<s>
A	O
smartphone	B-Application
is	O
a	O
portable	B-Application
computer	I-Application
device	I-Application
that	O
combines	O
mobile	O
telephone	O
functions	O
and	O
computing	O
functions	O
into	O
one	O
unit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
distinguished	O
from	O
older-design	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
by	O
their	O
stronger	O
hardware	O
capabilities	O
and	O
extensive	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
facilitate	O
wider	O
software	B-Operating_System
,	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
(	O
including	O
web	O
browsing	O
over	O
mobile	O
broadband	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
multimedia	O
functionality	O
(	O
including	O
music	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
gaming	B-Application
)	O
,	O
alongside	O
core	O
phone	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
voice	O
calls	O
and	O
text	O
messaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
typically	O
contain	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
chips	O
,	O
include	O
various	O
sensors	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
leveraged	O
by	O
pre-installed	B-Application
and	O
third-party	B-Application
software	B-Operating_System
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
magnetometer	O
,	O
a	O
proximity	B-Device
sensor	I-Device
,	O
a	O
barometer	O
,	O
a	O
gyroscope	B-Application
,	O
an	O
accelerometer	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
wireless	O
communication	O
protocols	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
or	O
satellite	O
navigation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
manufacturers	O
have	O
begun	O
to	O
integrate	O
satellite	O
messaging	O
connectivity	O
and	O
satellite	O
emergency	O
services	O
into	O
devices	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
remote	O
regions	O
where	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
reliable	O
cellular	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
rising	O
popularity	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
featured	O
thin	O
,	O
slate-like	O
form	O
factors	O
with	O
large	O
,	O
capacitive	B-Device
screens	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
multi-touch	B-Application
gestures	O
rather	O
than	O
physical	O
keyboards	O
and	O
have	O
offered	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
or	O
purchase	O
additional	O
applications	B-Application
from	O
a	O
centralized	O
store	B-Application
and	O
use	O
cloud	B-Application
storage	I-Application
and	O
synchronization	O
,	O
virtual	B-Protocol
assistants	I-Protocol
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mobile	O
payment	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
have	O
largely	O
replaced	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
devices	O
,	O
handheld/palm	B-Operating_System
-sized	I-Operating_System
PCs	I-Operating_System
,	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
(	O
PMP	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
to	O
a	O
lesser	O
extent	O
,	O
handheld	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
hardware	O
and	O
faster	O
wireless	O
communication	O
(	O
due	O
to	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
LTE	O
)	O
have	O
bolstered	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
1.43	O
billion	O
smartphone	B-Application
units	O
were	O
shipped	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
75.05	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
population	O
were	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
smartphones	B-Application
were	O
marketed	O
primarily	O
towards	O
the	O
enterprise	O
market	O
,	O
attempting	O
to	O
bridge	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
standalone	O
PDA	B-Application
devices	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
cellular	B-Protocol
telephony	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
limited	O
by	O
their	O
bulky	O
form	O
,	O
short	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
slow	O
analog	O
cellular	B-Protocol
networks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
immaturity	O
of	O
wireless	O
data	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
issues	O
were	O
eventually	O
resolved	O
with	O
the	O
exponential	O
scaling	O
and	O
miniaturization	O
of	O
MOS	B-Architecture
transistors	I-Architecture
down	O
to	O
sub-micron	B-Algorithm
levels	I-Algorithm
(	O
Moore	O
's	O
law	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
improved	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
,	O
faster	O
digital	O
mobile	O
data	O
networks	O
(	O
Edholm	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
law	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
mature	O
software	B-Device
platforms	I-Device
that	O
allowed	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
ecosystems	O
to	O
develop	O
independently	O
of	O
data	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
i-mode	O
platform	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Nokia	O
's	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
began	O
to	O
gain	O
market	O
traction	O
,	O
with	O
models	O
often	O
featuring	O
QWERTY	O
keyboards	O
or	O
resistive	B-Device
touchscreen	I-Device
input	O
and	O
emphasizing	O
access	O
to	O
push	B-General_Concept
email	I-General_Concept
and	O
wireless	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
IBM	O
engineer	O
Frank	O
Canova	O
realised	O
that	O
chip-and-wireless	O
technology	O
was	O
becoming	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
handheld	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
device	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
properly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
smartphone	B-Application
"	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
prototype	O
called	O
"	O
Angler	O
"	O
developed	O
by	O
Canova	O
in	O
1992	O
while	O
at	O
IBM	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
November	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
at	O
the	O
COMDEX	O
computer	O
industry	O
trade	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
refined	O
version	O
was	O
marketed	O
to	O
consumers	O
in	O
1994	O
by	O
BellSouth	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Simon	B-Device
Personal	I-Device
Communicator	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
placing	O
and	O
receiving	O
cellular	B-Protocol
calls	O
,	O
the	O
touchscreen-equipped	O
Simon	B-Device
could	O
send	O
and	O
receive	O
faxes	O
and	O
emails	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
included	O
an	O
address	O
book	O
,	O
calendar	O
,	O
appointment	O
scheduler	O
,	O
calculator	B-Application
,	O
world	O
time	O
clock	O
,	O
and	O
notepad	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
visionary	O
mobile	B-Application
applications	I-Application
such	O
as	O
maps	O
,	O
stock	O
reports	O
and	O
news	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
Simon	I-Device
was	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Mitsubishi	O
Electric	O
,	O
which	O
integrated	O
features	O
from	O
its	O
own	O
wireless	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
and	O
cellular	B-Protocol
radio	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
and	O
PC	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Simon	B-Device
was	O
commercially	O
unsuccessful	O
,	O
particularly	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
bulky	O
form	O
factor	O
and	O
limited	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
using	O
NiCad	O
batteries	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
nickel	B-Device
–	I-Device
metal	I-Device
hydride	I-Device
batteries	I-Device
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
mobile	O
phones	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
or	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
used	O
in	O
modern	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
smart	B-Application
phone	I-Application
"	O
was	O
not	O
coined	O
until	O
a	O
year	O
after	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Simon	B-Device
,	O
appearing	O
in	O
print	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1995	O
,	O
describing	O
T	O
's	O
PhoneWriter	O
Communicator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
smartphone	B-Application
"	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
by	O
Ericsson	O
in	O
1997	O
to	O
describe	O
a	O
new	O
device	O
concept	O
,	O
the	O
GS88	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
the	O
mid-to-late	O
1990s	O
,	O
many	O
people	O
who	O
had	O
mobile	O
phones	O
carried	O
a	O
separate	O
dedicated	O
PDA	B-Application
device	O
,	O
running	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Newton	B-Device
OS	I-Device
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
or	O
Windows	O
CE/Pocket	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
would	O
later	O
evolve	O
into	O
early	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
smartphones	B-Application
"	O
in	O
this	O
era	O
were	O
hybrid	O
devices	O
that	O
combined	O
these	O
existing	O
familiar	O
PDA	B-Application
OSes	O
with	O
basic	O
phone	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
were	O
devices	O
that	O
were	O
bulkier	O
than	O
either	O
dedicated	O
mobile	O
phones	O
or	O
PDAs	B-Application
,	O
but	O
allowed	O
a	O
limited	O
amount	O
of	O
cellular	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PDA	B-Application
and	O
mobile	O
phone	O
manufacturers	O
competed	O
in	O
reducing	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bulk	O
of	O
these	O
smartphones	B-Application
combined	O
with	O
their	O
high	O
cost	O
and	O
expensive	O
data	O
plans	O
,	O
plus	O
other	O
drawbacks	O
such	O
as	O
expansion	O
limitations	O
and	O
decreased	O
battery	O
life	O
compared	O
to	O
separate	O
standalone	O
devices	O
,	O
generally	O
limited	O
their	O
popularity	O
to	O
"	O
early	O
adopters	O
"	O
and	O
business	O
users	O
who	O
needed	O
portable	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1996	O
,	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
released	O
the	O
OmniGo	O
700LX	O
,	O
a	O
modified	O
HP	B-Device
200LX	I-Device
palmtop	I-Device
PC	I-Device
with	O
a	O
Nokia	O
2110	O
mobile	O
phone	O
piggybacked	O
onto	O
it	O
and	O
ROM-based	O
software	B-Operating_System
to	O
support	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
640	O
×	O
200	O
resolution	O
CGA	O
compatible	O
four-shade	O
gray-scale	O
LCD	B-Device
screen	I-Device
and	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
place	O
and	O
receive	O
calls	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
receive	O
text	O
messages	O
,	O
emails	O
and	O
faxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
100%	O
DOS	B-Device
5.0	O
compatible	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
run	O
thousands	O
of	O
existing	O
software	B-Operating_System
titles	O
,	O
including	O
early	O
versions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1996	O
,	O
Nokia	O
released	O
the	O
Nokia	O
9000	O
Communicator	O
,	O
a	O
digital	O
cellular	B-Protocol
PDA	B-Application
based	O
on	O
the	O
Nokia	O
2110	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
PEN/GEOS	O
3.0	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
from	O
Geoworks	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PDA	B-Application
provided	O
e-mail	O
;	O
calendar	O
,	O
address	O
book	O
,	O
calculator	B-Application
and	O
notebook	O
applications	B-Application
;	O
text-based	O
Web	O
browsing	O
;	O
and	O
could	O
send	O
and	O
receive	O
faxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
closed	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
digital	O
cellular	B-Protocol
telephone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1999	O
Qualcomm	O
released	O
the	O
"	O
pdQ	O
Smartphone	B-Application
"	O
,	O
a	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
digital	B-Device
PCS	I-Device
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
PDA	B-Application
and	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ericsson	B-Language
R380	I-Language
(	O
December	O
2000	O
)	O
by	O
Ericsson	O
Mobile	O
Communications	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
phone	O
running	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
later	O
named	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
(	O
it	O
ran	O
EPOC	B-Language
Release	O
5	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
renamed	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
at	O
Release	O
6	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
PDA	B-Application
functionality	O
and	O
limited	O
Web	O
browsing	O
on	O
a	O
resistive	B-Device
touchscreen	I-Device
utilizing	O
a	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
smartphone	B-Application
"	O
,	O
users	O
could	O
not	O
install	O
their	O
own	O
software	B-Operating_System
on	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Kyocera	B-Application
6035	I-Application
(	O
