<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
or	O
sociophysics	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
science	O
which	O
uses	O
mathematical	O
tools	O
inspired	O
by	O
physics	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
human	O
crowds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
modern	O
commercial	O
use	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
analysis	O
of	O
social	O
phenomena	O
with	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
econophysics	O
which	O
uses	O
physics	O
methods	O
to	O
describe	O
economics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
mentions	O
of	O
a	O
concept	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
began	O
with	O
the	O
English	O
philosopher	O
Thomas	O
Hobbes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1636	O
he	O
traveled	O
to	O
Florence	B-Application
,	O
Italy	O
,	O
and	O
met	O
physicist-astronomer	O
Galileo	O
Galilei	O
,	O
known	O
for	O
his	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
study	O
of	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
explicit	O
mention	O
of	O
"	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
the	O
sentiment	O
of	O
examining	O
society	O
with	O
scientific	O
methods	O
began	O
before	O
the	O
first	O
written	O
mention	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quetelet	O
's	O
1835	O
book	O
,	O
Essay	O
on	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Physics	I-General_Concept
:	O
Man	O
and	O
the	O
Development	O
of	O
his	O
Faculties	O
,	O
outlines	O
the	O
project	O
of	O
a	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
characterized	O
by	O
measured	O
variables	O
that	O
follow	O
a	O
normal	O
distribution	O
,	O
and	O
collected	O
data	O
about	O
many	O
such	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
frequently	O
repeated	O
anecdote	O
is	O
that	O
when	O
Comte	O
discovered	O
that	O
Quetelet	O
had	O
appropriated	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
he	O
found	O
it	O
necessary	O
to	O
invent	O
a	O
new	O
term	O
,	O
"	O
sociologie	O
"	O
(	O
"	O
sociology	O
"	O
)	O
because	O
he	O
disagreed	O
with	O
Quetelet	O
's	O
collection	O
of	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1800s	O
,	O
Adams	O
separated	O
“	O
human	O
physics	O
”	O
into	O
the	O
subsets	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
or	O
social	O
mechanics	O
(	O
sociology	O
of	O
interactions	O
using	O
physics-like	O
mathematical	O
tools	O
)	O
and	O
social	O
thermodynamics	O
or	O
sociophysics	B-General_Concept
,	O
(	O
sociology	O
described	O
using	O
mathematical	O
invariances	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
in	O
thermodynamics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
well-known	O
examples	O
in	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
relationship	O
of	O
the	O
Ising	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
voting	O
dynamics	O
of	O
a	O
finite	O
population	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
observed	O
that	O
voter	O
dynamics	O
in	O
a	O
finite	O
population	O
obey	O
the	O
same	O
mathematical	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
Ising	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
model	O
,	O
each	O
spin	O
denotes	O
an	O
opinion	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sznajd	B-Algorithm
model	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
Ising	O
model	O
and	O
is	O
classified	O
as	O
an	O
econophysics	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
modern	O
use	O
“	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
”	O
refers	O
to	O
using	O
“	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
”	O
analysis	O
and	O
the	O
mathematical	O
laws	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
behavior	O
of	O
human	O
crowds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
has	O
recently	O
been	O
applied	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
pandemics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
traditional	O
epidemic	O
models	O
with	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
models	O
of	O
the	O
classical	O
general	O
adaptation	O
syndrome	O
triad	O
,	O
"	O
anxiety-resistance-exhaustion	O
"	O
,	O
accurately	O
describes	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
waves	O
of	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
epidemic	O
for	O
13	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
books	O
about	O
social	B-General_Concept
physics	I-General_Concept
include	O
MIT	O
Professor	O
Alex	O
Pentland	O
’s	O
book	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Physics	I-General_Concept
or	O
Nature	O
editor	O
Mark	O
Buchanan	O
’s	O
book	O
The	O
Social	O
Atom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
reading	O
about	O
sociophysics	B-General_Concept
include	O
English	O
physicist	O
Philip	O
Ball	O
’s	O
Why	O
Society	O
is	O
a	O
Complex	O
Matter	O
,	O
Dirk	O
Helbing	O
's	O
The	O
Automation	O
of	O
Society	O
is	O
next	O
or	O
American	O
physicist	O
Laszlo	O
Barabasi	O
’s	O
book	O
Linked	O
.	O
</s>
