<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
engineering-based	O
approach	O
to	O
software	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
person	O
who	O
applies	O
the	O
engineering	O
design	O
process	O
to	O
design	O
,	O
develop	O
,	O
maintain	O
,	O
test	O
,	O
and	O
evaluate	O
computer	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
programmer	B-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	O
,	O
but	O
may	O
also	O
refer	O
more	O
to	O
implementation	O
rather	O
than	O
design	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
lack	O
connotations	O
of	O
engineering	O
education	O
or	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
heavily	O
uses	O
software	O
configuration	O
management	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
about	O
systematically	O
controlling	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
configuration	O
,	O
and	O
maintaining	O
the	O
integrity	O
and	O
traceability	O
of	O
the	O
configuration	O
and	O
code	O
throughout	O
the	O
system	O
life	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
was	O
seen	O
as	O
its	O
own	O
type	O
of	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
was	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
struggle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
difficult	O
to	O
keep	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
hardware	O
which	O
caused	O
many	O
problems	O
for	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
NATO	O
held	O
the	O
first	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
conference	O
where	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
software	O
were	O
addressed	O
:	O
guidelines	O
and	O
best	O
practices	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
software	O
were	O
established	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
have	O
been	O
attributed	O
to	O
various	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
services	O
offered	O
by	O
companies	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
1965	O
issue	O
of	O
and	O
was	O
used	O
more	O
formally	O
in	O
the	O
August	O
1966	O
issue	O
of	O
Communications	O
of	O
the	O
ACM	O
(	O
Volume	O
9	O
,	O
number	O
8	O
)	O
“	O
letter	O
to	O
the	O
ACM	O
membership	O
”	O
by	O
the	O
ACM	O
President	O
Anthony	O
A	O
.	O
Oettinger	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
title	O
of	O
a	O
NATO	O
conference	O
in	O
1968	O
by	O
Professor	O
Friedrich	O
L	O
.	O
Bauer	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
conference	O
on	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Margaret	O
Hamilton	O
described	O
the	O
discipline	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
during	O
the	O
Apollo	O
missions	O
to	O
give	O
what	O
they	O
were	O
doing	O
legitimacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
there	O
was	O
perceived	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
"	O
software	B-Application
crisis	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
40th	O
International	O
Conference	O
on	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
(	O
ICSE	O
2018	O
)	O
celebrates	O
50	O
years	O
of	O
"	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
with	O
the	O
Plenary	O
Sessions	O
 '	O
keynotes	O
of	O
Frederick	O
Brooks	O
and	O
Margaret	O
Hamilton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Institute	O
(	O
SEI	O
)	O
was	O
established	O
as	O
a	O
federally	O
funded	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
center	O
headquartered	O
on	O
the	O
campus	O
of	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
in	O
Pittsburgh	O
,	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watts	O
Humphrey	O
founded	O
the	O
SEI	O
Software	O
Process	O
Program	O
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
understanding	O
and	O
managing	O
the	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
,	O
generally	O
accepted	O
best-practices	O
for	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
collected	O
by	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
JTC	O
1/SC	O
7	O
subcommittee	O
and	O
published	O
as	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Body	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
(	O
SWEBOK	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
major	O
computing	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
definitions	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
 '	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
 '	O
encompasses	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
writing	O
code	O
,	O
but	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
tools	O
and	O
processes	O
an	O
organization	O
uses	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
maintain	O
that	O
code	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
 [ ... ] 	O
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
'	O
programming	B-General_Concept
integrated	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
as	O
the	O
informal	O
contemporary	O
term	O
for	O
the	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
activities	O
that	O
were	O
formerly	O
called	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
and	O
systems	O
analysis	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
as	O
the	O
broad	O
term	O
for	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
theory	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
is	O
formally	O
studied	O
as	O
a	O
sub-discipline	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
;	O
</s>
<s>
as	O
the	O
term	O
embodying	O
the	O
advocacy	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
approach	O
to	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
one	O
that	O
urges	O
that	O
it	B-General_Concept
be	O
treated	O
as	O
an	O
engineering	O
discipline	O
rather	O
than	O
an	O
art	O
or	O
a	O
craft	O
,	O
and	O
advocates	O
the	O
codification	O
of	O
recommended	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Margaret	O
Hamilton	O
