viewfinder	O
and	O
most	O
controls	O
of	O
a	O
regular	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
connected	O
wirelessly	O
and/or	O
mounted	O
to	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
its	O
display	O
output	O
and	O
operate	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
various	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	B-Device
Cyber-shot	I-Device
QX	O
series	O
"	O
Smart	O
Lens	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
SmartShot	O
"	O
cameras	O
,	O
announced	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
mid	O
2013	O
with	O
the	O
Cyber-shot	B-Device
DSC-QX10	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
a	O
firmware	B-Application
update	O
was	O
announced	O
for	O
the	O
DSC-QX10	B-Algorithm
and	O
DSC-QX100	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
Sony	O
announced	O
the	O
Cyber-shot	B-Device
DSC-QX30	B-Algorithm
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Alpha	B-Algorithm
ILCE-QX1	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
former	O
an	O
ultrazoom	O
with	O
a	O
built-in	O
30x	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
opting	O
for	O
an	O
interchangeable	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
E-mount	I-Algorithm
instead	O
of	O
a	O
built-in	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Olympus	O
Air	O
A01	O
lens	O
camera	O
,	O
announced	O
in	O
2014	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
lens	O
camera	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
platform	O
with	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
can	O
detach	O
into	O
2	O
parts	O
(	O
sensor	O
module	O
and	O
lens	O
)	O
,	O
just	O
like	O
the	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
QX1	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
all	O
compatible	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
lenses	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
built-in	O
lens	B-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
sensor	O
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
single-lens	I-Device
reflex	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
(	O
DSLR	B-Device
)	O
is	O
a	O
camera	O
with	O
a	O
digital	O
sensor	O
that	O
utilizes	O
a	O
reflex	O
mirror	O
to	O
split	O
or	O
direct	O
light	O
into	O
the	O
viewfinder	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
is	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
sensor	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
photoreceptors	O
on	O
a	O
microchip	O
capable	O
of	O
recording	O
light	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
modern	O
DSLRs	B-Device
offer	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
"	O
live	B-Device
view	I-Device
"	O
or	O
the	O
framing	O
of	O
the	O
subject	O
emitted	O
from	O
the	O
sensor	O
onto	O
a	O
digital	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
larger	O
sensor	O
permits	O
more	O
light	O
to	O
be	O
received	O
by	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
;	O
this	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
relatively	O
large	O
lenses	O
provides	O
superior	O
low-light	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
same	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
and	O
the	O
same	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
larger	O
sensor	O
gives	O
shallower	O
focus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSLRs	B-Device
can	O
equip	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
for	O
versatility	O
by	O
removing	O
it	O
from	O
the	O
lens	B-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
typically	O
a	O
silver	O
ring	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
side	O
of	O
DSLRs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
lenses	O
work	O
in	O
tandem	O
with	O
the	O
mechanics	O
of	O
the	O
DSLR	B-Device
to	O
adjust	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
focus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
Still	O
Camera	O
(	O
DSC	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sony	B-Device
DSC	I-Device
cameras	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
camera	O
that	O
does	O
n't	O
use	O
a	O
reflex	O
mirror	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSCs	O
are	O
like	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
and	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
type	O
of	O
cameras	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
comfortable	O
price	O
and	O
its	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
with	O
fixed	O
semi-transparent	O
mirrors	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
DSLT	B-Device
cameras	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sony	B-Device
SLT	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
are	O
single-lens	B-Algorithm
without	O
a	O
moving	O
reflex	O
mirror	O
as	O
in	O
a	O
conventional	O
DSLR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
semi-transparent	O
mirror	O
transmits	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
to	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
and	O
reflects	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
along	O
the	O
path	O
to	O
a	O
pentaprism/pentamirror	O
which	O
then	O
goes	O
to	O
an	O
optical	O
view	O
finder	O
(	O
OVF	O
)	O
as	O
is	O
done	O
with	O
a	O
reflex	O
mirror	O
in	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
consequences	O
are	O
that	O