February	O
2001	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
dual-nature	O
device	O
with	O
a	O
separate	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
PDA	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
mobile	O
phone	O
firmware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supported	O
limited	O
Web	O
browsing	O
with	O
the	O
PDA	B-Application
software	B-Operating_System
treating	O
the	O
phone	O
hardware	O
as	O
an	O
attached	O
modem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nokia	B-Language
9210	I-Language
Communicator	I-Language
(	O
June	O
2001	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
phone	O
running	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
(	O
Release	O
6	O
)	O
with	O
Nokia	O
's	O
Series	B-Application
80	I-Application
platform	O
(	O
v1.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
phone	O
platform	O
allowing	O
the	O
installation	B-Application
of	O
additional	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handspring	O
's	O
Treo	B-Application
180	I-Application
(	O
2002	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
smartphone	B-Application
that	O
fully	O
integrated	O
the	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
on	O
a	O
GSM	O
mobile	O
phone	O
having	O
telephony	O
,	O
SMS	O
messaging	O
and	O
Internet	O
access	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
180	O
model	O
had	O
a	O
thumb-type	O
keyboard	O
and	O
the	O
180g	O
version	O
had	O
a	O
Graffiti	B-Application
handwriting	O
recognition	O
area	O
,	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Japanese	O
wireless	O
provider	O
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
launched	O
i-mode	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
mobile	B-Application
internet	I-Application
platform	O
which	O
provided	O
data	O
transmission	O
speeds	O
up	O
to	O
9.6	O
kilobits	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
and	O
access	O
web	O
services	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
platform	O
such	O
as	O
online	O
shopping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NTT	O
DoCoMo	O
's	O
i-mode	O
used	O
cHTML	O
,	O
a	O
language	O
which	O
restricted	O
some	O
aspects	O
of	O
traditional	O
HTML	B-Language
in	O
favor	O
of	O
increasing	O
data	O
speed	O
for	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japanese	O
cell	O
phones	O
increasingly	O
diverged	O
from	O
global	O
standards	O
and	O
trends	O
to	O
offer	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
advanced	O
services	O
and	O
smartphone-like	O
functionality	O
that	O
were	O
specifically	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
Japanese	O
market	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
payments	O
and	O
shopping	O
,	O
near-field	O
communication	O
(	O
NFC	O
)	O
allowing	O
mobile	O
wallet	B-Operating_System
functionality	O
to	O
replace	O
smart	O
cards	O
for	O
transit	O
fares	O
,	O
loyalty	O
cards	O
,	O
identity	O
cards	O
,	O
event	O
tickets	O
,	O
coupons	O
,	O
money	O
transfer	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
downloadable	O
content	O
like	O
musical	O
ringtones	O
,	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
comics	O
,	O
and	O
1seg	B-Device
mobile	B-Application
television	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phones	O
built	O
by	O
Japanese	O
manufacturers	O
used	O
custom	O
firmware	B-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
and	O
did	O
n't	O
yet	O
feature	O
standardized	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
designed	O
to	O
cater	O
to	O
third-party	B-Application
application	I-Application
development	I-Application
,	O
so	O
their	O
software	B-Operating_System
and	O
ecosystems	O
were	O
akin	O
to	O
very	O
advanced	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
other	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
,	O
additional	O
software	B-Operating_System
and	O
services	O
required	O
partnerships	O
and	O
deals	O
with	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
degree	O
of	O
integration	O
between	O
phones	O
and	O
carriers	O
,	O
unique	O
phone	O
features	O
,	O
non-standardized	O
platforms	B-Device
,	O
and	O
tailoring	O
to	O
Japanese	O
culture	O
made	O
it	O
difficult	O
for	O
Japanese	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
export	O
their	O
phones	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
demand	O
was	O
so	O
high	O
in	O
Japan	O
that	O
the	O
companies	O
did	O
n't	O
feel	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
look	O
elsewhere	O
for	O
additional	O
profits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
3G	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
in	O
other	O
markets	O
and	O
non-Japanese	O
phones	O
with	O
powerful	O
standardized	O
smartphone	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
wireless	O
network	O
capabilities	O
allowed	O
non-Japanese	O
phone	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
finally	O
break	O
in	O
to	O
the	O
Japanese	O
market	O
,	O
gradually	O
adopting	O
Japanese	O
phone	O
features	O
like	O
emojis	B-Application
,	O
mobile	O
payments	O
,	O
NFC	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phones	O
that	O
made	O
effective	O
use	O
of	O
any	O
significant	O
data	O
connectivity	O
were	O
still	O
rare	O
outside	O
Japan	O
until	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Danger	B-Application
Hiptop	I-Application
in	O
2002	O
,	O
which	O
saw	O
moderate	O
success	O
among	O
U.S.	O
consumers	O
as	O
the	O
T-Mobile	B-Application
Sidekick	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
business	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
started	O
to	O
adopt	O
devices	O
based	O
on	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
then	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
smartphones	B-Application
from	O
Research	O
In	O
Motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
American	O
users	O
popularized	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
CrackBerry	B-Operating_System
"	O
in	O
2006	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
's	O
addictive	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
the	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
data	O
plans	O
and	O
relative	O
rarity	O
of	O
devices	O
with	O
Wi-Fi	O
capabilities	O
that	O
could	O
avoid	O
cellular	B-Protocol
data	O
network	O
usage	O
kept	O
adoption	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
mainly	O
to	O
business	O
professionals	O
and	O
"	O
early	O
adopters.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
the	O
U.S.	O
and	O
Japan	O
,	O
Nokia	O
was	O
seeing	O
success	O
with	O
its	O
smartphones	B-Application
based	O
on	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Psion	B-Application
for	O
their	O
personal	O
organisers	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
smartphone	B-Application
OS	O
in	O
Europe	O
during	O
the	O
middle	O
to	O
late	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
Nokia	O
's	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
smartphones	B-Application
were	O
focused	O
on	O
business	O
with	O
the	O
Eseries	B-Language
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
and	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
devices	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2002	O
onwards	O
,	O
Nokia	O
started	O
producing	O
consumer-focused	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
popularized	O
by	O
the	O
entertainment-focused	O
Nseries	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
2010	O
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
smartphone	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
touchscreen	B-Device
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistant	I-Application
(	O
PDA	B-Application
)	O
derived	O
nature	O
of	O
adapted	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
like	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
"	O
Pocket	B-Device
PC	I-Device
"	O
versions	O
of	O
what	O
was	O
later	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
the	O
UIQ	B-Language
interface	O
that	O
was	O
originally	O
designed	O
for	O
pen-based	O
PDAs	B-Application
on	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
devices	O
resulted	O
in	O
some	O
early	O
smartphones	B-Application
having	O
stylus-based	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
had	O
a	O
physical	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
used	O
a	O
"	O
keyboard	O
bar	O
"	O
form	O
factor	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
line	O
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
Treos	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
Eseries	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
hid	O
their	O
full	O
physical	O
QWERTY	O
keyboard	O
in	O
a	O
sliding	O
form	O
factor	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Danger	B-Application
Hiptop	I-Application
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
even	O
had	O
only	O
a	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
using	O
T9	B-General_Concept
text	I-General_Concept
input	I-General_Concept
,	O
like	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
Nseries	I-Language
and	O
other	O
models	O
in	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
Eseries	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resistive	B-Device
touchscreens	I-Device
with	O
stylus-based	O
interfaces	O
could	O
still	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
a	O
few	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
like	O
the	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
Treos	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
dropped	O
their	O
handwriting	O
input	O
after	O
a	O
few	O
early	O
models	O
that	O
were	O
available	O
in	O
versions	O
with	O
Graffiti	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
a	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
late	O
2000s	O
and	O
early	O
2010s	O
saw	O
a	O
shift	O
in	O
smartphone	B-Application
interfaces	O
away	O
from	O
devices	O
with	O
physical	O
keyboards	O
and	O
keypads	O
to	O
ones	O
with	O
large	O
finger-operated	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreens	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
phone	O
of	O
any	O
kind	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreen	B-Device
was	O
the	O
LG	O
Prada	O
,	O
announced	O
by	O
LG	O
in	O
December	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
fashionable	O
feature	B-Device
phone	I-Device
created	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Italian	O
luxury	O
designer	O
Prada	O
with	O
a	O
3	O
"	O
240	O
x	O
400	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
screen	B-Device
,	O
a	O
2-Megapixel	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
with	O
144p	O
video	O
recording	O
ability	O
,	O
an	O
LED	O
flash	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
miniature	O
mirror	O
for	O
self	O
portraits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
introduced	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
3.5	O
"	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreen	B-Device
with	O
twice	O
the	O
common	O
resolution	O
of	O
most	O
smartphone	B-Device
screens	I-Device
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
introduced	O
multi-touch	B-Application
to	O
phones	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
gestures	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
pinching	O
"	O
to	O
zoom	O
in	O
or	O
out	O
on	O
photos	O
,	O
maps	O
,	O
and	O
web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
was	O
notable	O
as	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
device	O
of	O
its	O
kind	O
targeted	O
at	O
the	O
mass	O
market	O
to	O
abandon	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
,	O
keyboard	O
,	O
or	O
keypad	O
typical	O
of	O
contemporary	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
instead	O
using	O
a	O
large	O
touchscreen	B-Device
for	O
direct	O
finger	O
input	O
as	O
its	O
main	O
means	O
of	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
also	O
a	O
shift	O
away	O
from	O
older	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
older	O
phones	O
supported	O
and	O
which	O
were	O
adapted	O
from	O
PDAs	B-Application
and	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
)	O
to	O
an	O
operative	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
not	O
require	O
using	O
a	O
limited	O
,	O
stripped	B-Application
down	I-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
that	O
can	O
only	O
render	O
pages	O
specially	O
formatted	O
using	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
WML	B-General_Concept
,	O
cHTML	O
,	O
or	O
XHTML	B-Language
and	O
instead	O
ran	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
Safari	I-Application
browser	O
that	O
could	O
easily	O
render	O
full	O
websites	O
not	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Apple	O
shipped	O
a	O
software	B-Operating_System
update	I-Operating_System
that	O
