<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
:	O
software	O
diagnostics	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
concepts	O
,	O
techniques	O
,	O
and	O
tools	O
that	O
allow	O
for	O
obtaining	O
findings	O
,	O
conclusions	O
,	O
and	O
evaluations	O
about	O
software	O
systems	O
and	O
their	O
implementation	O
,	O
composition	O
,	O
behaviour	O
,	O
and	O
evolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
serves	O
as	O
means	O
to	O
monitor	O
,	O
steer	O
,	O
observe	O
and	O
optimize	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
software	O
maintenance	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
re-engineering	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
a	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
approach	O
specific	O
to	O
software	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
supports	O
all	O
branches	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
particular	O
project	O
management	O
,	O
quality	O
management	O
,	O
risk	O
management	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
implementation	O
and	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
facilitates	O
"	O
bridging	O
an	O
essential	O
information	O
gap	O
between	O
management	O
and	O
development	O
,	O
improve	O
awareness	O
,	O
and	O
serve	O
as	O
early	O
risk	O
detection	O
instrument	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
includes	O
assessment	O
methods	O
for	O
"	O
perfective	O
maintenance	O
"	O
that	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
apply	O
"	O
visual	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
to	O
combine	O
multiple	O
indicators	O
for	O
low	O
maintainability	O
,	O
including	O
code	O
complexity	O
and	O
entanglement	O
with	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
recent	O
changes	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
code	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
manifold	O
approaches	O
and	O
techniques	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
depend	O
on	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
modeling	O
techniques	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
processes	O
or	O
the	O
specific	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
various	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
aims	O
at	O
analyzing	O
and	O
evaluating	O
the	O
software	O
system	O
in	O
its	O
as-is	O
state	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
system-generated	O
information	O
to	O
bypass	O
any	O
subjective	O
or	O
potentially	O
outdated	O
information	O
sources	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
initial	O
software	O
models	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
it	O
,	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
combines	O
and	O
relates	O
sources	O
of	O
information	O
that	O
are	O
typically	O
not	O
directly	O
linked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
principle	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
automatically	O
extract	O
information	O
from	O
all	O
available	O
information	O
sources	O
of	O
a	O
given	O
software	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
source	O
code	O
base	O
,	O
project	O
repository	O
,	O
code	O
metrics	O
,	O
execution	O
traces	O
,	O
test	O
results	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
tools	O
include	O
software	B-Application
maps	I-Application
and	O
software	O
metrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
—	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
many	O
approaches	O
in	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
—	O
does	O
not	O
assume	O
that	O
developer	O
capabilities	O
,	O
development	O
methods	O
,	O
programming	O
or	O
modeling	O
languages	O
are	O
right	O
or	O
wrong	O
(	O
or	O
better	O
or	O
worse	O
compared	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
)	O
:	O
Software	B-General_Concept
diagnosis	I-General_Concept
aims	O
at	O
giving	O
insight	O
into	O
a	O
given	O
software	O
system	O
and	O
its	O
status	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
methods	O
,	O
languages	O
,	O
or	O
models	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
maintain	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