promoted	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
during	O
her	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Apollo	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hamilton	O
details	O
her	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term:When	O
I	O
first	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
term	O
,	O
no	O
one	O
had	O
heard	O
of	O
it	B-General_Concept
before	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
our	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
an	O
ongoing	O
joke	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
memorable	O
day	O
when	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
respected	O
hardware	O
gurus	O
explained	O
to	O
everyone	O
in	O
a	O
meeting	O
that	O
he	O
agreed	O
with	O
me	O
that	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
building	O
software	O
should	O
also	O
be	O
considered	O
an	O
engineering	O
discipline	O
,	O
just	O
like	O
with	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
commentators	O
have	O
disagreed	O
sharply	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
define	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
or	O
its	O
legitimacy	O
as	O
an	O
engineering	O
discipline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Parnas	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
McConnell	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
it	B-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Donald	O
Knuth	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
programming	B-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
art	O
and	O
a	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edsger	O
W	O
.	O
Dijkstra	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
terms	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
and	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
misused	O
and	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
harmful	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
system	O
or	O
software	O
works	O
is	O
needed	O
when	O
it	B-General_Concept
comes	O
to	O
specifying	O
non-functional	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
also	O
called	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
three	O
levels	O
are	O
interface	O
design	O
,	O
architectural	B-Architecture
design	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
detailed	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Architecture
design	I-Architecture
has	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
the	O
major	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
and	O
their	O
responsibilities	O
,	O
properties	O
,	O
interfaces	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
relationships	O
and	O
interactions	O
that	O
occur	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Detailed	O
design	O
is	O
the	O
internal	O
elements	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
major	O
system	O
components	O
,	O
their	O
properties	O
,	O
relationships	O
,	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
their	O
algorithms	O
and	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
construction	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
activity	O
of	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
programming	B-General_Concept
,	O
unit	O
testing	O
,	O
integration	O
testing	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Testing	O
during	O
this	O
phase	O
is	O
generally	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
programmer	B-Application
while	O
the	O
software	O
is	O
under	O
construction	O
,	O
to	O
verify	O
what	O
was	O
just	O
written	O
and	O
decide	O
when	O
the	O
code	O
is	O
ready	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
step	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
one	O
aspect	O
of	O
software	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
separate	O
phase	O
in	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
typically	O
performed	O
by	O
quality	O
assurance	O
staff	O
or	O
a	O
developer	B-Application
other	O
than	O
the	O
one	O
who	O
wrote	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
analysis	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
analyzing	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
regarding	O
a	O
property	O
such	O
as	O
performance	O
,	O
robustness	B-Application
,	O
and	O
security	O
It	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
performed	O
without	O
executing	O
the	O
program	O
(	O
static	O
program	O
analysis	O
)	O
,	O
during	O
runtime	O
(	O
dynamic	O
program	O
analysis	O
)	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
maintenance	O
is	O
modifying	O
and	O
updating	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
after	O
distribution	O
to	O
correct	O
faults	O
and	O
to	O
improve	O
its	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
becoming	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computer	O
Society	O
produced	O
the	O
SWEBOK	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
published	O
as	O
ISO/IEC	O
Technical	O
Report	O
1979:2005	O
,	O
describing	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
knowledge	O
that	O
they	O
recommend	O
to	O
be	O
mastered	O
by	O
a	O
graduate	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
with	O
four	O
years	O
of	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
enter	O
the	O
profession	O
by	O
obtaining	O
a	O
university	O
degree	O
or	O
training	O
at	O
a	O
vocational	O
school	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
standard	O
international	O
curriculum	O
for	O
undergraduate	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
was	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
Joint	O
Task	O
Force	O
on	O
Computing	O
Curricula	O
of	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computer	O
Society	O
and	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
,	O
and	O
updated	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
universities	O