gave	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
a	O
built-in	O
on-device	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
allowing	O
direct	O
wireless	O
downloads	O
of	O
third-party	B-Application
software	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
centralized	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
and	O
free	O
developer	B-Application
tools	I-Application
quickly	O
became	O
the	O
new	O
main	O
paradigm	O
for	O
all	O
smartphone	B-Application
platforms	B-Device
for	O
software	B-Operating_System
development	O
,	O
distribution	B-Application
,	O
discovery	O
,	O
installation	B-Application
,	O
and	O
payment	O
,	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
expensive	O
developer	B-Application
tools	I-Application
that	O
required	O
official	O
approval	O
to	O
use	O
and	O
a	O
dependence	O
on	O
third-party	B-Application
sources	O
providing	O
applications	B-Application
for	O
multiple	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
of	O
a	O
design	O
with	O
software	B-Operating_System
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
support	O
advanced	O
applications	B-Application
and	O
a	O
large	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreen	B-Device
affected	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
another	O
smartphone	B-Application
OS	O
platform	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
BlackBerry-like	O
prototype	O
device	O
scrapped	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
device	O
with	O
a	O
slide-out	O
physical	O
keyboard	O
,	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
engineers	O
thought	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
that	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
could	O
not	O
completely	O
replace	O
a	O
physical	O
keyboard	O
and	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
is	O
based	O
around	O
a	O
modified	O
Linux	O
kernel	O
,	O
again	O
providing	O
more	O
power	O
than	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
adapted	O
from	O
PDAs	B-Application
and	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Android	B-Application
device	O
,	O
the	O
horizontal-sliding	O
HTC	B-Application
Dream	I-Application
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
September	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Asus	O
started	O
experimenting	O
with	O
a	O
convertible	O
docking	O
system	O
named	O
PadFone	B-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
standalone	O
handset	O
can	O
when	O
necessary	O
be	O
inserted	O
into	O
a	O
tablet-sized	O
screen	B-Device
unit	O
with	O
integrated	O
supportive	O
battery	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
such	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
and	O
2014	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
experimented	O
with	O
the	O
hybrid	O
combination	O
of	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
and	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
releasing	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Algorithm
S4	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
and	O
K	B-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
,	O
each	O
equipped	O
with	O
integrated	O
10×	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
and	O
manual	O
parameter	O
settings	O
(	O
including	O
manual	O
exposure	O
and	O
focus	O
)	O
years	O
before	O
these	O
were	O
widely	O
adapted	O
among	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
S4	B-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
additionally	O
has	O
a	O
rotary	O
knob	O
ring	O
around	O
the	O
lens	O
and	O
a	O
tripod	O
mount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
screen	B-Device
sizes	O
have	O
increased	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
make	O
smartphones	B-Application
thinner	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
utility	O
and	O
sturdiness	O
,	O
since	O
a	O
thinner	O
frame	O
is	O
more	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
bending	O
and	O
has	O
less	O
space	O
for	O
components	O
,	O
namely	O
battery	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
touchscreen-only	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
together	O
popularized	O
the	O
slate	O
form	O
factor	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
large	O
capacitive	B-Device
touchscreen	B-Device
as	O
the	O
sole	O
means	O
of	O
interaction	O
,	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
decline	O
of	O
earlier	O
,	O
keyboard	O
-	O
and	O
keypad-focused	O
platforms	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
navigation	O
keys	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
home	O
,	O
back	O
,	O
menu	B-Device
,	O
task	O
and	O
search	O
buttons	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
increasingly	O
replaced	O
by	O
nonphysical	O
touch	O
keys	O
,	O
then	O
virtual	O
,	O
simulated	O
on-screen	O
navigation	O
keys	O
,	O
commonly	O
with	O
access	O
combinations	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
long	O
press	O
of	O
the	O
task	O
key	O
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
short	O
menu	B-Device
key	I-Device
press	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
home	O
button	O
to	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
"	O
bezel-less	O
"	O
types	O
have	O
their	O
screen	B-Device
surface	O
space	O
extended	O
to	O
the	O
unit	O
's	O
front	O
bottom	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
display	O
area	O
lost	B-General_Concept
for	O
simulating	O
the	O
navigation	O
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
virtual	O
keys	O
offer	O
more	O
potential	O
customizability	O
,	O
their	O
location	O
may	O
be	O
inconsistent	O
among	O
systems	O
and/or	O
depending	O
on	O
screen	B-Device
rotation	O
and	O
software	B-Operating_System
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
vendors	O
attempted	O
to	O
update	O
or	O
replace	O
their	O
existing	O
smartphone	B-Application
platforms	B-Device
and	O
devices	O
to	O
better-compete	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
;	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
unveiled	O
a	O
new	O
platform	O
known	O
as	O
webOS	B-Operating_System
for	O
its	O
Palm	B-Application
Pre	I-Application
in	O
late-2009	O
to	O
replace	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
a	O
task-based	O
"	O
card	O
"	O
metaphor	O
and	O
seamless	O
synchronization	O
and	O
integration	O
between	O
various	O
online	O
services	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
then-conventional	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
needing	O
a	O
PC	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
canonical	O
,	O
authoritative	O
repository	O
"	O
for	O
user	O
data	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HP	O
acquired	O
Palm	B-Operating_System
in	O
2010	O
and	O
released	O
several	O
other	O
webOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Pre	B-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
HP	B-Application
TouchPad	I-Application
tablet	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
proposed	O
divestment	O
of	O
its	O
consumer	O
business	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
enterprise	O
software	B-Operating_System
,	O
HP	O
abruptly	O
ended	O
development	O
of	O
future	O
webOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
August	O
2011	O
,	O
and	O
sold	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
webOS	B-Operating_System
to	O
LG	O
Electronics	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
TV	I-Device
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
in	O
Motion	O
introduced	O
the	O
vertical-sliding	O
BlackBerry	B-Device
Torch	I-Device
and	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
OS	O
6	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
redesigned	O
user	O
interface	O
,	O
support	O
for	O
gestures	O
such	O
as	O
pinch-to-zoom	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
web	O
browser	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
WebKit	B-Language
rendering	O
engine	O
used	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
RIM	O
released	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
OS	O
7	O
and	O
new	O
models	O
in	O
the	O
Bold	B-Application
and	O
Torch	O
ranges	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
a	O
new	O
Bold	B-Application
with	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
alongside	O
its	O
keyboard	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Torch	O
9860	O
—	O
the	O
first	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
phone	O
to	O
not	O
include	O
a	O
physical	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
replaced	O
the	O
legacy	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
OS	O
with	O
a	O
revamped	O
,	O
QNX-based	O
platform	O
known	O
as	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
10	I-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
all-touch	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
Z10	I-Application
and	O
keyboard-equipped	O
Q10	B-Application
as	O
launch	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
unveiled	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Mobile	I-Operating_System
known	O
as	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
new	O
touchscreen-centric	O
user	O
interface	O
built	O
around	O
flat	B-Application
design	I-Application
and	O
typography	O
,	O
a	O
home	O
screen	B-Device
with	O
"	O
live	O
tiles	O
"	O
containing	O
feeds	O
of	O
updates	O
from	O
apps	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
integrated	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
apps	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2011	O
,	O
Nokia	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
major	O
partnership	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
under	O
which	O
it	O
would	O
exclusively	O
use	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
on	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
future	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
integrate	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Bing	B-Application
search	I-Application
engine	I-Application
and	O
Bing	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
(	O
which	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
partnership	O
,	O
would	O
also	O
license	O
Nokia	B-Application
Maps	I-Application
data	O
)	O
into	O
all	O
future	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
announcement	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
abandonment	O
of	O
both	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
MeeGo	B-Operating_System
—	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platform	I-Operating_System
it	O
was	O
co-developing	O
with	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
's	O
low-end	O
Lumia	B-Device
520	I-Device
saw	O
strong	O
demand	O
and	O
helped	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
gain	O
niche	O
popularity	O
in	O
some	O
markets	O
,	O
overtaking	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
in	O
global	O
market	O
share	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-June	O
2012	O
,	O
Meizu	O
released	O
its	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
,	O
Flyme	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
attempts	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
were	O
short-lived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
platforms	B-Device
became	O
a	O
clear	O
duopoly	O
in	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
and	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
with	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
,	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
other	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
eventually	O
stagnating	O
to	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
measurable	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
began	O
to	O
pivot	O
away	O
from	O
its	O
in-house	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
platforms	I-Operating_System
in	O
favor	O
of	O
producing	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
a	O
security-enhanced	O
distribution	B-Application
of	O
the	O
software	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
also	O
exit	O
the	O
hardware	O
market	O
to	O
focus	O
more	O
on	O
software	B-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
enterprise	O
middleware	O
,	O
and	O
began	O
to	O
license	O
the	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
brand	O
and	O
its	O
Android	B-Application
distribution	B-Application
to	O
third-party	B-Application
OEMs	O
such	O
as	O
TCL	O
for	O
future	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2013	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
its	O
intent	O
to	O
acquire	O
Nokia	O
's	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
business	O
for	O
$7.1	O
billion	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
strategy	O
