<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
implementing	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
on	O
various	O
blockchain	B-Application
platforms	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
,	O
Ethereum	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
GNU	O
General	O
Public	O
License	O
v3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Gavin	O
Wood	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Christian	O
Reitwiessner	O
,	O
Alex	O
Beregszaszi	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
former	O
Ethereum	B-Application
core	O
contributors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
in	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
run	O
on	O
Ethereum	B-Application
Virtual	O
Machine	O
or	O
on	O
compatible	O
virtual	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
was	O
proposed	O
in	O
August	O
2014	O
by	O
Gavin	O
Wood	O
The	O
language	O
was	O
later	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Ethereum	B-Application
project	O
's	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
team	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Christian	O
Reitwiessner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
primary	O
language	O
on	O
Ethereum	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
on	O
other	O
private	O
blockchains	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
enterprise-oriented	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
blockchain	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SWIFT	B-Language
deployed	O
a	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
using	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
running	O
on	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
statically	O
typed	O
programming	O
language	O
designed	O
for	O
developing	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
that	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
Ethereum	B-Application
Virtual	O
Machine	O
(	O
EVM	O
)	O
or	O
compatible	O
virtual	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
uses	O
ECMAScript-like	O
syntax	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
familiar	O
for	O
existing	O
web	O
developers	O
;	O
however	O
unlike	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
it	O
has	O
static	O
typing	O
and	O
variadic	B-General_Concept
return	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
different	O
from	O
other	O
EVM-targeting	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Serpent	O
and	O
Mutan	O
in	O
some	O
important	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
complex	O
member	B-Application
variables	I-Application
for	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
,	O
including	O
arbitrarily	O
hierarchical	O
mappings	O
and	O
structs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
support	O
inheritance	B-Language
,	O
including	O
multiple	B-Application
inheritance	I-Application
with	O
C3	B-Application
linearization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
introduces	O
an	O
application	B-Operating_System
binary	I-Operating_System
interface	I-Operating_System
(	O
ABI	O
)	O
that	O
facilitates	O
multiple	O
type-safe	B-Language
functions	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
(	O
this	O
was	O
also	O
later	O
supported	O
by	O
Serpent	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
proposal	O
also	O
includes	O
"	O
Natural	O
Language	O
Specification	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
documentation	O
system	O
for	O
specifying	O
user-centric	O
descriptions	O
of	O
the	O
ramifications	O
of	O
[	O
Method	O
(	O
computer	O
programming	O
)	O
|	O
method ]	O
-calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
of	O
a	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
program	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
is	O
available	O
on	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
security	O
properties	O
of	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
are	O
inherently	O
difficult	O
to	O
reason	O
about	O
directly	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Turing-completeness	O
of	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
means	O
that	O
verification	O
of	O
arbitrary	O
properties	O
cannot	O
be	O
decidably	O
automated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
automated	O
solutions	O
for	O
smart	B-Application
contract	I-Application
security	O
analysis	O
can	O
miss	O
critical	O
violations	O
,	O
produce	O
false	O
positives	O
,	O
and	O
fail	O
to	O
achieve	O
sufficient	O
code	O
coverage	O
on	O
realistic	O
contracts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solidity	B-Protocol
has	O
been	O
blamed	O
for	O
the	O
error-prone	O
implementation	O
of	O
Ethereum	B-Application
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
due	O
to	O
its	O
counterintuitive	O
nature	O
,	O
its	O
lack	O
of	O
constructs	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
blockchain	B-Application
domain-specific	O
aspects	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
lack	O
of	O
centralized	O
documentation	O
of	O
known	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
Cornell	O
University	O
researcher	O
stated	O
that	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
was	O
partially	O
to	O
blame	O
for	O
The	B-Protocol
DAO	I-Protocol
hack	O
that	O
took	O
place	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
this	O
was	O
actually	O
not	O
a	O
flaw	O
or	O
exploit	O
in	O
the	B-Protocol
DAO	I-Protocol
contract	O
itself	O
:	O
technically	O
the	O
Ethereum	B-Application
Virtual	O
Machine	O
(	O
EVM	O
)	O
was	O
operating	O
as	O
intended	O
,	O
but	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
was	O
introducing	O
security	O
flaws	O
into	O
contracts	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
only	O
missed	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
,	O
but	O
missed	O
by	O
the	O
designers	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
themselves.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
community	O
often	O
cites	O
Solidity	B-Protocol
requiring	O
much	O
of	O
third	O
party	O
interfaces	O
and	O
APIs	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
's	O
inability	O
to	O
create	O
critical	O
information	O
intensive	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
.	O
</s>