have	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
degree	O
programs	O
;	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
244	O
Campus	O
Bachelor	O
of	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
programs	O
,	O
70	O
Online	O
programs	O
,	O
230	O
Masters-level	O
programs	O
,	O
41	O
Doctorate-level	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
69	O
Certificate-level	O
programs	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
university	O
education	O
,	O
many	O
companies	O
sponsor	O
internships	O
for	O
students	O
wishing	O
to	O
pursue	O
careers	O
in	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
internships	O
can	O
introduce	O
the	O
student	O
to	O
interesting	O
real-world	O
tasks	O
that	O
typical	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
encounter	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
experience	O
can	O
be	O
gained	O
through	O
military	O
service	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Half	O
of	O
all	O
practitioners	O
today	O
have	O
degrees	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
information	O
systems	O
,	O
or	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
small	O
,	O
but	O
growing	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
practitioners	O
have	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Computing	O
at	O
Imperial	O
College	O
London	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
three-year	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
Bachelor	O
's	O
degree	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
the	O
world	O
;	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Sheffield	O
established	O
a	O
similar	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
the	O
Rochester	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
established	O
the	O
first	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
bachelor	O
's	O
degree	O
program	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
did	O
not	O
obtain	O
ABET	O
accreditation	O
until	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
as	O
Rice	O
University	O
,	O
Clarkson	O
University	O
,	O
Milwaukee	O
School	O
of	O
Engineering	O
and	O
Mississippi	O
State	O
University	O
obtained	O
theirs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
PSG	O
College	O
of	O
Technology	O
in	O
Coimbatore	O
,	O
India	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
start	O
a	O
five-year	O
integrated	O
Master	O
of	O
Science	O
degree	O
in	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
undergraduate	O
degrees	O
have	O
been	O
established	O
at	O
many	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
international	O
curriculum	O
for	O
undergraduate	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
,	O
SE2004	O
,	O
was	O
defined	O
by	O
a	O
steering	O
committee	O
between	O
2001	O
and	O
2004	O
with	O
funding	O
from	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
and	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Computer	O
Society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
about	O
50	O
universities	O
offer	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
,	O
which	O
teach	O
both	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
and	O
engineering	O
principles	O
and	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
Master	O
's	O
degree	O
was	O
established	O
at	O
Seattle	O
University	O
in	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
graduate	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
available	O
from	O
many	O
more	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
Canadian	O
Engineering	O
Accreditation	O
Board	O
(	O
CEAB	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Canadian	O
Council	O
of	O
Professional	O
Engineers	O
has	O
recognized	O
several	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
Naval	O
Postgraduate	O
School	O
(	O
NPS	O
)	O
established	O
the	O
first	O
doctorate	O
program	O
in	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
many	O
online	O
advanced	O
degrees	O
in	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
have	O
appeared	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Master	O
of	O
Science	O
in	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
(	O
MSE	O
)	O
degree	O
offered	O
through	O
the	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
and	O
Engineering	O
Department	O
at	O
California	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
Fullerton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
McConnell	O
opines	O
that	O
because	O
most	O
universities	O
teach	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
shortage	O
of	O
true	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ETS	O
( École	O
de	O
technologie	O
supérieure	O
)	O
University	O
and	O
UQAM	O
(	O
Université	O
du	O
Québec	O
à	O
Montréal	O
)	O
were	O
mandated	O
by	O
IEEE	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Body	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
(	O
SWEBOK	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
become	O
an	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
standard	O
describing	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
knowledge	O
covered	O
by	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legal	O
requirements	O
for	O
the	O
licensing	O
or	O
certification	O
of	O
professional	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
vary	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
licensing	O
or	O
legal	O
requirement	O
to	O
assume	O
or	O
use	O
the	O
job	O
title	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineer	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
areas	O
of	O
Canada	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Alberta	O
,	O
British	O
Columbia	O
,	O
Ontario	O
,	O
and	O
Quebec	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
can	O
hold	O
the	O
Professional	O
Engineer	O
(	O
P.Eng	O
)	O
designation	O
and/or	O
the	O
Information	O
Systems	O
Professional	O
(	O