under	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Ballmer	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
"	O
devices	O
and	O
services	O
"	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
and	O
the	O
Lumia	B-Device
range	I-Device
(	O
which	O
accounted	O
for	O
nearly	O
90%	O
of	O
all	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
devices	O
sold	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
platform	O
never	O
had	O
significant	O
market	O
share	O
in	O
the	O
key	O
U.S.	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
maintain	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
's	O
momentum	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
that	O
followed	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
dwindling	O
interest	O
from	O
users	O
and	O
app	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Balmer	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
Satya	O
Nadella	O
(	O
who	O
has	O
placed	O
a	O
larger	O
focus	O
on	O
software	B-Operating_System
and	O
cloud	O
computing	O
)	O
as	O
CEO	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
it	O
took	O
a	O
$7.6	O
billion	O
write-off	O
on	O
the	O
Nokia	O
assets	O
in	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
laid	O
off	O
nearly	O
the	O
entire	O
Microsoft	O
Mobile	O
unit	O
in	O
May	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
the	O
sale	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Nokia	O
released	O
a	B-Application
series	I-Application
of	O
Android-derived	O
smartphones	B-Application
for	O
emerging	O
markets	O
known	O
as	O
Nokia	B-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
which	O
combined	O
an	O
Android-based	O
platform	O
with	O
elements	O
of	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
and	O
Nokia	O
's	O
feature	B-Device
phone	I-Device
platform	O
Asha	B-Operating_System
,	O
using	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Nokia	O
services	O
rather	O
than	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
camera	B-Algorithm
phone	O
was	O
the	O
Kyocera	O
Visual	O
Phone	O
VP-210	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
Japan	O
in	O
May	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
mobile	O
videophone	B-Application
"	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
a	O
110,000	O
-pixel	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
send	O
up	O
to	O
two	O
images	O
per	O
second	O
over	O
Japan	O
's	O
Personal	O
Handy-phone	O
System	O
(	O
PHS	O
)	O
cellular	B-Protocol
network	O
,	O
and	O
store	B-Application
up	O
to	O
20	O
JPEG	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
sent	O
over	O
e-mail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mass-market	O
camera	B-Algorithm
phone	O
was	O
the	O
J-SH04	O
,	O
a	O
Sharp	O
J-Phone	O
model	O
sold	O
in	O
Japan	O
in	O
November	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
higher-end	O
cell	O
phones	O
commonly	O
had	O
integrated	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
camera	B-Algorithm
phones	O
outsold	O
stand-alone	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
2006	O
they	O
outsold	O
film	O
and	O
digital	O
stand-alone	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
billion	O
camera	B-Algorithm
phones	O
were	O
sold	O
in	O
five	O
years	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
2007	O
more	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
installed	B-Operating_System
base	I-Operating_System
of	O
all	O
mobile	O
phones	O
were	O
camera	B-Algorithm
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
early	O
smartphones	B-Application
did	O
n't	O
have	O
cameras	O
at	O
all	O
,	O
and	O
earlier	O
models	O
that	O
had	O
them	O
had	O
low	O
performance	O
and	O
insufficient	O
image	O
and	O
video	O
quality	O
that	O
could	O
not	O
compete	O
with	O
budget	O
pocket	O
cameras	O
and	O
fulfill	O
user	O
's	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
2010s	O
almost	O
all	O
smartphones	B-Application
had	O
an	O
integrated	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decline	O
in	O
sales	O
of	O
stand-alone	O
cameras	O
accelerated	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
increasing	O
use	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
rapidly	O
improving	O
camera	B-Algorithm
technology	O
for	O
casual	O
photography	O
,	O
easier	O
image	B-Algorithm
manipulation	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
abilities	O
to	O
directly	O
share	B-Algorithm
photos	I-Algorithm
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
apps	B-Application
and	O
web-based	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
sales	O
were	O
35.395	O
million	O
units	O
or	O
only	O
less	O
than	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
sales	O
numbers	O
at	O
their	O
peak	O
and	O
also	O
slightly	O
less	O
than	O
film	O
camera	B-Algorithm
sold	O
number	O
at	O
their	O
peak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contributing	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
in	O
popularity	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
being	O
used	O
over	O
dedicated	O
cameras	O
for	O
photography	O
,	O
smaller	O
pocket	O
cameras	O
have	O
difficulty	O
producing	O
bokeh	O
in	O
images	O
,	O
but	O
nowadays	O
,	O
some	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
dual-lens	O
cameras	O
that	O
reproduce	O
the	O
bokeh	O
effect	O
easily	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
even	O
rearrange	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
bokeh	O
after	O
shooting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
N95	I-Language
was	O
notable	O
as	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
that	O
had	O
a	O
5.0	O
Megapixel	O
(	O
MP	O
)	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
when	O
most	O
others	O
had	O
cameras	O
with	O
around	O
3	O
MP	O
or	O
less	O
than	O
2	O
MP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
specialized	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
like	O
the	O
LG	O
Viewty	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
SGH-G800	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	B-Device
Ericsson	I-Device
K850i	I-Device
,	O
all	O
released	O
later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
also	O
had	O
5.0	O
MP	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2010	O
5.0	O
MP	O
cameras	O
were	O
common	O
;	O
a	O
few	O
smartphones	B-Application
had	O
8.0	O
MP	O
cameras	O
and	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
N8	I-Language
,	O
Sony	B-Language
Ericsson	I-Language
Satio	I-Language
,	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
M8910	O
Pixon12	O
feature	B-Device
phone	I-Device
had	O
12	O
MP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
camera	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
2009	O
Nokia	B-Language
N86	I-Language
uniquely	O
features	O
a	O
three-level	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Altek	O
Leo	O
,	O
a	O
14-megapixel	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
3x	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
and	O
720p	O
HD	O
video	O
camera	B-Algorithm
was	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
,	O
HTC	B-Application
unveiled	O
the	O
Evo	B-Application
3D	I-Application
,	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
phone	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
dual	O
five-megapixel	O
rear	O
camera	B-Algorithm
setup	O
for	O
spatial	O
imaging	O
,	O
among	O
the	O
earliest	O
mobile	O
phones	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
rear	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2012	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S3	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
capture	O
photos	O
using	O
voice	B-Application
commands	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
Nokia	O
announced	O
and	O
released	O
the	O
Nokia	B-Language
808	I-Language
PureView	I-Language
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
41-megapixel	O
1/1.2	O
-inch	O
sensor	O
and	O
a	O
high-resolution	O
f/2.4	O
Zeiss	O
all-aspherical	O
one-group	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
resolution	O
enables	O
four	O
times	O
of	O
lossless	O
digital	B-Algorithm
zoom	I-Algorithm
at	O
1080p	O
and	O
six	O
times	O
at	O
720p	O
resolution	O
,	O
using	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
cropping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2013	O
Nokia	B-Device
Lumia	I-Device
1020	I-Device
has	O
a	O
similar	O
high-resolution	O
camera	B-Algorithm
setup	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
and	O
manual	O
camera	B-Algorithm
settings	O
years	O
before	O
common	O
among	O
high-end	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
although	O
lacking	O
expandable	O
storage	B-General_Concept
that	O
could	O
be	O
of	O
use	O
for	O
accordingly	O
high	O
file	B-General_Concept
sizes	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Nokia	O
in	O
2012	O
with	O
the	O
Lumia	B-Device
920	I-Device
,	O
enabling	O
prolonged	O
exposure	O
times	O
for	O
low-light	O
photography	O
and	O
smoothing	O
out	O
handheld	B-Application
video	O
shake	O
whose	O
appearance	O
would	O
magnify	O
over	O
a	O
larger	O
display	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
monitor	B-Device
or	O
television	O
set	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
detrimental	O
to	O
watching	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2012	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
become	O
increasingly	O
able	O
to	O
capture	O
photos	O
while	O
filming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
has	O
used	O
the	O
highest	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
resolution	O
at	O
the	O
video	O
's	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
at	O
16:9	O
is	O
6	O
Megapixels	O
(	O
3264	O
×	O
1836	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
and	O
9.6	O
Megapixels	O
(	O
4128	O
×	O
2322	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S4	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
iPhones	B-Operating_System
with	O
such	O
functionality	O
,	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
5	I-Operating_System
and	O
5s	B-Operating_System
,	O
captured	O
simultaneous	O
photos	O
at	O
0.9	O
Megapixels	O
(	O
1280	O
×	O
720	O
)	O
while	O
filming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
2013	O
on	O
the	O
Xperia	B-Application
Z1	I-Application
,	O
Sony	O
experimented	O
with	O
real-time	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
camera	B-Algorithm
effects	O
such	O
as	O
floating	O
text	O
,	O
virtual	O
plants	O
,	O
volcano	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
dinosaur	O
walking	O
in	O
the	O
scenery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
later	O
did	O
similarly	O
in	O
2017	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
introduced	O
the	O
later	O
widely	O
implemented	O
viewfinder	O
intuition	O
,	O
where	O
exposure	O
value	O
can	O
be	O
adjusted	O
through	O
vertical	O
swiping	O
,	O
after	O
focus	O
and	O
exposure	O
has	O
been	O
set	O
by	O
tapping	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
while	O
locked	O
after	O
holding	O
down	O
for	O
a	O
brief	O
moment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
some	O
devices	O
,	O
this	O
intuition	O
may	O
be	O
restricted	O
by	O
software	B-Operating_System
in	O
video/slow	O
motion	O
modes	O
and	O
for	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
unveiled	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Algorithm
S4	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
the	O
grip	O
shape	O
of	O
a	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
10×	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lens	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
rotary	O
knob	O
ring	O
around	O
the	O
lens	O
,	O
as	O
used	O
on	O
higher-end	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
an	O
ISO	O
1222	O
tripod	O
mount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successor	O
2014	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
Galaxy	I-Algorithm
K	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
brought	O
resolution	O
and	O
performance	O
enhancements	O
,	O
but	O
lacks	O
the	O
rotary	O
knob	O
and	O
tripod	O
mount	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
smartphone-like	O
shape	O
with	O
less	O
protruding	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2014	O
Panasonic	B-Algorithm
Lumix	I-Algorithm
DMC-CM1	I-Algorithm
was	O
another	O
attempt	O
at	O
mixing	O
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
compact	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
so	O
much	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
inherited	O
the	O
Lumix	B-Device
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
lacking	O
optical	O
zoom	O
,	O
its	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
format	B-Algorithm
of	O
1	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
used	O
in	O
high-end	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
