<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
social	O
computing	O
introduced	O
by	O
Paul	O
Dourish	O
and	O
Matthew	O
Chalmers	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
who	O
defined	O
it	O
as	O
when	O
"	O
movement	O
from	O
one	O
item	O
to	O
another	O
is	O
provoked	O
as	O
an	O
artifact	O
of	O
the	O
activity	O
of	O
another	O
or	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
others	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
later	O
research	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
"	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
the	O
knowledge	O
and	O
experience	O
of	O
peer	O
users	O
of	O
information	O
resources	O
"	O
to	O
guide	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
information	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
difficult	O
to	O
navigate	O
and	O
search	O
efficiently	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
digital	O
information	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
and	O
other	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scope	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
research	O
has	O
been	O
increasing	O
,	O
especially	O
as	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
improves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
is	O
supported	O
by	O
several	O
theories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-General_Concept
foraging	I-General_Concept
theory	I-General_Concept
studies	O
human	O
behavior	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
seeking	O
,	O
gathering	O
,	O
sharing	O
and	O
consuming	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-General_Concept
foraging	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
food	O
foraging	O
and	O
ant	B-Algorithm
colony	I-Algorithm
optimization	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
state	O
that	O
information	O
human-hunters	O
follow	O
others’	O
paths	O
to	O
optimally	O
reach	O
their	O
target	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	B-Algorithm
filtering	I-Algorithm
is	O
another	O
technique	O
that	O
is	O
prevalent	O
and	O
utilized	O
in	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
has	O
a	O
"	O
Customers	O
Who	O
Bought	O
This	O
Item	O
Also	O
Bought	O
"	O
feature	O
that	O
presents	O
shoppers	O
with	O
other	O
products	O
bought	O
by	O
similar	O
users	O
,	O
which	O
streamlines	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
web	O
browsing	O
and	O
facilitates	O
access	O
to	O
more	O
relevant	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
discussed	O
in	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Munro	O
shares	O
some	O
original	O
conceptions	O
when	O
considering	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Munro	O
points	O
out	O
that	O
spatial	O
navigation	O
,	O
which	O
mostly	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
structure	O
itself	O
,	O
like	O
landscape	O
or	O
map	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
contrasted	O
with	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unintentional	O
traces	O
include	O
browsing	B-Protocol
history	I-Protocol
,	O
times	O
spent	O
on	O
particular	O
pages	O
,	O
bounce	B-Protocol
rates	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
other	O
activities	O
where	O
users’	O
actions	O
are	O
automatically	O
logged	O
by	O
web	O
servers	O
into	O
server	B-Application
logs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
participatory	O
activities	O
can	O
guide	O
other	O
users’	O
information	O
seeking	O
behavior	O
and	O
influences	O
features	O
of	O
social	O
search	O
and	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Websites	O
such	O
as	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
analyze	O
user	O
traces	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
history	O
of	O
purchases	O
or	O
product	O
reviews	O
,	O
to	O
generate	B-Application
recommendations	I-Application
for	O
other	O
users	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Customers	O
Who	O
Bought	O
This	O
Item	O
Also	O
Bought	O
...	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
platforms	O
for	O
collaborative	O
software	O
development	O
such	O
as	O
GitHub	B-Application
rely	O
on	O
activity	O
traces	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
history	O
of	O
activity	O
across	O
projects	O
,	O
commits	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
personal	O
profiles	O
to	O
determine	O
its	O
users	O
 '	O
reputations	O
in	O
the	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activity	O
and	O
traffic	O
patterns	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
existing	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
improve	O
site	O
usability	B-General_Concept
,	O
architecture	O
,	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
usually	O
need	O
to	O
formulate	O
a	O
search	O
query	B-Library
first	O
before	O
inputting	O
it	O
into	O
a	O
search	O
engine	O
;	O
another	O
search	O
strategy	O
is	O
navigation	O
,	O
where	O
users	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
target	O
information	O
in	O
mind	O
but	O
rather	O
explore	O
through	O
pieces	O
of	O
information	O
by	O
following	O
certain	O
hyperlinks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
serves	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
social	O
way	O
of	O
organizing	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
approaches	O
the	O
"	O
vocabulary	O
problem	O
"	O
from	O
a	O
new	O
social	O
angle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
systems	O
allow	O
people	O
to	O
annotate	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
resources	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
own	O
needs	O
with	O
freely	O
chosen	O
words	O
—	O
tags	O
,	O
and	O
share	O
them	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
of	O
this	O
human-based	O
annotation	O
of	O
resources	O
is	O
called	O
folksonomy	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
systems	O
are	O
BibSonomy	B-Application
,	O
CiteULike	B-Application
,	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
Delicious	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
issue	O
with	O