DSLT	B-Device
cameras	O
should	O
shoot	O
a	O
half	O
stop	O
differently	O
from	O
DSLR	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
advantage	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
DSLT	B-Device
camera	O
is	O
the	O
blind	O
moments	O
a	O
DSLR	B-Device
user	O
experiences	O
while	O
the	O
reflecting	O
mirror	O
is	O
moved	O
to	O
send	O
the	O
light	O
to	O
the	O
sensor	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
viewfinder	O
do	O
not	O
exist	O
for	O
DSLT	B-Device
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
time	O
at	O
which	O
light	O
is	O
not	O
traveling	O
along	O
both	O
paths	O
,	O
DSLT	B-Device
cameras	O
get	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
continuous	O
auto-focus	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
common	O
parlance	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
rangefinder	O
camera	O
"	O
is	O
interpreted	O
very	O
narrowly	O
to	O
denote	O
manual-focus	O
cameras	O
with	O
a	O
visually-read	O
out	O
optical	O
rangefinder	O
based	O
on	O
parallax	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
line-scan	O
camera	O
traditionally	O
has	O
a	O
single	O
row	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
sensors	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
done	O
by	O
connecting	O
the	O
camera	O
output	O
to	O
a	O
frame	B-Device
grabber	I-Device
which	O
resides	O
in	O
a	O
PCI	B-Protocol
slot	I-Protocol
of	O
an	O
industrial	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frame	B-Device
grabber	I-Device
acts	O
to	O
buffer	O
the	O
image	O
and	O
sometimes	O
provide	O
some	O
processing	O
before	O
delivering	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
software	O
for	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
rows	O
of	O
sensors	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
colored	O
images	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
increase	O
sensitivity	O
by	O
TDI	O
(	O
time	B-Algorithm
delay	I-Algorithm
and	I-Algorithm
integration	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Line-scan	O
cameras	O
are	O
also	O
extensively	O
used	O
in	O
imaging	O
from	O
satellites	B-Application
(	O
see	O
push	O
broom	O
scanner	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
row	O
of	O
sensors	O
is	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HX	O
series	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
containing	O
Sony	O
's	O
superzoom	O
cameras	O
like	O
HX20V	B-Algorithm
,	O
HX90V	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
newest	O
HX99	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
devices	O
have	O
a	O
built-in	O
digital	O
camera	O
,	O
including	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
PDAs	O
and	O
laptop	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
billion	O
camera	O
phones	O
were	O
sold	O
in	O
five	O
years	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
2007	O
more	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
installed	B-Operating_System
base	I-Operating_System
of	O
all	O
mobile	O
phones	O
were	O
camera	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
manufacturers	O
that	O
lead	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
digital	O
cameras	O
(	O
commonly	O
DSLRs	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sales	O
of	O
traditional	O
digital	O
cameras	O
have	O
declined	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
for	O
casual	O
photography	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
enable	O
easier	O
manipulation	O
and	O
sharing	O
of	O
photos	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
apps	B-Application
and	O
web-based	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
"	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
,	O
have	O
held	O
their	O
ground	O
with	O
functionality	O
that	O
most	O
smartphone	B-Application
cameras	O
lack	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
optical	O
zoom	O
and	O
other	O
advanced	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSLRs	B-Device
have	O
also	O
lost	O
ground	O
to	O
Mirrorless	B-Device
interchangeable-lens	I-Device
camera	I-Device
(	O
MILC	B-Device
)	O
s	O
offering	O
the	O
same	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
size	I-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
smaller	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
expensive	O
ones	O
use	O
a	O
full-frame	O
sensor	O
,	O
just	O
like	O
DSLR	B-Device
professional	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
convenience	O
and	O
flexibility	O
of	O
smartphone	B-Application
cameras	O
,	O
some	O
manufacturers	O
produced	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
digital	O
cameras	O
that	O
combine	O
features	O
of	O
traditional	O
cameras	O
with	O
those	O
of	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Nikon	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
released	O
the	O
Coolpix	B-Algorithm
S800c	I-Algorithm
and	O
Galaxy	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
digital	O
cameras	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
this	O
software	B-Device
platform	I-Device
is	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
they	O
can	O
integrate	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
services	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
e-mail	O
attachments	O
,	O
social	O
networks	O
and	O
photo	B-Algorithm
sharing	I-Algorithm
sites	I-Algorithm