the	O
Lumix	B-Algorithm
DMC-LX100	I-Algorithm
and	O
Sony	O
CyberShot	O
DSC-RX100	O
series	O
,	O
with	O
multiple	O
times	O
the	O
surface	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
typical	O
mobile	O
camera	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
support	O
for	O
light	O
sensitivities	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
ISO	O
25600	O
,	O
well	O
beyond	O
the	O
typical	O
mobile	O
camera	B-Algorithm
light	O
sensitivity	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
and	O
2014	O
,	O
HTC	B-Application
experimentally	O
traded	O
in	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
for	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
surface	O
size	O
on	O
their	O
One	B-Application
M7	I-Application
and	O
M8	B-Application
,	O
both	O
with	O
only	O
four	O
megapixels	O
,	O
marketed	O
as	O
UltraPixel	O
,	O
citing	O
improved	O
brightness	O
and	O
less	O
noise	O
in	O
low	O
light	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
more	O
recent	O
One	O
M8	B-Application
lacks	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
One	O
M8	B-Application
additionally	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
be	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
dual	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
software	B-Operating_System
allows	O
generating	O
visual	O
spacial	O
effects	O
such	O
as	O
3D	O
panning	O
,	O
weather	O
effects	O
,	O
and	O
focus	O
adjustment	O
(	O
"	O
UFocus	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
simulating	O
the	O
postphotographic	O
selective	O
focussing	O
capability	O
of	O
images	O
produced	O
by	O
a	O
light-field	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
HTC	B-Application
returned	O
to	O
a	O
high-megapixel	O
single-camera	O
setup	O
on	O
the	O
2015	O
One	B-Application
M9	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
LG	O
Mobile	O
started	O
experimenting	O
with	O
time-of-flight	B-Device
camera	I-Device
functionality	O
,	O
where	O
a	O
rear	O
laser	O
beam	O
that	O
measures	O
distance	O
accelerates	O
autofocus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
7	O
Plus	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
phones	O
to	O
popularize	O
a	O
dual	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
7	O
Plus	O
included	O
a	O
main	O
12	O
MP	O
camera	B-Algorithm
along	O
with	O
a	O
12	O
MP	O
telephoto	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2018	O
Huawei	O
released	O
a	O
new	O
flagship	O
phone	O
,	O
the	O
Huawei	B-Application
P20	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
triple	O
camera	B-Algorithm
lens	O
setups	O
with	O
Leica	O
optics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2018	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
released	O
a	O
new	O
mid-range	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	O
A9	O
(	O
2018	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
quad	O
camera	B-Algorithm
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nokia	B-Application
9	I-Application
PureView	I-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
2019	O
featuring	O
a	O
penta-lens	O
camera	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2019	O
saw	O
the	O
commercialization	O
of	O
high	O
resolution	O
sensors	O
,	O
which	O
use	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
binning	I-Algorithm
to	O
capture	O
more	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
48	O
MP	O
and	O
64	O
MP	O
sensors	O
developed	O
by	O
Sony	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
by	O
several	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
stronger	O
getting	O
chipsets	O
to	O
handle	O
computing	O
workload	O
demands	O
at	O
higher	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
rates	O
,	O
mobile	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
and	O
framerate	O
has	O
caught	O
up	O
with	O
dedicated	O
consumer-grade	O
cameras	O
over	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Omnia	I-Application
HD	I-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
720p	O
HD	O
video	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Apple	O
brought	O
video	O
recording	O
initially	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
3GS	B-Architecture
,	O
at	O
480p	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
2007	O
original	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
and	O
2008	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3G	I-Operating_System
lacked	O
video	O
recording	O
entirely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
720p	O
was	O
more	O
widely	O
adapted	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S	I-Application
,	O
Sony	B-Application
Ericsson	I-Application
Xperia	I-Application
X10	I-Application
,	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
HTC	B-Application
Desire	I-Application
HD	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
2010s	O
brought	O
a	O
steep	O
increase	O
in	O
mobile	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
1080p	O
mobile	O
video	O
recording	O
was	O
achieved	O
in	O
2011	O
on	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S2	I-Application
,	O
HTC	B-Application
Sensation	I-Application
,	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4s	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
and	O
2013	O
,	O
select	O
devices	O
with	O
720p	O
filming	O
at	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
were	O
released	O
:	O
the	O
Asus	B-Application
PadFone	I-Application
2	I-Application
and	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
M7	I-Application
,	O
unlike	O
flagships	O
of	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
2013	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
Galaxy	I-Algorithm
S4	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
does	O
support	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
introduced	O
2160p	O
(	O
4K	B-Architecture
)	O
video	O
recording	O
at	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
1080p	O
doubled	O
to	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
for	O
smoothness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
vendors	O
adapted	O
2160p	O
recording	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
optically	O
stabilized	O
LG	B-Application
G3	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
first	O
implemented	O
it	O
in	O
late	O
2015	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6s	O
and	O
6s	O
Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
framerate	O
at	O
2160p	O
was	O
widely	O
doubled	O
to	O
60	O
in	O
2017	O
and	O
2018	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
8	O
,	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S9	I-Application
,	O
LG	B-Application
G7	I-Application
,	O
and	O
OnePlus	B-Application
6	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sufficient	O
computing	O
performance	O
of	O
chipsets	O
and	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
resolution	O
and	O
its	O
reading	O
speeds	O
have	O
enabled	O
mobile	O
4320p	O
(	O
8K	O
)	O
filming	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
introduced	O
with	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S20	I-Application
and	O
Redmi	B-Application
K30	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
,	O
though	O
some	O
upper	O
resolution	O
levels	O
were	O
foregone	O
(	O
skipped	O
)	O
throughout	O
development	O
,	O
including	O
1440p	O
(	O
2.5K	O
)	O
,	O
2880p	B-Device
(	O
5K	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
3240p	O
(	O
6K	O
)	O
,	O
except	O
1440p	O
on	O
Samsung	B-Operating_System
Galaxy	I-Operating_System
front	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
mid-range	O
smartphone	B-Application
series	O
,	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
higher	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
was	O
initially	O
delayed	O
by	O
two	O
to	O
three	O
years	O
compared	O
to	O
flagship	O
counterparts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
720p	O
was	O
widely	O
adapted	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
including	O
with	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S3	I-Application
Mini	I-Application
,	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
go	I-Application
,	O
and	O
1080p	O
in	O
2013	O
on	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S4	I-Application
Mini	I-Application
and	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
mini	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proliferation	O
of	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
beyond	O
1080p	O
has	O
been	O
postponed	O
by	O
several	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mid-class	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
M5	I-Application
supported	O
2160p	O
filming	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
whereas	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
mid-class	O
series	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
J	I-Application
and	O
A	B-Application
series	I-Application
were	O
strictly	O
limited	O
to	O
1080p	O
in	O
resolution	O
and	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
at	O
any	O
resolution	O
for	O
six	O
years	O
until	O
around	O
2019	O
,	O
whether	O
and	O
how	O
much	O
for	O
technical	O
reasons	O
is	O
unclear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
lower	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
setting	O
may	O
be	O
desirable	O
to	O
extend	O
recording	O
time	O
by	O
reducing	O
space	O
storage	B-General_Concept
and	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	B-Algorithm
software	B-Operating_System
of	O
some	O
sophisticated	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
LG	B-Application
V10	I-Application
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
separate	O
controls	O
for	O
resolution	O
,	O
frame	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
bit	O
rate	O
,	O
within	O
a	O
technically	O
supported	O
range	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distinction	O
between	O
different	O
camera	B-Algorithm
software	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
method	O
used	O
to	O
store	B-Application
high	O
frame	O
rate	O
video	O
footage	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
recent	O
phones	O
retaining	O
both	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
's	O
original	O
output	O
frame	O
rate	O
and	O
audio	O
,	O
while	O
earlier	O
phones	O
do	O
not	O
record	O
audio	O
and	O
stretch	O
the	O
video	O
so	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
back	O
slowly	O
at	O
default	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
stretched	O
encoding	O
method	O
used	O
on	O
earlier	O
phones	O
enables	O
slow	O
motion	O
playback	O
on	O
video	O
player	O
software	B-Operating_System
that	O
lacks	O
manual	O
playback	O
speed	O
control	O
,	O
typically	O
found	O
on	O
older	O
devices	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
aim	O
were	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
slow	O
motion	O
effect	O
,	O
the	O
real-time	O
method	O
used	O
by	O
more	O
recent	O
phones	O
offers	O
greater	O
versatility	O
for	O
video	O
editing	O
,	O
where	O
slowed	O
down	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
footage	O
can	O
be	O
freely	O
selected	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
exported	O
into	O
a	O
separate	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rudimentary	O
video	O
editing	O
software	B-Operating_System
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
is	O
usually	O
pre-installed	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
smartphone	B-Application
known	O
to	O
feature	O
a	O
slow	O
motion	O
mode	O
is	O
the	O
2009	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
i8000	I-Algorithm
Omnia	I-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
can	O
record	O
at	O
QVGA	O
(	O
320×240	O
)	O
at	O
120	O
fps	O
(	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slow	O
motion	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
2010	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S1	I-Application
,	O
2011	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S2	I-Application
,	O
2011	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
1	I-Application
,	O
and	O
2012	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
flagships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
X	I-Application
allowed	O
768×432	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
slow	O
motion	O
filming	O
at	O
an	O
undocumented	O
frame	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
brought	O
back	O
slow	O
motion	O
,	O
with	O
D1	O
(	O
720	O
×	O
480	O
)	O
at	O
120	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S4	I-Application
and	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
M7	I-Application
recorded	O
at	O
that	O
frame	O
rate	O
with	O
800	O
×	O
450	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Note	B-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