I.S.P.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineers	I-General_Concept
can	O
obtain	O
the	O
European	O
Engineer	O
(	O
EUR	O
ING	O
)	O
professional	O
title	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
NCEES	O
began	O
offering	O
a	O
Professional	O
Engineer	O
exam	O
for	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
in	O
2013	O
,	O
thereby	O
allowing	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineers	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
licensed	O
and	O
recognized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
Computer	O
Society	O
and	O
the	O
ACM	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
main	O
US-based	O
professional	O
organizations	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
publish	O
guides	O
to	O
the	O
profession	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
's	O
Guide	O
to	O
the	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Body	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
–	O
2004	O
Version	O
,	O
or	O
SWEBOK	O
,	O
defines	O
the	O
field	O
and	O
describes	O
the	O
knowledge	O
the	O
IEEE	O
expects	O
a	O
practicing	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
to	O
have	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
also	O
promulgates	O
a	O
"	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Code	O
of	O
Ethics	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
an	O
estimated	O
26.9	O
million	O
professional	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
world	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
up	O
from	O
21	O
million	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
work	O
as	O
employees	O
or	O
contractors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
work	O
with	O
businesses	O
,	O
government	O
agencies	O
(	O
civilian	O
or	O
military	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
non-profit	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
work	O
for	O
themselves	O
as	O
freelancers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
organizations	O
require	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
to	O
do	O
many	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specializations	O
include	O
analysts	O
,	O
architects	B-Architecture
,	O
developers	B-Application
,	O
testers	O
,	O
technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
,	O
middleware	O
analysts	O
,	O
project	O
managers	O
,	O
educators	O
,	O
and	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
and	O
programmers	B-Application
work	O
40	O
hours	O
a	O
week	O
,	O
but	O
about	O
15	O
percent	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
and	O
11	O
percent	O
of	O
programmers	B-Application
worked	O
more	O
than	O
50	O
hours	O
a	O
week	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Potential	O
injuries	O
in	O
these	O
occupations	O
are	O
possible	O
because	O
like	O
other	O
workers	O
who	O
spend	O
long	O
periods	O
sitting	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
terminal	O
typing	O
at	O
a	O
keyboard	O
,	O
engineers	O
and	O
programmers	B-Application
are	O
susceptible	O
to	O
eyestrain	O
,	O
back	O
discomfort	O
,	O
and	O
hand	O
and	O
wrist	O
problems	O
such	O
as	O
carpal	O
tunnel	O
syndrome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U	O
.	O
S	O
.	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Labor	O
Statistics	O
(	O
BLS	O
)	O
counted	O
1,365,500	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
holding	O
jobs	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
relative	O
newness	O
as	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
study	O
,	O
formal	O
education	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
taught	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
curriculum	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
hold	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
degrees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BLS	O
estimates	O
from	O
2014	O
to	O
2024	O
that	O
computer	B-General_Concept
software	I-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
would	O
increase	O
by	O
17%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
down	O
from	O
the	O
2012	O
to	O
2022	O
BLS	O
estimate	O
of	O
22%	O
for	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
this	O
trend	O
,	O
job	O
growth	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
during	O
the	O
last	O
decade	O
,	O
as	O
jobs	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
gone	O
to	O
computer	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
would	O
instead	O
be	O
outsourced	O
to	O
computer	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
in	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
India	O
and	O
other	O
foreign	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
BLS	O
Job	O
Outlook	O
for	O
Computer	B-Application
Programmers	I-Application
,	O
2014	O
–	O
24	O
predicts	O
an	O
−8%	O
(	O
a	O
decline	O
,	O
in	O
their	O
words	O
)	O
,	O
then	O
a	O
decline	O
in	O
the	O
Job	O
Outlook	O
,	O
2019-29	O
of	O
-9	O
%	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
10%	O
decline	O
for	O
2021-2031	O
for	O
those	O
who	O
program	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
trend	O
may	O
change	O
or	O
slow	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
as	O
many	O
current	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
market	O
leave	O
the	O
profession	O
or	O
age	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineering	I-General_Concept
Institute	O
offers	O
certifications	O
on	O
specific	O
topics	O
like	O
security	O
,	O
process	O
improvement	O
and	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
IT	B-General_Concept
certification	O
programs	O
are	O
oriented	O
toward	O
specific	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
vendors	O
of	O
these	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broader	O
certification	O
of	O
general	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
skills	O
is	O