)	O
that	O
smartphones	B-Application
do	O
and	O
use	O
other	O
Android-compatible	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
inversion	O
,	O
some	O
phone	O
makers	O
have	O
introduced	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
cameras	O
designed	O
to	O
resemble	O
traditional	O
digital	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
released	O
the	O
808	B-Language
PureView	I-Language
and	O
Lumia	B-Device
1020	I-Device
in	O
2012	O
and	O
2013	O
;	O
the	O
two	O
devices	O
respectively	O
run	O
the	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
and	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
both	O
include	O
a	O
41-megapixel	O
camera	O
(	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
camera	O
grip	O
attachment	O
for	O
the	O
latter	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Galaxy	O
S4	O
Zoom	O
,	O
having	O
a	O
16-megapixel	O
camera	O
and	O
10x	O
optical	O
zoom	O
,	O
combining	O
traits	O
from	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S4	I-Application
Mini	I-Application
with	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panasonic	O
Lumix	O
DMC-CM1	O
is	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
KitKat	O
4.4	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
20MP	O
,	O
1	O
"	O
sensor	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
sensor	O
for	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
ever	O
,	O
with	O
Leica	O
fixed	O
lens	O
equivalent	O
of	O
28mm	O
at	O
F2.8	O
,	O
can	O
take	O
RAW	B-Application
image	I-Application
and	O
4K	O
video	O
,	O
has	O
21mm	O
thickness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
in	O
2018	O
Huawei	B-Application
P20	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
is	O
an	O
android	B-Application
Oreo	O
8.1	O
has	O
triple	O
Leica	O
lenses	O
in	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
40MP	O
1/1.7	O
"	O
RGB	O
sensor	O
as	O
first	O
lens	O
,	O
20MP	O
1/2.7	O
"	O
monochrome	O
sensor	O
as	O
second	O
lens	O
and	O
8MP	O
1/4	O
"	O
RGB	O
sensor	O
with	O
3x	O
optical	O
zoom	O
as	O
third	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combination	O
of	O
first	O
lens	O
and	O
second	O
lens	O
will	O
produce	O
bokeh	O
image	O
with	O
larger	O
high	B-General_Concept
dynamic	I-General_Concept
range	I-General_Concept
,	O
whereas	O
combination	O
of	O
mega	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
first	O
lens	O
and	O
optical	O
zoom	O
will	O
produce	O
maximum	O
5x	O
digital	B-Algorithm
zoom	I-Algorithm
without	O
loss	O
of	O
quality	O
by	O
reducing	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
size	I-Algorithm
to	O
8MP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DSLR	B-Device
and	O
MILC	B-Device
sales	O
also	O
declined	O
in	O
2013	O
by	O
10	O
–	O
15%	O
after	O
almost	O
ten	O
years	O
of	O
double	O
digit	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
sales	O
hit	O
their	O
peak	O
at	O
about	O
37	O
million	O
units	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
while	O
digital	O
camera	O
sales	O
began	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
market	O
had	O
died	O
and	O
digital	O
camera	O
sales	O
hit	O
their	O
peak	O
at	O
121	O
million	O
units	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
digital	O
camera	O
sales	O
were	O
35	O
million	O
units	O
or	O
only	O
less	O
than	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
digital	O
camera	O
sales	O
numbers	O
at	O
their	O
peak	O
and	O
also	O
slightly	O
less	O
than	O
film	B-Application
camera	I-Application
sold	O
number	O
at	O
their	O
peak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
cameras	O
used	O
the	O
PC	B-Device
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
USB	B-Protocol
is	O
now	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
method	O
(	O
most	O
cameras	O
are	O
viewable	O
as	O
USB	B-Architecture
mass	I-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
)	O
,	O
though	O
some	O
have	O
a	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
use	O
USB	B-Algorithm
PTP	I-Algorithm
mode	O
for	O
connection	O
instead	O
of	O
USB	B-Architecture
MSC	I-Architecture
;	O
some	O
offer	O
both	O
modes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
cameras	O
use	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
connections	I-General_Concept
,	O
via	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
or	O
IEEE	O
802.11	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Kodak	O
EasyShare	O
One	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
integrated	O
Memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
(	O
SDHC	O
,	O
SDXC	O
)	O
can	O
transmit	O
stored	O
images	O
,	O
video	O
and	O
other	O
files	O
to	O
computers	O
or	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
allow	O
automatic	O
upload	O
and	O
backup	O
or	O
sharing	O
of	O
images	O
over	O
Wi-Fi	O
to	O
photo	B-Algorithm
sharing	I-Algorithm
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
with	O
integrated	O
Wi-Fi	O
or	O
specific	O
Wi-Fi	O
adapters	O
mostly	O
allow	O
camera	O
control	O
,	O
especially	O
shutter	O
release	O
,	O
exposure	O
control	O
and	O
more	O
(	O
tethering	O
)	O
from	O
computer	O
or	O
smartphone	B-Application
apps	I-Application
additionally	O
to	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
media	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
method	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
is	O
to	O
send	O
a	O
picture	O
as	O
an	O