5s	I-Operating_System
with	O
720p	O
(	O
1280	O
×	O
720	O
)	O
in	O
late	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
of	O
which	O
retaines	O
audio	O
and	O
original	O
sensor	O
frame	O
rate	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
all	O
later	O
iPhones	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Z2	I-Application
and	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
M8	I-Application
adapted	O
this	O
resolution	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2014	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6	O
doubled	O
the	O
frame	O
rate	O
to	O
240	O
fps	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
late	O
2015	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6s	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
1080p	O
(	O
1920	O
×	O
1080	O
)	O
at	O
120	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S6	I-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
Samsung	B-Application
mobile	O
phone	O
to	O
retain	O
the	O
sensor	O
framerate	O
and	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
early	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S7	I-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
Samsung	B-Application
mobile	O
phone	O
with	O
240	O
fps	O
recording	O
,	O
also	O
at	O
720p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
MT6795	O
chipset	O
by	O
MediaTek	B-Architecture
promised	O
1080p	O
@480	O
fps	O
video	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
early	O
2017	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
XZ	I-Application
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
been	O
released	O
with	O
a	O
slow	O
motion	O
mode	O
that	O
unsustainably	O
records	O
at	O
framerates	O
multiple	O
times	O
as	O
high	O
,	O
by	O
temporarily	O
storing	O
frames	O
on	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
's	O
internal	O
burst	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2017	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
8	O
brought	O
1080p	O
at	O
240	O
fps	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
2160p	O
at	O
60	O
fps	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S9	I-Application
in	O
early	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2018	O
,	O
the	O
OnePlus	B-Application
6	I-Application
brought	O
720p	O
at	O
480	O
fps	O
,	O
sustainable	O
for	O
one	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
OnePlus	B-Application
9	I-Application
Pro	I-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
phone	O
with	O
2160p	O
at	O
120	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
record	O
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
were	O
the	O
early	O
2013	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Z	I-Application
and	O
mid-2013	O
Xperia	B-Application
Z	I-Application
Ultra	I-Application
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
2014	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
,	O
all	O
at	O
1080p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phones	O
with	O
multiple	O
microphones	B-Application
usually	O
allow	O
video	O
recording	O
with	O
stereo	O
audio	O
for	O
spaciality	O
,	O
with	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
and	O
HTC	B-Application
initially	O
implementing	O
it	O
in	O
2012	O
on	O
their	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S3	I-Application
,	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
S	I-Application
,	O
and	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
X	I-Application
.	O
Apple	O
implemented	O
stereo	O
audio	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
2018	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
Xs	I-Operating_System
family	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
XR	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emphasis	O
is	O
being	O
put	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
since	O
the	O
mid-2010s	O
,	O
where	O
front	O
cameras	O
have	O
reached	O
resolutions	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
typical	O
rear	O
cameras	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
2015	O
LG	B-Application
G4	I-Application
(	O
8	O
megapixels	O
)	O
,	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
C5	I-Application
Ultra	I-Application
(	O
13	O
megapixels	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
2016	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
XA	I-Application
Ultra	I-Application
(	O
16	O
megapixels	O
,	O
optically	O
stabilized	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2015	O
LG	B-Application
V10	I-Application
brought	O
a	O
dual	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
system	O
where	O
the	O
second	O
has	O
a	O
wider	O
angle	O
for	O
group	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
implemented	O
a	O
front-camera	O
sweep	O
panorama	O
(	O
panorama	O
selfie	O
)	O
feature	O
since	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
to	O
extend	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
5	I-Operating_System
brought	O
720p	O
HD	O
front	O
video	O
recording	O
(	O
at	O
30	O
fps	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S4	I-Application
,	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
M7	I-Application
and	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Z	I-Application
brought	O
1080p	O
Full	O
HD	O
at	O
that	O
framerate	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
late	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
introduced	O
1440p	O
video	O
recording	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
adapted	O
1080p	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
video	O
with	O
the	O
late	O
2016	O
iPhone	B-Application
7	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
started	O
adapting	O
2160p	O
4K	B-Architecture
video	I-Architecture
recording	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
six	O
years	O
after	O
rear	O
camera	B-Algorithm
2160p	O
commenced	O
with	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
,	O
larger	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
screen	B-Device
sizes	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
diagonal	O
,	O
dubbed	O
"	O
phablets	B-Application
"	O
,	O
began	O
to	O
achieve	O
popularity	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
2011	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
series	I-Application
gaining	O
notably	O
wide	O
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Huawei	O
launched	O
the	O
Huawei	B-Application
Mate	I-Application
series	I-Application
,	O
sporting	O
a	O
HD	O
(	O
1280	O
x	O
720	O
)	O
IPS+	O
LCD	B-Device
display	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
quite	O
large	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
began	O
to	O
release	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
2013	O
incorporating	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
to	O
create	O
curved	O
form	O
factors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Round	I-Application
and	O
LG	B-Application
G	I-Application
Flex	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2014	O
,	O
1440p	O
displays	O
began	O
to	O
appear	O
on	O
high-end	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Sony	O
released	O
the	O
Xperia	B-Application
Z5	I-Application
Premium	I-Application
,	O
featuring	O
a	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
display	O
,	O
although	O
only	O
images	O
and	O
videos	O
could	O
actually	O
be	O
rendered	O
at	O
that	O
resolution	O
(	O
all	O
other	O
software	B-Operating_System
was	O
shown	O
at	O
1080p	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
trends	O
for	O
smartphone	B-Application
displays	O
began	O
to	O
emerge	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
LG	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
releasing	O
flagship	O
smartphones	B-Application
(	O
LG	B-Application
G6	I-Application
and	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S8	I-Application
)	O
,	O
utilizing	O
displays	O
with	O
taller	O
aspect	O
ratios	O
than	O
the	O
common	O
16:9	O
ratio	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
screen-to-body	O
ratio	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
bezel-less	O
design	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
designs	O
allow	O
the	O
display	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
larger	O
diagonal	O
measurement	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
slimmer	O
width	O
than	O
16:9	O
displays	O
with	O
an	O
equivalent	O
screen	B-Device
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
trend	O
popularized	O
in	O
2017	O
were	O
displays	O
containing	O
tab-like	O
cut-outs	O
at	O
the	O
top-centre	O
—	O
colloquially	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
notch	O
"	O
—	O
to	O
contain	O
the	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
other	O
sensors	O
typically	O
located	O
along	O
the	O
top	O
bezel	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
design	O
characteristic	O
appeared	O
almost	O
simultaneously	O
on	O
the	O
Sharp	O
Aquos	O
S2	O
and	O
the	O
Essential	B-Application
Phone	I-Application
,	O
which	O
featured	O
small	O
circular	O
tabs	O
for	O
their	O
cameras	O
,	O
followed	O
just	O
a	O
month	O
later	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
X	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
wider	O
tab	O
to	O
contain	O
a	O
camera	B-Algorithm
and	O
facial	O
scanning	O
system	O
known	O
as	O
Face	O
ID	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2016	O
LG	B-Application
V10	I-Application
had	O
a	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
wrapped	O
around	O
the	O
camera	B-Algorithm
area	O
in	O
the	O
top-left	O
corner	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
resulting	O
area	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
second	O
"	O
display	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
various	O
supplemental	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
variations	O
of	O
the	O
practice	O
later	O
emerged	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
hole-punch	O
"	O
camera	B-Algorithm
(	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
Honor	O
View	O
20	O
,	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
Galaxy	B-Application
A8s	I-Application
and	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S10	I-Application
)	O
—	O
eschewing	O
the	O
tabbed	O
"	O
notch	O
"	O
for	O
a	O
circular	O
or	O
rounded-rectangular	O
cut-out	O
within	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
instead	O
,	O
while	O
Oppo	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
"	O
all-screen	O
"	O
phones	O
with	O
no	O
notches	O
at	O
all	O
,	O
including	O
one	O
with	O
a	O
mechanical	O
front	O
camera	B-Algorithm
that	O
pops	O
up	O
from	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
(	O
Find	B-Application
X	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
2019	O
prototype	O
for	O
a	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
that	O
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
and	O
hidden	O
below	O
the	O
display	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
special	O
partially-translucent	O
screen	B-Device
structure	O
that	O
allows	O
light	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
below	O
the	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Displays	O
supporting	O
refresh	O
rates	O
higher	O
than	O
60Hz	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
90Hz	O
or	O
120Hz	O
)	O
also	O
began	O
to	O
appear	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
2017	O
;	O
initially	O
confined	O
to	O
"	O
gaming	B-Application
"	O
smartphones	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Razer	B-Application
Phone	I-Application
(	O
2017	O
)	O
and	O
Asus	B-Application
ROG	I-Application
Phone	I-Application
(	O
2018	O
)	O
,	O
they	O
later	O
became	O
more	O
common	O
on	O
flagship	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Pixel	B-Device
4	I-Device
(	O
2019	O
)	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S21	I-Application
series	I-Application
(	O
2021	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
may	O
offer	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
disable	O
high	O
refresh	O
rates	O
,	O
or	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
automatically	O
reduce	O
the	O
refresh	O
rate	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
low	O
on-screen	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
implementation	O
of	O
multiple	O
simultaneous	O
tasks	O
on	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
display	O
are	O
the	O
picture-in-picture	O
video	O
playback	O
mode	O
(	O
"	O
pop-up	O
play	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
live	O
video	O
list	O
"	O
with	O
playing	O
video	O
thumbnails	O
of	O
the	O
2012	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S3	I-Application
,	O
the	O
former	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
delivered	O
to	O
the	O
2011	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