available	O
through	O
various	O
professional	O
societies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ACM	O
examined	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
professional	O
certification	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
but	O
eventually	O
decided	O
that	O
such	O
certification	O
was	O
inappropriate	O
for	O
the	O
professional	O
industrial	O
practice	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.K.	O
the	O
British	O
Computer	O
Society	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
legally	O
recognized	O
professional	O
certification	O
called	O
Chartered	O
IT	B-General_Concept
Professional	I-General_Concept
(	O
CITP	O
)	O
,	O
available	O
to	O
fully	O
qualified	O
members	O
(	O
MBCS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
eligible	O
for	O
membership	O
of	O
the	O
Institution	O
of	O
Engineering	O
and	O
Technology	O
and	O
so	O
qualify	O
for	O
Chartered	O
Engineer	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Ontario	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
Software	B-General_Concept
Engineers	I-General_Concept
who	O
graduate	O
from	O
a	O
Canadian	O
Engineering	O
Accreditation	O
Board	O
(	O
CEAB	O
)	O
accredited	O
program	O
,	O
successfully	O
complete	O
PEO	O
's	O
(	O
Professional	O
Engineers	O
Ontario	O
)	O
Professional	O
Practice	O
Examination	O
(	O
PPE	O
)	O
and	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
48	O
months	O
of	O
acceptable	O
engineering	O
experience	O
are	O
eligible	O
to	O
be	O
licensed	O
through	O
the	O
Professional	O
Engineers	O
Ontario	O
and	O
can	O
become	O
Professional	O
Engineers	O
P.Eng	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PEO	O
does	O
not	O
recognize	O
any	O
online	O
or	O
distance	O
education	O
however	O
;	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
consider	O
Computer	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
programs	O
to	O
be	O
equivalent	O
to	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
programs	O
despite	O
the	O
tremendous	O
overlap	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
held	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
P.Eng	O
holders	O
for	O
the	O
profession	O
exceptionally	O
low	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
had	O
some	O
flaws	O
,	O
mainly	O
the	O
distance	O
/	O
time	O
zone	O
difference	O
that	O
prevented	O
human	O
interaction	O
between	O
clients	O
and	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
the	O
massive	O
job	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
had	O
a	O
negative	O
impact	O
on	O
many	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
profession	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
some	O
students	O
in	O
the	O
developed	O
world	O
avoid	O
education	O
related	O
to	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
because	O
of	O
the	O
fear	O
of	O
offshore	O
outsourcing	O
(	O
importing	O
software	O
products	O
or	O
services	O
from	O
other	O
countries	O
)	O
and	O
of	O
being	O
displaced	O
by	O
foreign	O
visa	O
workers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
statistics	O
do	O
not	O
currently	O
show	O
a	O
threat	O
to	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
itself	O
;	O
a	O
related	O
career	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
does	O
appear	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
affected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
global	O
outsourcing	O
has	O
several	O
advantages	O
,	O
global	O
–	O
and	O
generally	O
distributed	O
–	O
development	O
can	O
run	O
into	O
serious	O
difficulties	O
resulting	O
from	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
developers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
other	O
aspects	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
research	O
is	O
ongoing	O
in	O
this	O
and	O
related	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
prizes	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Stevens	B-General_Concept
Award	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
award	O
given	O
in	O
memory	O
of	O
Wayne	O
Stevens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harlan	O
Mills	O
Award	O
for	O
"	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
theory	O
and	O
practice	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
sciences	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
sees	O
its	O
practitioners	O
as	O
individuals	O
who	O
follow	O
well-defined	O
engineering	O
approaches	O
to	O
problem-solving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
approaches	O
are	O
specified	O
in	O
various	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
books	O
and	O
research	O
papers	O
,	O
always	O
with	O
the	O
connotations	O
of	O
predictability	O
,	O
precision	O
,	O
mitigated	O
risk	O
and	O
professionalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
extends	O
engineering	O
and	O
draws	O
on	O
the	O
engineering	O
model	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
is	O
so	O
new	O
that	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
rarely	O
understood	O
,	O
and	O
it	B-General_Concept
is	O
widely	O
misinterpreted	O
,	O
including	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
textbooks	O
,	O
papers	O
,	O
and	O
among	O
the	O
communities	O
of	O
programmers	B-Application
and	O
crafters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
issues	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
its	O
approaches	O
are	O
not	O
empirical	O
enough	O
because	O
a	O
real-world	O
validation	O
of	O
approaches	O
is	O
usually	O
absent	O
,	O
or	O
very	O
limited	O
and	O
hence	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
misinterpreted	O
as	O
feasible	O
only	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
theoretical	O
environment.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
he	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
radical	O
novelty	O
"	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