social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
data	O
is	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
categories	O
:	O
flat	O
and	O
hierarchical	B-Algorithm
clustering	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Affinity	B-Algorithm
propagation	I-Algorithm
characterizes	O
each	O
data	O
sample	O
according	O
to	O
its	O
”	O
responsibility	O
”	O
and	O
its	O
”	O
availability	O
”	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modeling	O
tag-based	O
navigation	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
processes	O
occurring	O
in	O
a	O
social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
system	O
and	O
how	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
factors	O
to	O
understand	O
modeling	O
tag-based	O
navigation	O
in	O
social	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
systems	O
:	O
basic	O
modeling	O
framework	O
for	O
navigation	O
and	O
theories	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
to	O
guide	O
navigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
scholars	O
provided	O
the	O
theoretic	O
support	O
to	O
argue	O
the	O
suitability	O
of	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
navigational	O
aid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
author	O
proposed	O
in	O
the	O
paper	O
the	O
general	O
idea	O
that	O
people	O
can	O
leverage	O
on	O
the	O
output	O
produced	O
by	O
folksonomy	B-General_Concept
algorithms	O
(	O
hierarchical	O
structures	O
)	O
as	O
input	O
(	O
background	O
knowledge	O
)	O
for	O
decentralized	O
search	O
for	O
the	O
following	O
reasons	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
of	O
decentralized	O
search	O
highly	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
hierarchical	B-Algorithm
clustering	I-Algorithm
results	O
that	O
developed	O
to	O
facilitated	O
navigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
decentralized	O
search	O
algorithm	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
suitability	O
of	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
proposed	O
the	O
simulation	O
method	O
on	O
decentralized	O
search	O
can	O
be	O
leveraged	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
suitability	O
of	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
applications	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
studied	O
in	O
educational	O
system	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Knowledge	O
Sea	O
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Group	O
traffic	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
feedback	O
to	O
indicate	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
information	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
textbooks	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
classroom	O
study	O
,	O
Knowledge	O
Sea	O
II	O
system	O
shows	O
better	O
performance	O
in	O
visualization	B-Application
of	O
content	O
relevance	O
of	O
the	O
textbook	O
and	O
satisfaction	O
of	O
student	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
bookmarks	O
,	O
footprints	O
and	O
structural	O
elements	O
are	O
integrated	O
to	O
help	O
users	O
to	O
access	O
lecture	O
recordings	O
and	O
support	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
for	O
future	O
users	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
virtPresenter	O
shows	O
better	O
performance	O
in	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
function	O
such	O
as	O
visualization	B-Application
,	O
week-based	O
filtering	O
,	O
and	O
exchangeable	O
bookmarks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Farzan	O
and	O
Brusilovsky	O
introduced	O
the	O
AnnotatEd	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
combines	O
functions	O
of	O
web	B-Protocol
annotation	I-Protocol
and	O
adaptive	O
navigation	O
support	O
to	O
synergize	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
application	O
in	O
web-based	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
implementations	O
of	O
web	B-Protocol
annotation	I-Protocol
and	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
support	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
integrated	O
Knowledge	O
Sea	O
II	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
evaluated	O
for	O
six	O
semesters	O
in	O
School	O
of	O
Information	O
Systems	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Pittsburgh	O
,	O
which	O
shows	O
the	O
significantly	O
higher	O
positive	O
user	O
attitude	O
towards	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
system	O
called	O
CityFlocks	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
show	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
in	O
an	O
urban	O
mobile	O
information	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
solve	O
the	O
“	O
socially	O
blind	O
”	O
problem	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
influx	O
of	O
mobile	O
phone	O
users	O
,	O
CityFlocks	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
enable	O
web	B-Protocol
annotations	I-Protocol
combined	O
with	O
coordinates	O
upon	O
physical	O
targets	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
directly	O
or	O
indirectly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Focus	O
groups	O
were	O
chosen	O
to	O
collect	O
requirements	O
and	O
problems	O
in	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
designed	O
and	O
generated	O
by	O
using	O
appropriate	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
and	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
prototypes	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
systems	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
:	O
Juggler	O
and	O
Vortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Juggler	O
system	O
combines	O
MOO	O
,	O
a	O
textual	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	I-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
Web	B-Application
client	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
History-enriched	O
implementation	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
making	O
the	O
traces	O
of	O
behavior	O
of	O
latent	O
users	O
visible	O
to	O
future	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
idea	O
can	O
be	O
