<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Semantic	I-General_Concept
Web	I-General_Concept
subsumes	O
developments	O
in	O
which	O
social	O
interactions	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
explicit	O
and	O
semantically	O
rich	O
knowledge	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Semantic	I-General_Concept
Web	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
Web	O
of	O
collective	O
knowledge	O
systems	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
useful	O
information	O
based	O
on	O
human	O
contributions	O
and	O
which	O
get	O
better	O
as	O
more	O
people	O
participate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Social	B-General_Concept
Semantic	I-General_Concept
Web	I-General_Concept
combines	O
technologies	O
,	O
strategies	O
and	O
methodologies	O
from	O
the	O
Semantic	O
Web	O
,	O
social	O
software	O
and	O
the	O
Web	O
2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
social-semantic	O
web	O
(	O
s2w	O
)	O
aims	O
to	O
complement	O
the	O
formal	O
Semantic	O
Web	O
vision	O
by	O
adding	O
a	O
pragmatic	O
approach	O
relying	O
on	O
description	B-Application
languages	I-Application
for	O
semantic	O
browsing	O
using	O
heuristic	B-Algorithm
classification	O
and	O
semiotic	O
ontologies	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
socio-semantic	O
system	O
has	O
a	O
continuous	O
process	O
of	O
eliciting	O
crucial	O
knowledge	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
through	O
semi-formal	O
ontologies	B-Language
,	O
taxonomies	O
or	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
relying	O
entirely	O
on	O
automated	O
semantics	O
with	O
formal	O
ontology	B-Language
processing	O
and	O
inferencing	O
,	O
humans	O
are	O
collaboratively	O
building	O
semantics	O
aided	O
by	O
socio-semantic	O
information	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
semantic	O
web	O
enables	O
integration	O
of	O
business	O
processing	O
with	O
precise	O
automatic	O
logic	O
inference	O
computing	O
across	O
domains	O
,	O
the	O
socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
opens	O
up	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
social	O
interface	O
to	O
the	O
semantics	O
of	O
businesses	O
,	O
allowing	O
interoperability	O
between	O
business	O
objects	O
,	O
actions	O
and	O
their	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
was	O
coined	O
by	O
Manuel	O
Zacklad	O
and	O
Jean-Pierre	O
Cahier	O
in	O
2003	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
Computer	B-Protocol
Supported	I-Protocol
Cooperative	I-Protocol
Work	I-Protocol
(	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
6	O
,	O
he	O
defines	O
the	O
socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
as	O
relying	O
on	O
"	O
the	O
pace-layering	O
of	O
ontologies	B-Language
,	O
taxonomies	O
,	O
and	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
to	O
learn	O
and	O
adapt	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
teach	O
and	O
remember.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
undoubtedly	O
scepticism	O
towards	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
folksonomies	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
middle	O
way	O
between	O
the	O
top-down	O
monolithic	O
taxonomy	O
approach	O
like	O
the	O
Yahoo	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Directory	O
and	O
collaborative	B-General_Concept
tagging	I-General_Concept
(	O
folksonomy	B-General_Concept
)	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
differs	O
from	O
the	O
semantic	O
web	O
in	O
that	O
the	O
semantic	O
web	O
often	O
is	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
will	O
solve	O
the	O
epistemic	O
interoperability	O
issues	O
we	O
have	O
to	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
semantic	O
web	O
will	O
provide	O
ways	O
for	O
businesses	O
to	O
interoperate	O
across	O
domains	O
the	O
socio-semantic	B-General_Concept
web	I-General_Concept
will	O
enable	O
users	O
to	O
share	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
possible	O
social	O
approaches	O
for	O
solving	O
the	O
problems	O
of	O
user	O
driven	O
ontology	B-Language
evolution	O
for	O
the	O
semantic	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
users	O
could	O
create	O
a	O
folksonomy	B-General_Concept
(	O
flat	O
taxonomy	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Social	O
Network	O
Analysis	O
(	O
SNA	O
)	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
automated	O
parsers	O
,	O
the	O
ontology	B-Language
could	O
be	O
extracted	O
from	O
the	O
tags	O
and	O
this	O
ontology	B-Language
could	O
be	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
Topic	O
Map/TMCL	O
or	O
RDF/OWL	O
ontology	B-Language
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondly	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
ontology	B-Language
engineers	O
or	O
ontologists	O
could	O
manually	O
analyze	O
the	O
tags	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
users	O
and	O
by	O
using	O
this	O
data	O
,	O
create	O
a	O
more	O
sound	O
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
approach	O
is	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
self	O
governance	O
where	O
the	O
users	O
themselves	O
create	O
the	O
ontology	B-Language
over	O
time	O
in	O
an	O
organic	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
approaches	O
could	O
start	O
out	O
with	O
an	O
empty	O
ontology	B-Language
or	O
be	O
seeded	O
manually	O
or	O
with	O
an	O
existing	O
ontology	B-Language
,	O
for	O
example	O
the	B-General_Concept
WordNet	I-General_Concept
ontology	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
Networks	O
Ontology	B-Language
is	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
concept	O
in	O
social	O
web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBpedia	B-Application
is	O
a	O
community	O
effort	O
to	O
extract	O
structured	O
information	O
from	O
Wikipedia	O
and	O
to	O
make	O
this	O
information	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
SIOC	O
ontology	B-Language
,	O
an	O
open-standard	O
machine	O
readable	O
format	O
for	O
expressing	O
the	O
information	O
contained	O
both	O
explicitly	O
and	O
implicitly	O
in	O
internet	O
discussion	O
methods	O
,	O
of	O
SIOC	O
metadata	O
producers	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
popular	O
blogging	O
platforms	O
and	O
content	O
management	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
storage	O
and	O
browsing	O
/	O
searching	O
systems	O
for	O
leveraging	O
this	O
SIOC	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FOAF	O
is	O
a	O
machine-readable	O
ontology	B-Language
describing	O
persons	O
,	O
their	O
activities	O
and	O
their	O
relations	O
to	O
other	O
people	O
and	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