email	O
attachment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
alternative	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
which	O
may	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
reading	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
storage	O
media	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
high	O
speed	O
transfer	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
a	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
also	O
avoids	O
draining	O
the	O
camera	O
battery	O
during	O
the	O
download	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
external	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
allows	O
convenient	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
images	O
on	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
storage	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
computers	O
have	O
a	O
card	B-Device
reader	I-Device
built	O
in	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
for	O
SD	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
modern	O
cameras	O
support	O
the	O
PictBridge	B-Algorithm
standard	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
send	O
data	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
PictBridge-capable	O
printer	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PictBridge	B-Algorithm
uses	O
PTP	B-Algorithm
to	O
transfer	O
images	O
and	O
control	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDMI	B-Protocol
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
many	O
high-end	O
digital	O
camera	O
makers	O
,	O
to	O
show	O
photos	O
in	O
their	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
quality	O
on	O
an	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2008	O
,	O
Silicon	O
Image	O
announced	O
a	O
new	O
technology	O
for	O
sending	O
video	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
to	O
a	O
television	O
in	O
digital	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MHL	B-Protocol
sends	O
pictures	O
as	O
a	O
video	O
stream	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
1080p	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
DVD	O
recorders	O
and	O
television	O
sets	O
can	O
read	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
used	O
in	O
cameras	O
;	O
alternatively	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
flash	O
card	B-Device
readers	I-Device
have	O
TV	O
output	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Olympus	O
'	O
Tough	O
 '	O
range	O
of	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
digital	O
cameras	O
have	O
preset	O
modes	B-Algorithm
for	O
different	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
constraints	O
of	O
correct	O
exposure	O
various	O
parameters	O
can	O
be	O
changed	O
,	O
including	O
exposure	O
,	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
focusing	O
,	O
light	O
metering	O
,	O
white	B-Algorithm
balance	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
equivalent	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
portrait	O
might	O
use	O
a	O
wider	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
render	O
the	O
background	O
out	O
of	O
focus	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
seek	O
out	O
and	O
focus	O
on	O
a	O
human	O
face	O
rather	O
than	O
other	O
image	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
implement	O
a	O
variety	O
scene	O
modes	B-Algorithm
in	O
cameras	O
 '	O
firmwares	B-Application
for	O
various	O
purposes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
landscape	O
mode	O
"	O
which	O
prevents	O
focusing	O
on	O
rainy	O
and/or	O
stained	O
window	O
glass	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
windshield	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
sports	O
mode	O
"	O
which	O
reduces	O
motion	O
blur	O
of	O
moving	O
subjects	O
by	O
reducing	O
exposure	O
time	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
increased	O
light	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firmwares	B-Application
may	O
be	O
equipped	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
select	O
a	O
suitable	O
scene	O
mode	O
automatically	O
through	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Many	O
camera	O
phones	O
and	O
most	O
stand	O
alone	O
digital	O
cameras	O
store	O
image	O
data	O
in	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	I-Device
or	O
other	O
removable	B-Device
media	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
stand-alone	O
cameras	O
use	O
SD	B-Device
format	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
few	O
use	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
or	O
other	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
faster	O
XQD	B-Device
card	I-Device
format	O
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2014	O
,	O
some	O
high	O
end	O
cameras	O
have	O
two	O
hot-swappable	B-Device
memory	B-Device
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photographers	O
can	O
swap	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
with	O
camera-on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
memory	B-Device
slot	O
can	O
accept	O
either	O
Compact	B-Device
Flash	I-Device
or	O
SD	B-Device
Card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
new	O
Sony	O
cameras	O
also	O
have	O
two	O
memory	B-Device
slots	O
,	O
one	O
for	O
its	O
Memory	B-Device
Stick	O
and	O
one	O
for	O
SD	B-Device
Card	I-Device
,	O
but	O
not	O