through	O
a	O
software	B-Operating_System
update	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
a	O
split-screen	O
mode	O
was	O
implemented	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
,	O
later	O
retrofitted	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
through	O
the	O
"	O
premium	O
suite	O
upgrade	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
implementation	O
of	O
desktop	O
and	O
laptop-like	O
windowing	O
was	O
on	O
the	O
2013	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
utilizing	O
flexible	B-Application
displays	I-Application
were	O
theorized	O
as	O
possible	O
once	O
manufacturing	O
costs	O
and	O
production	O
processes	O
were	O
feasible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
startup	O
company	O
Royole	O
unveiled	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
foldable	B-Application
smartphone	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Royole	O
FlexPai	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
that	O
month	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
presented	O
a	O
prototype	O
phone	O
featuring	O
an	O
"	O
Infinity	O
Flex	O
Display	O
"	O
at	O
its	O
developers	O
conference	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
smaller	O
,	O
outer	O
display	O
on	O
its	O
"	O
cover	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
larger	O
,	O
tablet-sized	O
display	O
when	O
opened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
it	O
also	O
had	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
new	O
polymer	O
material	O
to	O
coat	O
the	O
display	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
officially	O
announced	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Fold	I-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
previously	O
demonstrated	O
prototype	O
,	O
in	O
February	O
2019	O
for	O
an	O
originally-scheduled	O
release	O
in	O
late-April	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
various	O
durability	O
issues	O
with	O
the	O
display	O
and	O
hinge	O
systems	O
encountered	O
by	O
early	O
reviewers	O
,	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Fold	I-Application
was	O
delayed	O
to	O
September	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
design	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
Motorola	O
unveiled	O
a	O
variation	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
with	O
its	O
re-imagining	O
of	O
the	O
Razr	B-Application
,	O
using	O
a	O
horizontally-folding	O
display	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
clamshell	O
form	O
factor	O
inspired	O
by	O
its	O
previous	O
feature	B-Application
phone	I-Application
range	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
same	I-Application
name	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
would	O
unveil	O
a	O
similar	O
device	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Z	I-Application
Flip	I-Application
the	O
following	O
February	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
a	O
fingerprint	O
reader	O
was	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Application
Atrix	I-Application
4G	I-Application
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2013	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
5S	B-Operating_System
was	O
unveiled	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
smartphone	B-Application
on	O
a	O
major	O
U.S.	O
carrier	O
since	O
the	O
Atrix	O
to	O
feature	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
again	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
popularized	O
this	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
introduced	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
(	O
GT-i9300	B-Application
)	O
with	O
retrofittable	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
pop-up	O
video	O
playback	O
,	O
4G-LTE	O
variant	O
(	O
GT-i9305	B-Application
)	O
quad-core	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Fairphone	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
first	O
"	O
socially	O
ethical	O
"	O
smartphone	B-Application
at	O
the	O
London	O
Design	O
Festival	O
to	O
address	O
concerns	O
regarding	O
the	O
sourcing	O
of	O
materials	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
followed	O
by	O
Shiftphone	B-Application
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2013	O
,	O
QSAlpha	O
commenced	O
production	O
of	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
designed	O
entirely	O
around	O
security	O
,	O
encryption	O
and	O
identity	O
protection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
Motorola	O
Mobility	O
announced	O
Project	B-Application
Ara	I-Application
,	O
a	O
concept	O
for	O
a	O
modular	O
smartphone	B-Application
platform	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
customize	O
and	O
upgrade	O
their	O
phones	O
with	O
add-on	O
modules	O
that	O
attached	O
magnetically	O
to	O
a	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ara	O
was	O
retained	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
following	O
its	O
sale	O
of	O
Motorola	O
Mobility	O
to	O
Lenovo	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
shelved	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
,	O
LG	O
and	O
Motorola	O
both	O
unveiled	O
smartphones	B-Application
featuring	O
a	O
limited	O
form	O
of	O
modularity	O
for	O
accessories	O
;	O
the	O
LG	B-Application
G5	I-Application
allowed	O
accessories	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
via	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
its	O
battery	O
compartment	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Moto	B-Application
Z	I-Application
utilizes	O
accessories	O
attached	O
magnetically	O
to	O
the	O
rear	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
,	O
expanding	O
upon	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
Motorola	O
's	O
short-lived	O
"	O
Webtop	O
"	O
,	O
unveiled	O
functionality	O
for	O
its	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
for	I-Operating_System
phones	I-Operating_System
that	O
allows	O
supported	O
devices	O
to	O
be	O
docked	B-Device
for	O
use	O
with	O
a	O
PC-styled	O
desktop	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
LG	O
used	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
"	O
last	O
standing	O
"	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
offer	O
flagship	O
devices	O
with	O
user-replaceable	O
batteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
succumbed	O
to	O
the	O
minimalism	B-Device
trend	O
set	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
introducing	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S6	I-Application
without	O
a	O
user-replaceable	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
was	O
criticised	O
for	O
pruning	O
long-standing	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
MHL	B-Protocol
,	O
MicroUSB	O
3.0	O
,	O
water	O
resistance	O
and	O
MicroSD	O
card	O
support	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
the	O
latter	O
two	O
came	O
back	O
in	O
2016	O
with	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S7	I-Application
and	O
S7	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
global	O
median	O
for	O
smartphone	B-Application
ownership	O
was	O
43%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statista	O
forecast	O
that	O
2.87	O
billion	O
people	O
would	O
own	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
same	O
decade	O
,	O
rapid	O
deployment	O
of	O
LTE	O
cellular	B-Protocol
network	O
and	O
general	O
availability	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
increased	O
popularity	O
of	O
the	O
streaming	O
television	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
corresponding	O
mobile	B-Application
TV	I-Application
apps	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
technologies	O
that	O
began	O
to	O
trend	O
in	O
2016	O
included	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
experiences	O
catered	O
towards	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
the	O
newly	O
introduced	O
USB-C	O
connector	O
,	O
and	O
improving	O
LTE	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
adjustable	O
screen	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
known	O
from	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
for	O
power	O
saving	O
,	O
whereas	O
variable	O
screen	B-Device
refresh	O
rates	O
were	O
popularized	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
smartphones	B-Application
featuring	O
fingerprint	O
readers	O
embedded	O
within	O
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
were	O
announced	O
,	O
followed	O
in	O
2019	O
by	O
an	O
implementation	O
using	O
an	O
ultrasonic	O
sensor	O
on	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S10	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
released	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
are	O
waterproof	O
with	O
IP67	O
and	O
IP68	O
ratings	O
,	O
and	O
unlock	O
using	O
facial	O
recognition	O
or	O
fingerprint	O
scanners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
a	O
sealed	O
body	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
replacing	O
the	O
battery	O
,	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
audio	O
connecter	O
(	O
since	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
7	O
from	O
2016	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
screen	B-Device
with	O
a	O
cut-out	O
area	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
for	O
the	O
earphone	O
and	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
and	O
sensors	O
(	O
colloquially	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
notch	O
"	O
;	O
since	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
X	O
from	O
2017	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
exclusion	O
of	O
a	O
charging	O
wall	O
adapter	B-Device
from	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
delivery	O
(	O
since	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
12	O
from	O
2019	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
camera	B-Algorithm
user	O
interface	O
with	O
circular	O
and	O
usually	O
solid-colour	O
shutter	O
button	O
and	O
a	O
camera	B-Algorithm
mode	O
selector	O
using	O
perpendicular	O
text	O
and	O
separate	O
camera	B-Algorithm
modes	O
for	O
photo	O
and	O
video	O
(	O
since	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
from	O
2013	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
smartphones	B-Application
featuring	O
high-speed	O
5G	O
network	O
capability	O
were	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2020	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
decreasingly	O
been	O
shipped	O
with	O
rudimentary	O
accessories	O
like	O
a	O
power	O
adapter	B-Device
and	O
headphones	B-Device
that	O
have	O
historically	O
been	O
almost	O
invariably	O
within	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
delivery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
trend	O
was	O
initiated	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
12	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
Xiaomi	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S21	I-Application
and	O
Mi	B-Application
11	I-Application
respectively	O
,	O
months	O
after	O
having	O
mocked	O
the	O
same	O
through	O
advertisements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
PinePhone	B-Application
and	O
Librem	B-Application
5	I-Application
in	O
the	O
2020s	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
intensified	O
efforts	O
to	O
make	O
open	O
source	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
for	I-Application
smartphones	I-Application
a	O
major	O
alternative	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
associated	O
software	B-Operating_System
enabled	O
convergence	O
(	O
beyond	O
convergent	O
and	O
hybrid	O
apps	B-Application
)	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
like	O
a	O
desktop	O
computer	O
when	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
keyboard	O
,	O
mouse	O
and	O
monitor	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2020s	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
began	O
to	O
integrate	O
satellite	O
connectivity	O
into	O
smartphone	B-Application
devices	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
remote	O
areas	O
,	O
where	O
local	O
terrestrial	O
communication	O
infrastructures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
landline	B-Application
and	O
cellular	B-Protocol
networks	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
smartphone	B-Application
contains	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
chips	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
contain	O
billions	O
of	O
tiny	O
MOS	B-Architecture
field-effect	I-Architecture
transistors	I-Architecture
(	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
smartphone	B-Application
contains	O
the	O
following	O
MOS	O
IC	O
chips	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
also	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
