<s>
A	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
environment	O
comprising	O
humans	O
and	O
technology	O
interacting	O
and	O
producing	O
outputs	O
or	O
action	O
which	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
possible	O
without	O
both	O
parties	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
growth	O
of	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
greatly	O
enabled	O
by	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
the	O
smartphone	O
,	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
by	O
connecting	O
people	O
in	O
new	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
around	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
,	O
discussed	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1846	O
by	O
Captain	O
William	O
Allen	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
by	O
authors	O
such	O
as	O
Norman	O
Mailer	O
,	O
Gilles	O
Deleuze	O
and	O
Félix	O
Guattari	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
blur	O
the	O
lines	O
between	O
computational	O
processes	O
and	O
input	O
from	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
often	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
collaborative	O
online	O
projects	O
which	O
produce	O
web	O
content	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
citizen	O
science	O
projects	O
like	O
Galaxy	O
Zoo	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
social	O
networking	O
site	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
have	O
also	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
necessarily	O
produce	O
outcomes	O
which	O
directly	O
affect	O
the	O
individuals	O
or	O
machines	O
involved	O
and	O
an	O
alternative	O
viewpoint	O
states	O
that	O
Social	B-Algorithm
Machines	I-Algorithm
are	O
"	O
rather	O
than	O
being	O
an	O
intentionally	O
engineered	O
piece	O
of	O
software	O
-	O
the	O
substrate	O
of	O
accumulated	O
human	O
cross-system	O
information	O
sharing	O
activities	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
say	O
that	O
the	O
telos	O
of	O
the	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
is	O
specific	O
to	O
its	O
participants	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
telos	O
of	O
a	O
platform	O
is	O
independent	O
of	O
its	O
participants’	O
purposes	O
;	O
the	O
platform	O
is	O
there	O
to	O
facilitate	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
may	O
also	O
spread	O
across	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
platform	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
how	O
its	O
participants	O
interact	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
platform	O
like	O
Twitter	B-Application
could	O
host	O
many	O
thousands	O
of	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
are	O
characterised	O
as	O
'	O
social	O
systems	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
...	O
computational	O
entities	O
governed	O
by	O
both	O
computational	O
and	O
social	O
processes	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
work	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
certain	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
autonomous	O
and	O
goal-driven	O
agents	O
,	O
and	O
should	O
be	O
analysed	O
and	O
regulated	O
as	O
such	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nello	O
Cristianini	O
and	O
Teresa	O
Scantamburlo	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
society	O
and	O
an	O
algorithmic	B-Application
regulation	I-Application
forms	O
a	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cristianini	O
's	O
book	O
"	O
The	O
shortcut	O
"	O
discusses	O
extensively	O
social	B-Algorithm
machines	I-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
model	O
for	O
many	O
online	O
platforms	O
where	O
participants	O
automatically	O
annotate	O
content	O
during	O
usage	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
contributing	O
to	O
the	O
overall	O
behaviour	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
