<s>
Software	B-Application
for	I-Application
COVID-19	I-Application
pandemic	I-Application
mitigation	I-Application
takes	O
many	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
for	O
contact	O
tracing	O
and	O
notifications	B-General_Concept
about	O
infection	O
risks	O
,	O
vaccine	O
passports	O
,	O
software	O
for	O
enabling	O
–	O
or	O
improving	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
–	O
lockdowns	O
and	O
social	O
distancing	O
,	O
Web	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
related	O
information	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
apps	O
include	O
"	O
check-ins	O
"	O
that	O
enable	O
exposure	O
notifications	B-General_Concept
when	O
entering	O
public	O
venues	O
such	O
as	O
fitness	O
centres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
COVID-19	O
Credentials	O
Initiative	O
hosted	O
by	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
Public	I-Operating_System
Health	I-Operating_System
(	O
LFPH	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
global	O
initiative	O
working	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
deploy	O
privacy-preserving	O
,	O
tamper-evident	O
and	O
verifiable	O
credential	O
certification	O
projects	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
open	O
standard	O
Verifiable	O
Credentials	O
(	O
VCs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laurin	O
Weissinger	O
argued	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
for	O
such	O
software	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
free	B-Application
and	I-Application
open	I-Application
source	I-Application
,	O
to	O
clarify	O
concepts	O
and	O
designs	O
,	O
to	O
have	O
it	O
tested	O
by	O
security	O
experts	O
and	O
to	O
describe	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
collected	O
and	O
how	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
build	O
trust	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wikimedia	O
project	O
Scholia	O
provides	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
around	O
data	O
in	O
Wikidata	O
–	O
such	O
as	O
literature	O
about	O
a	O
specific	O
coronavirus	O
protein	O
–	O
to	O
help	O
with	O
research	O
,	O
research-analysis	O
,	O
data	O
interoperability	O
,	O
applications	O
,	O
updates	O
,	O
and	O
data-mining	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
of	O
online	O
archivists	O
used	O
open	O
access	O
PHP	O
-	O
and	O
Linux-based	O
shadow	O
library	O
Sci-Hub	B-Application
to	O
create	O
an	O
archive	O
of	O
over	O
5000	O
articles	O
about	O
coronaviruses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sci-Hub	B-Application
provides	O
free	O
full	O
access	O
for	O
most	O
scientific	O
pandemic	O
publications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
open	O
source	O
,	O
Qt	O
-	O
and	O
GTK-based	O
GNU	B-Language
Health	I-Language
offer	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
default	O
features	O
for	O
use	O
during	O
pandemics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
informs	O
individuals	O
about	O
whether	O
and	O
how	O
long	O
they	O
must	O
quarantine	O
via	O
a	O
phone	B-Application
app	I-Application
and	O
informs	O
authorities	O
about	O
their	O
compliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
volunteer	B-Operating_System
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
project	O
Folding	B-Application
@home	I-Application
simulates	O
protein	O
folding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
system	B-General_Concept
to	I-General_Concept
reach	I-General_Concept
one	I-General_Concept
exaFLOPS	I-General_Concept
and	O
reached	O
approximately	O
2.43	O
x86	O
exaFLOPS	O
by	O
13	O
April	O
2020	O
many	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
Summit	B-Device
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
of	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
month	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
joined	O
the	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
announced	O
that	O
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
@home	I-Operating_System
allowed	O
them	O
to	O
"	O
accurately	O
predict	O
the	O
atomic-scale	O
structure	O
of	O
an	O
important	O
coronavirus	O
protein	O
weeks	O
before	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
measured	O
in	O
the	O
lab.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
OpenPandemics	O
—	O
COVID-19	O
partnership	O
was	O
launched	O
between	O
Scripps	O
Research	O
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
World	B-Operating_System
Community	I-Operating_System
Grid	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
partnership	O
is	O
a	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
project	O
that	O
"	O
will	O
automatically	O
run	O
a	O
simulated	O
experiment	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
[	O
of	O
connected	O
home	O
PCs ]	O
that	O
will	O
help	O
predict	O
the	O
efficacy	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
chemical	O
compound	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
treatment	O
for	O
COVID-19.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Supercomputers	B-Architecture
–	O
including	O
Summit	B-Device
and	O
Fugaku	B-Device
–	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
explore	O
potential	O
treatments	O
by	O
running	O
simulations	O
with	O
data	O
on	O
already-approved	O
medications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
early	O
examples	O
of	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
consortia	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
,	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
,	O
NASA	O
,	O
industry	O
,	O
and	O
nine	O
universities	O
pooled	O
resources	O
to	O
access	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
from	O
IBM	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
cloud	O
computing	O
resources	O
from	O
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
Enterprise	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
for	O
drug	O
discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
COVID-19	O
High	B-Architecture
Performance	I-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
Consortium	O
attempted	O
to	O
forecast	O
disease	O
spread	O
,	O
model	O
vaccines	O
,	O
and	O
screen	O
thousands	O
of	O
chemical	O
compounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
C3.ai	O
Digital	O
Transformation	O
Institute	O
,	O
an	O
additional	O
consortium	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
six	O
universities	O
(	O
including	O
MIT	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
National	O
Center	O
for	O
Supercomputer	B-Architecture
Applications	O
in	O
Illinois	O
,	O
working	O
under	O
the	O
auspices	O
of	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
software	O
company	O
C3.ai	O
pooled	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
resources	O
toward	O
drug	O
discovery	O
,	O
medical	O
protocol	O
development	O
and	O
public	O
health	O
strategy	O
improvement	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
awarding	O
grants	O
for	O
similar	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