hot-swapable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
approximate	O
count	O
of	O
remaining	O
photos	O
until	O
space	O
exhaustion	O
is	O
calculated	O
by	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
throughout	O
use	O
and	O
indicated	O
in	O
the	O
viewfinder	O
,	O
to	O
prepare	O
the	O
user	O
for	O
an	O
impending	O
necessary	O
hot	B-Device
swap	I-Device
of	O
the	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
and/or	O
file	O
offload	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
cameras	O
used	O
other	O
removable	B-Device
storage	I-Device
such	O
as	O
Microdrives	B-Device
(	O
very	O
small	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
)	O
,	O
CD	O
single	O
(	O
185MB	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
3.5	B-Device
"	I-Device
floppy	I-Device
disks	I-Device
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	B-Algorithm
Mavica	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Onboard	O
(	O
internal	O
)	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
—	O
Cheap	O
cameras	O
and	O
cameras	O
secondary	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
main	O
use	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
camera	O
phone	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
small	O
capacities	O
such	O
as	O
100	O
Megabytes	O
and	O
less	O
,	O
where	O
intended	O
use	O
is	O
buffer	O
storage	O
for	O
uninterrupted	O
operation	O
during	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
hot	B-Device
swap	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
digital	O
cameras	O
do	O
not	O
provide	O
drivers	O
and	O
software	O
to	O
allow	O
their	O
cameras	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
Linux	B-Application
or	O
other	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
,	O
many	O
cameras	O
use	O
the	O
standard	O
USB	B-Architecture
mass	I-Architecture
storage	I-Architecture
and/or	O
Media	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
widely	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
cameras	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
gPhoto	B-Algorithm
project	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
computers	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
file	O
types	O
include	O
Tagged	O
Image	O
File	O
Format	O
(	O
TIFF	O
)	O
and	O
various	O
Raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
formats	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cameras	O
,	O
especially	O
high-end	O
ones	O
,	O
support	O
a	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
is	O
the	O
unprocessed	O
set	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
data	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
sensor	O
,	O
often	O
saved	O
in	O
a	O
proprietary	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
Systems	O
has	O
released	O
the	O
DNG	B-Application
format	O
,	O
a	O
royalty-free	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
used	O
by	O
at	O
least	O
10	O
camera	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raw	B-Application
files	I-Application
initially	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
in	O
specialized	O
image	B-Application
editing	I-Application
programs	I-Application
,	O
but	O
over	O
time	O
many	O
mainstream	O
editing	O
programs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	O
's	O
Picasa	B-Application
,	O
have	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
raw	B-Application
images	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formats	O
for	O
movies	O
are	O
AVI	O
,	O
DV	O
,	O
MPEG	O
,	O
MOV	O
(	O
often	O
containing	O
motion	O
JPEG	O
)	O
,	O
WMV	B-Device
,	O
and	O
ASF	O
(	O
basically	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
WMV	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
formats	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
cameras	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
for	O
pictures	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
Design	O
Rule	O
for	O
Camera	O
Format	O
(	O
DCF	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
an	O
ISO	O
specification	O
,	O
used	O
in	O
almost	O
all	O
camera	O
since	O
1998	O
,	O
which	O
defines	O
an	O
internal	O
file	O
structure	O
and	O
naming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
used	O
is	O
the	O
Digital	B-Algorithm
Print	I-Algorithm
Order	I-Algorithm
Format	I-Algorithm
(	O
DPOF	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
which	O
dictates	O
what	O
order	O
images	O
are	O
to	O
be	O
printed	O
in	O
and	O
how	O
many	O
copies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DCF	B-Algorithm
1998	O
defines	O
a	O
logical	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
with	O
8.3	O
filenames	O
and	O
makes	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
either	O
FAT12	B-Application
,	O
FAT16	B-Application
,	O
FAT32	B-Application
or	O
exFAT	B-Application
mandatory	O
for	O
its	O
physical	O
layer	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
maximize	O
platform	O
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exif	O
data	O
may	O
include	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
exposure	O
time	O
,	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
,	O
date	O
and	O
time	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
tag	B-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
location	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
guarantee	O
interoperability	O
,	O