attributed	O
to	O
Wexelblat	O
and	O
Maes	O
,	O
who	O
introduced	O
an	O
information	O
space	O
enriched	O
with	O
various	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
mechanisms	O
:	O
document	O
map	O
,	O
navigation	O
paths	O
,	O
and	O
documents	O
 '	O
annotations	O
and	O
signposts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
Navigation	I-General_Concept
Network	O
(	O
SoNavNet	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
location-based	O
social	O
network	O
application	O
devised	O
by	O
Hassan	O
Karimi	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
,	O
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
sharing	O
navigation	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
than	O
simply	O
showing	O
the	O
shortest	O
time	O
or	O
distance	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
,	O
users’	O
specific	O
experience	O
and	O
recommendation	O
are	O
underlined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martin	O
Svensson	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
created	O
a	O
recipe	O
recommendation	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
European	O
Food	O
On-Line	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
both	O
direct	O
and	O
indirect	O
navigation	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
plays	O
a	O
significant	O
role	O
in	O
guiding	O
users	O
to	O
find	O
information	O
they	O
need	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wesley	O
Willett	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
designed	O
Scented	O
Widgets	O
,	O
which	O
improves	O
navigation	O
with	O
embedded	O
visualization	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
Java	O
Swing	O
and	O
the	O
platform	O
's	O
pluggable	B-Language
look	I-Language
and	I-Language
feel	I-Language
to	O
create	O
and	O
change	O
widgets	O
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
design	O
a	O
user-friendly	B-General_Concept
interface	O
,	O
they	O
followed	O
scent	O
encoding	O
,	O
layout	O
,	O
and	O
composition	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
file	O
sharing	O
system	O
,	O
every	O
user	O
can	O
determine	O
which	O
files	B-Operating_System
in	O
their	O
own	O
computer	O
can	O
be	O
shared	O
through	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
Paul	O
DiGIoia	O
and	O
Paul	O
Dourish	O
from	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Irvine	O
,	O
introduced	O
a	O
pile	B-Application
metaphor	O
model	O
that	O
used	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
to	O
solve	O
the	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pile	B-Application
metaphor	O
model	O
focuses	O
on	O
two	O
major	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
users	O
can	O
be	O
shown	O
how	O
other	O
users	O
in	O
this	O
system	O
decide	O
which	O
files	B-Operating_System
are	O
shared	O
,	O
and	O
such	O
information	O
is	O
shown	O
directly	O
as	O
folders	B-Application
;	O
different	O
folder	O
appearances	O
indicate	O
different	O
sharing	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondly	O
,	O
the	O
pile	B-Application
metaphor	O
model	O
also	O
shows	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
that	O
have	O
read	O
a	O
file	O
by	O
showing	O
the	O
tidiness	O
of	O
the	O
pile	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
more	O
times	O
a	O
file	O
is	O
read	O
,	O
the	O
messier	O
the	O
pile	B-Application
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pile	B-Application
metaphor	O
model	O
has	O
two	O
advantages	O
:	O
introducing	O
this	O
model	O
to	O
a	O
system	O
does	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
fundamental	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
like	O
a	O
small	O
plug-in	B-Application
and	O
will	O
have	O
significant	O
influence	O
on	O
the	O
users	O
;	O
and	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
detract	O
users	O
from	O
their	O
work	O
,	O
because	O
every	O
security-related	O
feature	O
is	O
shown	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
common	O
methods	O
people	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
construct	O
proxemics	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
with	O
human-robot	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
abused	O
by	O
malicious	O
users	O
who	O
intend	O
to	O
mislead	O
the	O
public	O
or	O
obtain	O
private	O
information	O
about	O
specific	O
person	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
Meital	O
Ben	O
Sinai	O
,	O
Nimrod	O
Partush	O
,	O
Shir	O
Yadid	O
,	O
and	O
Eran	O
Yahav	O
from	O
Israel	O
Technion	O
performed	O
some	O
experiments	O
in	O
2014	O
and	O
wrote	O
an	O
article	O
,	O
“	O
Exploiting	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Navigation	I-General_Concept
”	O
,	O
to	O
discuss	O
the	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
they	O
attacked	O
a	O
real-time	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
report	O
traffic	O
news	O
,	O
and	O
broadcast	O
these	O
messages	O
to	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
systems	O
sometimes	O
verify	O
the	O
users’	O
identities	O
through	O
verification	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
verification	O
technique	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
another	O
problem	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
:	O
information	O
leakage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
growth	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
more	O
novel	O
and	O
diverse	O
implementation	O
of	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
support	O
,	O
including	O
in	O
education	O
,	O
media	O
,	O
news	O
,	O
and	O
tour	O
guide	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
in	O
shared	O
3D	O
environment	O
works	O
similarly	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
see	O
trail	O
and	O
information	O
of	O
others	O
who	O
were	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
place	O
before	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bosch	O
improved	O
real	O
navigation	O
systems	O
for	O
driving	O
and	O
used	O
social	B-General_Concept
navigation	I-General_Concept
to	O
reduce	O
driving	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
