<s>
Software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
practices	O
for	O
expressing	O
,	O
communicating	O
and	O
analysing	O
software	B-Architecture
architectures	I-Architecture
(	O
also	O
called	O
architectural	O
rendering	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
applying	O
such	O
practices	O
through	O
a	O
work	O
product	O
expressing	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
ISO/IEC/IEEE	O
42010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
or	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	O
description	O
defines	O
the	O
practices	O
,	O
techniques	O
and	O
types	O
of	O
representations	O
used	O
by	O
software	O
architects	O
to	O
record	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	O
description	O
is	O
largely	O
a	O
modeling	O
activity	O
(	O
Software	B-Architecture
architectural	I-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architecture	O
models	O
can	O
take	O
various	O
forms	O
,	O
including	O
text	O
,	O
informal	O
drawings	O
,	O
diagrams	O
or	O
other	O
formalisms	O
(	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
the	O
models	O
of	O
an	O
architecture	O
description	O
are	O
organized	O
into	O
multiple	O
views	B-Architecture
of	O
the	O
architecture	O
such	O
that	O
"	O
each	O
 [ view ] 	O
addresses	O
specific	O
concerns	O
of	O
interest	O
to	O
different	O
stakeholders	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architecture	B-Architecture
viewpoint	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
looking	O
at	O
a	O
system	O
(	O
RM	B-Operating_System
ODP	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
multiple	O
views	B-Architecture
,	O
while	O
effective	O
for	O
communicating	O
with	O
diverse	O
stakeholders	O
and	O
recording	O
and	O
analyzing	O
diverse	O
concerns	O
,	O
does	O
raise	O
potential	O
problems	O
:	O
since	O
views	B-Architecture
are	O
typically	O
not	O
independent	O
,	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
overlap	O
means	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
redundancy	O
or	O
inconsistency	O
between	O
views	B-Architecture
of	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
mechanisms	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
and	O
manage	O
correspondences	O
between	O
views	B-Architecture
to	O
share	O
detail	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
redundancy	O
and	O
to	O
enforce	O
consistency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
work	O
influenced	O
both	O
architectural	O
thinking	O
about	O
programming	O
languages	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Ada	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
design	O
and	O
architecture	O
notations	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Buhr	O
diagrams	O
and	O
use	O
case	O
maps	O
and	O
codified	O
in	O
architectural	O
features	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
:	O
packages	O
,	O
subsystems	O
,	O
dependences	O
)	O
and	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
on	O
architecture	B-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
languages	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perry	O
and	O
Wolf	O
cited	O
the	O
precedent	O
of	O
building	O
architecture	O
for	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
multiple	O
views	B-Architecture
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
building	O
architect	O
works	O
with	O
the	O
customer	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
views	B-Architecture
in	O
which	O
some	O
particular	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
is	O
emphasized.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
{	O
elements	O
,	O
form	O
and	O
rationale	O
}	O
,	O
distinguishing	O
three	O
kinds	O
of	O
elements	O
(	O
and	O
therefore	O
three	O
kinds	O
of	O
views	B-Architecture
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
Perry	O
and	O
Wolf	O
paper	O
,	O
two	O
schools	O
of	O
thought	O
on	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
emerged	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
descriptions	I-Architecture
are	O
commonly	O
organized	O
into	O
views	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
are	O
analogous	O
to	O
the	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
blueprints	B-Application
made	O
in	O
building	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
viewpoint	O
specifies	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
concerns	O
framed	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
addressed	O
)	O
but	O
the	O
presentation	O
,	O
model	O
kinds	O
used	O
,	O
conventions	O
used	O
and	O
any	O
consistency	O
(	O
correspondence	O
)	O
rules	O
to	O
keep	O
a	O
view	O
consistent	O
with	O
other	O
views	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
viewtype	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
categories	O
of	O
similar	O
views	B-Architecture
sharing	O
a	O
common	O
set	O
of	O
elements	O
and	O
relations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architecture	B-Architecture
description	I-Architecture
language	I-Architecture
(	O
ADL	O
)	O
is	O
any	O
means	O
of	O
expression	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
ISO/IEC/IEEE	O
42010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
special-purpose	O
ADLs	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
since	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
including	O
AADL	B-Architecture
(	O
SAE	O
standard	O
)	O
,	O
Wright	B-Language
(	O
developed	O
by	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
)	O
,	O
Acme	O
(	O
developed	O
by	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
)	O
,	O
xADL	O
(	O
developed	O
by	O
UCI	O
)	O
,	O
Darwin	B-General_Concept
(	O
developed	O
by	O
Imperial	O
College	O
London	O
)	O
,	O
DAOP-ADL	O
(	O
developed	O
by	O
University	O
of	O
Málaga	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
ByADL	O
(	O
University	O
of	O
L'Aquila	O
,	O
Italy	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
special-purpose	O
languages	O
,	O
existing	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
UML	B-Language
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
ADLs	O
"	O
for	O
analysis	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
software-based	O
systems	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
modeling	O
business	O
and	O
similar	O
processes.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architecture	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
captures	O
the	O
"	O
conventions	O
,	O
principles	O
and	O
practices	O
for	O
the	O
description	O
of	O
architectures	O
established	O
within	O
a	O
specific	O
domain	O
of	O
application	O
and/or	O
community	O
of	O
stakeholders	O
"	O
(	O
ISO/IEC/IEEE	O
42010	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frameworks	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Represented	O
in	O
Kruchten	O
's	O
very	O
influential	O
1995	O
paper	O
on	O
the	O
"	B-Architecture
4+1	I-Architecture
view	I-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
"	I-Architecture
,	O
this	O
approach	O
emphasized	O
the	O
varying	O
stakeholders	O
and	O
concerns	O
to	O
be	O
modeled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
a	O
convergence	O
in	O
approaches	O
toward	O
architecture	O
description	O
,	O
with	O
IEEE	B-Architecture
1471	I-Architecture
in	O
2000	O
codifying	O
best	O
practices	O
:	O
supporting	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
requiring	O
,	O
multiple	O
viewpoints	O
in	O
an	O
AD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elaborating	O
on	O
the	O
rationale	O
aspect	O
of	O
Perry	O
and	O
Wolf	O
's	O
original	O
formula	O
,	O
a	O
third	O
school	O
of	O
thought	O
has	O
emerged	O
,	O
documenting	O
the	O
decisions	O
and	O
reasons	O
for	O
decisions	O
as	O
an	O
essential	O
way	O
of	O
conceiving	O
and	O
expressing	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