DCF	B-Algorithm
specifies	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
image	O
and	O
sound	O
files	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
formatted	O
DCF	B-Algorithm
media	O
(	O
like	O
removable	B-Device
or	O
non-removable	O
memory	B-Device
)	O
as	O
FAT12	B-Application
,	O
FAT16	B-Application
,	O
FAT32	B-Application
,	O
or	O
exFAT	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Media	O
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
2	O
GB	O
must	O
be	O
formatted	O
using	O
FAT32	B-Application
or	O
exFAT	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
filesystem	B-Application
in	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
contains	O
a	O
DCIM	O
(	O
Digital	O
Camera	O
IMages	O
)	O
directory	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
contain	O
multiple	O
subdirectories	B-Application
with	O
names	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
123ABCDE	O
"	O
that	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
unique	O
directory	B-Application
number	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
100	O
...	O
999	O
)	O
and	O
five	O
alphanumeric	O
characters	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
freely	O
chosen	O
and	O
often	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
camera	O
maker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
directories	B-Application
contain	O
files	O
with	O
names	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
ABCD1234.JPG	O
"	O
that	O
consist	O
of	O
four	O
alphanumeric	O
characters	O
(	O
often	O
"	O
100_	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
DSC0	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
DSCF	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
IMG_	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
MOV_	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
P000	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handling	O
of	O
directories	B-Application
with	O
possibly	O
user-created	O
duplicate	O
numbers	O
may	O
vary	O
among	O
camera	O
firmwares	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCF	B-Algorithm
2.0	O
adds	O
support	O
for	O
DCF	B-Algorithm
optional	O
files	O
recorded	O
in	O
an	O
optional	O
color	O
space	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
Adobe	O
RGB	O
rather	O
than	O
sRGB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
enable	O
loading	O
many	O
images	O
in	O
miniature	O
view	O
quickly	O
and	O
efficiently	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
retain	O
meta	O
data	O
,	O
some	O
vendors	O
 '	O
firmwares	B-Application
generate	O
accompanying	O
low-resolution	O
thumbnail	O
files	O
for	O
videos	O
and	O
raw	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
those	O
of	O
Canon	O
cameras	O
end	O
with	O
.THM	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
most	O
cameras	O
use	O
proprietary	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
while	O
some	O
use	O
standard	O
AA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
or	O
primarily	O
use	O
a	O
proprietary	O
Lithium-ion	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
pack	O
but	O
have	O
an	O
optional	O
AA	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
holder	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
cameras	O
that	O
utilize	O
off-the-shelf	O
batteries	O
are	O
typically	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
both	O
single-use	O
disposable	B-Algorithm
and	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
not	O
with	O
both	O
types	O
in	O
use	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
off-the-shelf	O
battery	O
size	O
used	O
is	O
AA	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
CR2	O
,	O
CR-V3	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
AAA	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CR2	O
and	O
CR-V3	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
lithium	B-Device
based	I-Device
,	O
intended	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
RCR-V3	B-Algorithm
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
non-rechargeable	O
CR-V3	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
battery	B-Algorithm
grips	I-Algorithm
for	O
DSLRs	B-Device
come	O
with	O
a	O
separate	O
holder	O
to	O
accommodate	O
AA	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
as	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
digital	O
cameras	O
became	O
common	O
,	O
many	O
photographers	O
asked	O
whether	O
their	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
could	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
digital	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
35mm	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
the	O
answer	O
is	O
no	O
,	O
the	O
reworking	O
and	O
cost	O
would	O
be	O
too	O
great	O
,	O
especially	O
as	O
lenses	O
have	O
been	O
evolving	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
a	O
conversion	O
to	O
digital	O
,	O
to	O
give	O
enough	O
space	O
for	O
the	O
electronics	O
and	O
allow	O
a	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
display	I-Device
to	O
preview	O
,	O
would	O
require	O
removing	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
and	O
replacing	O
it	O
with	O
a	O
custom	O
built	O
digital	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
early	O
professional	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Kodak	B-Device
DCS	I-Device
series	O
,	O
were	O
developed	O
from	O
