<s>
A	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
SSE	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
solid	O
ionic	O
conductor	O
and	O
electron-insulating	O
material	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
characteristic	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
solid-state	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
useful	O
for	O
applications	O
in	O
electrical	O
energy	O
storage	O
(	O
EES	O
)	O
in	O
substitution	O
of	O
the	O
liquid	O
electrolytes	O
found	O
in	O
particular	O
in	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
possible	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
lithium	B-Language
metal	O
anode	O
in	O
a	O
practical	O
device	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
intrinsic	O
limitations	O
of	O
a	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
property	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
dendrite	O
suppression	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
a	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
membrane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
utilization	O
of	O
a	O
high	O
capacity	O
anode	O
and	O
low	O
reduction	O
potential	O
,	O
like	O
lithium	B-Language
with	O
a	O
specific	O
capacity	O
of	O
3860	O
mAh	O
g−1	O
and	O
a	O
reduction	O
potential	O
of	O
-3.04	O
V	O
vs	O
SHE	O
,	O
in	O
substitution	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
low	O
capacity	O
graphite	O
,	O
which	O
exhibits	O
a	O
theoretical	O
capacity	O
of	O
372	O
mAh	O
g−1	O
in	O
its	O
fully	O
lithiated	O
state	O
of	O
LiC6	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
realization	O
of	O
a	O
lighter	O
,	O
thinner	O
and	O
cheaper	O
rechargeable	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
inorganic	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolytes	I-Algorithm
were	O
discovered	O
by	O
M	O
.	O
Faraday	O
in	O
the	O
nineteenth	O
century	O
,	O
these	O
being	O
silver	O
sulfide	O
(	O
Ag2S	O
)	O
and	O
lead(II )	O
fluoride	O
(	O
PbF2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
safety	O
and	O
performance	O
improvements	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
the	O
state-of-the-art	O
Li-ion	O
chemistry	O
are	O
making	O
solid-state	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
very	O
appealing	O
and	O
are	O
now	O
considered	O
an	O
encouraging	O
technology	O
to	O
satisfy	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
long	O
range	O
battery	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
of	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Samsung	O
Advanced	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
SAIT	O
)	O
published	O
research	O
on	O
an	O
all-solid-state	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
(	O
ASSB	O
)	O
using	O
an	O
argyrodite-based	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
demonstrated	O
energy	O
density	O
of	O
900	O
Wh	O
L−1	O
and	O
a	O
stable	O
cyclability	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
1000	O
cycles	O
,	O
reaching	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
value	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
1000	O
Wh	O
L−1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Solid	B-Architecture
State	I-Architecture
Batteries	I-Architecture
(	O
SSBs	O
)	O
/	O
Solid	O
Electrolytes	O
(	O
SEs	O
)	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
major	O
market	O
challenger	O
it	O
must	O
meet	O
some	O
key	O
performance	O
measurements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
should	O
also	O
be	O
stable	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
Lithium	B-Language
metal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
hard	O
for	O
one	O
material	O
to	O
fulfill	O
all	O
the	O
above	O
criteria	O
,	O
hence	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
approaches	O
can	O
be	O
utilized	O
for	O
example	O
a	O
hybrid	O
electrolyte	O
system	O
which	O
combines	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
inorganic	O
and	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolytes	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All-solid-state	O
electrolytes	O
are	O
furthermore	O
divided	O
into	O
inorganic	O
solid	O
electrolyte	O
(	O
ISE	O
)	O
,	O
solid	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
SPE	O
)	O
and	O
composite	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
CPE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
a	O
QSSE	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
gel	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
GPE	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
freestanding	O
membrane	O
that	O
contains	O
a	O
certain	O
amount	O
of	O
liquid	O
component	O
immobilized	O
inside	O
the	O
solid	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All-solid-state	O
electrolytes	O
are	O
divided	O
into	O
inorganic	O
solid	O
electrolyte	O
(	O
ISE	O
)	O
,	O
solid	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
SPE	O
)	O
and	O
composite	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
CPE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
advantages	O
of	O
this	O
class	O
of	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
are	O
the	O
high	O
ionic	O
conductivity	O
(	O
of	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
a	O
few	O
mS	O
cm−2	O
at	O
room-temperature	O
)	O
,	O
high	O
modulus	O
(	O
of	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
GPa	O
)	O
and	O
high	O
transfer	O
number	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
classes	O
of	O
SSEs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
be	O
oxides	O
,	O
sulfides	O
or	O
phosphates-based	O
and	O
the	O
crystalline	O
structures	O
include	O
LISICON	O
(	O
lithium	B-Language
superionic	O
conductor	O
)	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
LTP	O
,	O
LATP	O
,	O
LAGP	O
)	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
nitrides	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Li3N	O
)	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
hydrides	O
(	O
LiBH4	O
)	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
phosphidotrielates	O
and	O
phoshidotetrelates	O
,	O
perovskites	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
lithium	B-Language
lanthanum	O
titanate	O
,	O
"	O
LLTO	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
