<s>
Sonification	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
non-speech	O
audio	O
to	O
convey	O
information	O
or	O
perceptualize	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Auditory	O
perception	O
has	O
advantages	O
in	O
temporal	O
,	O
spatial	O
,	O
amplitude	B-Application
,	O
and	O
frequency	O
resolution	O
that	O
open	O
possibilities	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
or	O
complement	O
to	O
visualization	B-Application
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
many	O
experiments	O
with	O
data	B-Application
sonification	I-Application
have	O
been	O
explored	O
in	O
forums	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
International	B-General_Concept
Community	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Auditory	I-General_Concept
Display	I-General_Concept
(	O
ICAD	O
)	O
,	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
faces	O
many	O
challenges	O
to	O
widespread	O
use	O
for	O
presenting	O
and	O
analyzing	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
studies	O
show	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
,	O
but	O
essential	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
adequate	O
context	O
for	O
interpreting	O
sonifications	B-General_Concept
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
attempts	O
are	O
coded	O
from	O
scratch	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
flexible	O
tooling	O
for	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
research	O
and	O
data	O
exploration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Geiger	O
counter	O
,	O
invented	O
in	O
1908	O
,	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
and	O
most	O
successful	O
applications	O
of	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1913	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Edmund	O
Fournier	O
d'Albe	O
of	O
University	O
of	O
Birmingham	O
invented	O
the	O
optophone	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
selenium	B-Library
photosensors	O
to	O
detect	O
black	O
print	O
and	O
convert	O
it	O
into	O
an	O
audible	O
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pollack	O
and	O
Ficks	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
perceptual	O
experiments	O
on	O
the	O
transmission	O
of	O
information	O
via	O
auditory	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
in	O
1954	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
augmented	O
a	O
scatterplot	B-Application
using	O
sounds	O
that	O
varied	O
along	O
frequency	O
,	O
spectral	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
amplitude	B-Application
modulation	O
dimensions	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
classification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
appears	O
to	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
references	O
to	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
creative	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
International	B-General_Concept
Community	I-General_Concept
for	I-General_Concept
Auditory	I-General_Concept
Display	I-General_Concept
(	O
ICAD	O
)	O
was	O
founded	O
by	O
Gregory	O
Kramer	O
as	O
a	O
forum	O
for	O
research	O
on	O
auditory	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
which	O
includes	O
data	B-Application
sonification	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
NASA	O
reported	O
the	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
(	O
converting	O
astronomical	O
data	O
associated	O
with	O
pressure	O
waves	O
into	O
sound	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
black	O
hole	O
at	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
Perseus	O
galaxy	O
cluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
an	O
increase	O
or	O
decrease	O
in	O
some	O
level	O
in	O
this	O
information	O
is	O
indicated	O
by	O
an	O
increase	O
or	O
decrease	O
in	O
pitch	O
,	O
amplitude	B-Application
or	O
tempo	B-Application
,	O
but	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
indicated	O
by	O
varying	O
other	O
less	O
commonly	O
used	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
is	O
still	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
its	O
infancy	O
,	O
current	O
studies	O
are	O
working	O
towards	O
determining	O
the	O
best	O
set	O
of	O
sound	O
components	O
to	O
vary	O
in	O
different	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
approach	O
to	O
traditional	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
is	O
"	O
sonification	B-General_Concept
by	O
replacement	O
"	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Pulsed	O
Melodic	O
Affective	O
Processing	O
(	O
PMAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