35mm	O
film	B-Application
cameras	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
notable	O
exception	O
is	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
E2	I-Algorithm
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
E3	I-Algorithm
,	O
using	O
additional	O
optics	O
to	O
convert	O
the	O
35	O
mm	O
format	O
to	O
a	O
2/3	O
CCD-sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
35mm	O
cameras	O
have	O
had	O
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
made	O
by	O
their	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
Leica	O
being	O
a	O
notable	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medium	O
format	O
and	O
large	O
format	O
cameras	O
(	O
those	O
using	O
film	O
stock	O
greater	O
than	O
35mm	O
)	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
low	O
unit	O
production	O
,	O
and	O
typical	O
digital	B-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
for	O
them	O
cost	O
over	O
$	O
10,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
very	O
large	O
sensor	O
these	O
backs	O
use	O
leads	O
to	O
enormous	O
image	B-Algorithm
sizes	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Phase	O
One	O
's	O
P45	O
39MP	O
image	O
back	O
creates	O
a	O
single	O
TIFF	O
image	O
of	O
size	O
up	O
to	O
224.6MB	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
greater	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
counts	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Medium	O
format	O
digitals	O
such	O
as	O
this	O
are	O
geared	O
more	O
towards	O
studio	O
and	O
portrait	O
photography	O
than	O
their	O
smaller	O
DSLR	B-Device
counterparts	O
;	O
the	O
ISO	O
speed	O
in	O
particular	O
tends	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
400	O
,	O
versus	O
6400	O
for	O
some	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Canon	O
EOS-1D	O
Mark	O
IV	O
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D3S	I-Algorithm
have	O
ISO	O
12800	O
plus	O
Hi-3	O
ISO	O
102400	O
with	O
the	O
Canon	O
EOS-1Dx	O
'	O
s	O
ISO	O
of	O
204800	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
industrial	O
and	O
high-end	O
professional	O
photography	O
market	O
,	O
some	O
camera	O
systems	O
use	O
modular	O
(	O
removable	B-Device
)	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
some	O
medium	O
format	O
SLR	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Mamiya	O
645D	O
series	O
,	O
allow	O
installation	O
of	O
either	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
back	I-Algorithm
or	O
a	O
traditional	O
photographic	O
film	O
back	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
earlier	O
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
used	O
linear	O
array	O
sensors	O
,	O
moving	O
vertically	O
to	O
digitize	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
other	O
camera	B-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
use	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
arrays	I-Algorithm
similar	O
to	O
typical	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
is	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
manufacture	O
a	O
high-quality	O
linear	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
with	O
only	O
thousands	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
than	O
a	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
matrix	O
with	O
millions	O
,	O
very	O
high	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
linear	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
backs	O
were	O
available	O
much	O
earlier	O
than	O
their	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
matrix	O
counterparts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
you	O
could	O
buy	O
an	O
(	O
albeit	O
expensive	O
)	O
camera	B-Algorithm
back	I-Algorithm
with	O
over	O
7,000	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
horizontal	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
difficult	O
to	O
buy	O
a	O
comparable	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
matrix	O
camera	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rotating	B-Device
line	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
with	O
about	O
10,000	O
color	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
its	O
sensor	O
line	O
,	O
are	O
able	O
,	O
,	O
to	O
capture	O
about	O
120,000	O
lines	O
during	O
one	O
full	O
360	O
degree	O
rotation	O
,	O
thereby	O
creating	O
a	O
single	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
of	O
1,200	O
Megapixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
backs	I-Algorithm
use	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
or	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
matrix	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Phase	O
One	O
produces	O
a	O
39	O
million	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
digital	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
back	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
49.1	O
x	O
36.8mm	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
little	O
smaller	O
than	O
a	O
frame	O
of	O
120	O
film	O
and	O
much	O
larger	O
than	O
a	O
35	O
mm	O
frame	O
(	O
36	O
x	O
24mm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
,	O
consumer	O
digital	O
cameras	O
use	O
arrays	O
ranging	O
from	O
36	O
x	O
24mm	O
(	O
full	O
frame	O
on	O
high	O
end	O
consumer	O
DSLRs	B-Device
)	O
to	O
1.28	O
x	O
0.96mm	O
(	O
on	O
camera	O
phones	O
)	O
CMOS	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