lithium	B-Language
halides	B-Operating_System
(	O
LYC	O
,	O
LYB	O
)	O
.	O
,	O
RbAg4I5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
are	O
lithium	B-Language
phosphorus	O
oxynitride	O
(	O
LIPON	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
thiophosphates	O
(	O
Li2S	O
–	O
P2S5	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solid	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
SPE	O
)	O
are	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
solvent-free	O
salt	O
solution	O
in	O
a	O
polymer	O
host	O
material	O
that	O
conducts	O
ions	O
through	O
the	O
polymer	O
chains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PEO-based	O
SPE	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
solid-state	O
polymer	O
in	O
which	O
ionic	O
conductivity	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
both	O
through	O
inter	O
and	O
intra	O
molecular	O
through	O
ion	O
hopping	O
,	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
segmental	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
polymeric	O
chains	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
great	O
ion	O
complexation	O
capability	O
of	O
the	O
ether	B-Application
groups	I-Application
,	O
but	O
they	O
suffer	O
from	O
the	O
low	O
room-temperature	O
ionic	O
conductivity	O
(	O
10−5	O
S	O
cm−1	O
)	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
crystallinity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
particles	O
as	O
fillers	O
inside	O
the	O
polymer	O
solution	O
,	O
a	O
composite	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
(	O
CPE	O
)	O
is	O
obtained	O
,	O
the	O
particles	O
can	O
be	O
inert	O
to	O
the	O
Li+	O
conduction	O
(	O
Al2O3	O
,	O
TiO2	O
,	O
SiO2	O
,	O
MgO	O
,	O
zeolite	O
,	O
montmorillonite	O
,	O
...	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
sole	O
purpose	O
of	O
reducing	O
the	O
crystallinity	O
,	O
or	O
active	O
(	O
LLTO	O
,	O
LLZO	O
,	O
LATP	O
...	O
)	O
if	O
ISE	O
's	O
particles	O
are	O
dispersed	O
and	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
polymer/inorganic	O
ratio	O
the	O
nomenclature	O
ceramic-in-polymer	O
and	O
polymer-in-ceramic	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copolymerization	O
,	O
crosslinking	O
,	O
interpenetration	O
,	O
and	O
blending	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
polymer/polymer	O
coordination	O
to	O
tune	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
SPEs	O
and	O
achieve	O
better	O
performances	O
,	O
introducing	O
in	O
the	O
polymeric	O
chains	O
polar	O
groups	O
like	O
ethers	B-Application
,	O
carbonyls	O
or	O
nitriles	O
drastically	O
improve	O
the	O
dissolution	O
of	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
salts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quasi	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolytes	I-Algorithm
(	O
QSSEs	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
wide	O
class	O
of	O
composite	O
compounds	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
a	O
solid	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSSEs	O
can	O
be	O
subdivided	O
into	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
categories	O
including	O
gel	O
polymer	B-Algorithm
electrolytes	I-Algorithm
(	O
GPEs	O
)	O
,	O
Ionogel	O
electrolytes	O
,	O
and	O
gel	O
electrolytes	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
soggy	O
sand	O
"	O
electrolytes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low	O
molecular	O
weight	O
poly(ethylene glycol )	O
(	O
PEG	O
)	O
or	O
other	O
ethers	B-Application
or	O
aprotic	O
organic	O
solvents	O
with	O
high	O
dielectric	O
constant	O
like	O
dimethylsulfoxide	O
(	O
DMSO	O
)	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
mixed	O
the	O
SPE	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UV	B-Application
and	O
thermal	O
cross-linking	O
are	O
useful	O
ways	O
to	O
polymerize	O
in-situ	O
the	O
GPE	O
directly	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
electrodes	O
for	O
a	O
perfectly	O
adherent	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
,	O
matrix	O
content	O
in	O
these	O
materials	O
can	O
have	O
added	O
benefits	O
including	O
enhanced	O
lithium	B-Language
transference	O
number	O
due	O
to	O
functionalized	O
matrix	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
versatility	O
and	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
solid-state	B-Algorithm
electrolyte	I-Algorithm
widen	O
the	O
possible	O
applications	O
towards	O
high	O
energy	O
density	O
and	O
cheaper	O
battery	O
chemistries	O
that	O
are	O
otherwise	O
prevented	O
by	O
the	O
current	O
state-of-the-art	O
of	O
Li-ion	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indeed	O
,	O
by	O
introducing	O
a	O
SSE	O
in	O
the	O
battery	O
architecture	O
there	O
's	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
use	O
metallic	O
lithium	B-Language
as	O
anode	O
material	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
high	O
energy	O
density	O
battery	O
thanks	O
to	O
its	O
high	O
specific	O
capacity	O
of	O
3860	O
mAh	O
g−1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
utilization	O
of	O
a	O
lithium	B-Language
metal	O
anode	O
(	O
LMA	O
)	O
is	O
prevented	O
in	O
a	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
above	O
all	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
dendritic	O
growth	O
of	O
a	O
pure	O
Li	O
electrode	O
that	O
easily	O
cause	O
short	O
circuits	O
after	O
few	O
cycles	O
;	O
other	O
related	O
issues	O
are	O
volume	O
expansions	O
,	O
solid-electrolyte-interface	O
(	O
SEI	O
)	O
reactivity	O
and	O
'	O
dead	O
 '	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usage	O
of	O
a	O
SSE	O
guarantees	O
a	O
homogeneous	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
metallic	O
lithium	B-Language
electrode	O
and	O
possess	O
the	O
mechanical	O
properties	O
to	O
impede	O
the	O
uncontrolled	O
deposition	O
of	O
Li+	O
ions	O
during	O
the	O
charging	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
SSE	O
finds	O
very	O
promising	O
application	O
in	O
lithium-sulfur	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
solving	O
the	O
key	O
issue	O
of	O
the	O
polysulfide	O
"	O
shuttle	O
"	O
effect	O
by	O
blocking	O
the	O
dissolution	O
of	O
polysulfide	O
species	O
in	O
the	O
electrolyte	O
that	O
rapidly	O
causes	O
a	O
reduction	O
of	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