FM	O
radio	O
receiver	O
,	O
a	O
hardware	O
notification	B-Application
LED	I-Application
,	O
and	O
an	O
infrared	O
transmitter	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
remote	B-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
models	O
have	O
additional	O
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
thermometer	O
for	O
measuring	O
ambient	O
temperature	O
,	O
hygrometer	O
for	O
humidity	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
sensor	O
for	O
ultraviolet	B-Application
ray	O
measurement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
exotic	O
smartphones	B-Application
designed	O
around	O
specific	O
purposes	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
uncommon	O
hardware	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
projector	O
(	O
Samsung	B-Application
Beam	O
i8520	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Beam	I-Application
i8530	I-Application
)	O
,	O
optical	O
zoom	O
lenses	O
(	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
Galaxy	I-Algorithm
S4	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
and	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
Galaxy	I-Algorithm
K	I-Algorithm
Zoom	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
thermal	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
even	O
PMR446	O
(	O
walkie-talkie	B-Application
radio	O
)	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
have	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPUs	O
)	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
in	O
computers	O
,	O
but	O
optimised	O
to	O
operate	O
in	O
low	O
power	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
the	O
CPU	O
is	O
typically	O
integrated	O
in	O
a	O
CMOS	B-Device
(	O
complementary	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
)	O
system-on-a-chip	B-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
application	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
CPU	I-General_Concept
depends	O
not	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
clock	O
rate	O
(	O
generally	O
given	O
in	O
multiples	O
of	O
hertz	O
)	O
but	O
also	O
on	O
the	O
memory	B-General_Concept
hierarchy	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
these	O
challenges	O
,	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
mobile	O
phone	O
CPUs	O
is	O
often	O
more	O
appropriately	O
given	O
by	O
scores	O
derived	O
from	O
various	O
standardized	O
tests	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
real	O
effective	O
performance	O
in	O
commonly	O
used	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
are	O
typically	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
power	O
button	O
and	O
volume	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
dedicated	O
camera	B-Algorithm
shutter	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
presence	O
of	O
physical	O
front-side	O
buttons	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
home	O
and	O
navigation	O
buttons	O
has	O
decreased	O
throughout	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
increasingly	O
becoming	O
replaced	O
by	O
capacitive	B-Device
touch	I-Device
sensors	I-Device
and	O
simulated	O
(	O
on-screen	O
)	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
classic	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
early	O
smartphones	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
Omnia	I-Algorithm
II	I-Algorithm
were	O
equipped	O
with	O
buttons	O
for	O
accepting	O
and	O
declining	O
phone	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
advancements	O
of	O
functionality	O
besides	O
phone	O
calls	O
,	O
these	O
have	O
increasingly	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
navigation	O
buttons	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
menu	B-Device
"	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
options	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
"	O
back	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
tasks	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
early	O
2010s	O
smartphones	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
Desire	I-Application
were	O
additionally	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
Search	O
"	O
button	O
( 🔍	O
)	O
for	O
quick	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
web	O
search	O
engine	O
or	O
apps	B-Application
 '	O
internal	O
search	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2013	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
 '	O
home	O
buttons	O
started	O
integrating	O
fingerprint	O
scanners	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
5s	B-Operating_System
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S5	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
screenshots	B-Application
can	O
usually	O
be	O
taken	O
using	O
the	O
home	O
and	O
power	O
buttons	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
short	O
press	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
one-second	O
holding	O
Android	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
the	O
two	O
most	O
popular	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
no	O
physical	O
home	O
button	O
,	O
usually	O
the	O
volume-down	O
button	O
is	O
instead	O
pressed	O
with	O
the	O
power	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
a	O
screenshot	B-Application
and	O
possibly	O
screencast	B-Protocol
shortcuts	O
in	O
the	O
navigation	O
button	O
bar	O
or	O
the	O
power	O
button	O
menu	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
characteristics	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
is	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
design	O
,	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
fills	O
most	O
or	O
nearly	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
space	O
on	O
a	O
device	O
's	O
front	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
smartphone	B-Application
displays	O
have	O
an	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
of	O
16:9	O
,	O
but	O
taller	O
aspect	O
ratios	O
became	O
more	O
common	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
aim	O
to	O
eliminate	O
bezels	O
by	O
extending	O
the	O
display	O
surface	O
to	O
as	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
edges	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Screen	B-Device
sizes	O
are	O
measured	O
in	O
diagonal	O
inches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phones	O
with	O
screens	O
larger	O
than	O
5.2	O
inches	O
are	O
often	O
called	O
"	O
phablets	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
with	O
screens	O
over	O
4.5	O
inches	O
in	O
size	O
are	O
commonly	O
difficult	O
to	O
use	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
single	O
hand	O
,	O
since	O
most	O
thumbs	O
cannot	O
reach	O
the	O
entire	O
screen	B-Device
surface	O
;	O
they	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
shifted	O
around	O
in	O
the	O
hand	O
,	O
held	O
in	O
one	O
hand	O
and	O
manipulated	O
by	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
or	O
used	O
in	O
place	O
with	O
both	O
hands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
design	O
advances	O
,	O
some	O
modern	O
smartphones	B-Application
with	O
large	O
screen	B-Device
sizes	O
and	O
"	O
edge-to-edge	O
"	O
designs	O
have	O
compact	O
builds	O
that	O
improve	O
their	O
ergonomics	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
shift	O
to	O
taller	O
aspect	O
ratios	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
phones	O
that	O
have	O
larger	O
screen	B-Device
sizes	O
whilst	O
maintaining	O
the	O
ergonomics	O
associated	O
with	O
smaller	O
16:9	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
(	O
LCDs	B-Device
)	O
and	O
organic	B-Device
light-emitting	I-Device
diode	I-Device
(	O
OLED	B-Device
)	O
displays	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
displays	O
are	O
integrated	O
with	O
pressure-sensitive	O
digitizers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
developed	O
by	O
Wacom	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
Force	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
devices	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
additional	O
input	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
for	O
higher	O
precision	O
input	O
and	O
hovering	O
detection	O
,	O
and/or	O
a	O
self-capacitive	O
touch	B-Device
screens	I-Device
layer	O
for	O
floating	O
finger	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
on	O
few	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S4	I-Application
,	O
Note	B-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
S5	B-Application
,	O
Alpha	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Sola	I-Application
,	O
making	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
the	O
only	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
both	O
so	O
far	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hovering	O
can	O
enable	O
preview	O
tooltips	O
such	O
as	O
on	O
the	O
video	O
player	O
's	O
seek	O
bar	O
,	O
in	O
text	O
messages	O
,	O
and	O
quick	O
contacts	O
on	O
the	O
dial	O
pad	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
lock	O
screen	B-Device
animations	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
simulation	O
of	O
a	O
hovering	O
mouse	O
cursor	O
on	O
web	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
styluses	O
support	O
hovering	O
as	O
well	O
and	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
button	O
for	O
quick	O
access	O
to	O
relevant	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
digital	O
post-it	O
notes	O
and	O
highlighting	O
of	O
text	O
and	O
elements	O
when	O
dragging	O
while	O
pressed	O
,	O
resembling	O
drag	O
selection	O
using	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
series	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
series	I-Application
and	O
LG	O
G	O
Stylus	B-Operating_System
series	O
have	O
an	O
integrated	O
tray	O
to	O
store	B-Application
the	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6s	O
until	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
Xs	I-Operating_System
and	O
Huawei	B-Application
Mate	I-Application
S	I-Application
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
pressure-sensitive	B-Device
touch	I-Device
screen	I-Device
,	O
where	O
the	O
pressure	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
a	O
gas	O
pedal	O
in	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
preview	O
windows	B-Application
and	O
shortcut	O
menus	O
,	O
controlling	O
the	O
typing	O
cursor	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
weight	O
scale	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
of	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
rejected	O
by	O
Apple	O
from	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
early	O
2010s	O
HTC	B-Application
smartphones	B-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
Desire	I-Application
(	O
Bravo	O
)	O
and	O
HTC	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
optical	O
track	O
pad	O
for	O
scrolling	O
and	O
selection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
smartphones	B-Application
except	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
iPhones	I-Operating_System
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
low-power	O
light-emitting	O
diodes	O
besides	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
notify	O
the	O
user	O
about	O
incoming	O
messages	O
,	O
missed	O
calls	O
,	O
low	O
battery	O
levels	O
,	O
and	O
facilitate	O
locating	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
in	O
darkness	O
,	O
with	O
marginial	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphones	B-Application
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
sensors	O
to	O
enable	O
system	O
features	O
and	O
third-party	B-Application
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accelerometers	O
and	O
gyroscopes	B-Application
enable	O
automatic	O
control	O
of	O
screen	B-Device
rotation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uses	O
by	O
third-party	B-Application
software	B-Operating_System
include	O
bubble	O
level	O
simulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ambient	O
light	O
sensor	O
allows	O
for	O
automatic	O
screen	B-Device
brightness	O
and	O
contrast	O
adjustment	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
RGB	O
sensor	O
enables	O
the	O
adaption	O
of	O
screen	B-Device
colour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mobile	O
phones	O
are	O
also	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
barometer	O
sensor	O
to	O
measure	O
air	O
pressure	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Samsung	B-Application
since	O
2012	O
with	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
since	O
2014	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
equips	O
their	O
flagship	O
smartphones	B-Application
since	O
the	O
2014	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
and	O
Galaxy	B-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
with	O
a	O
heart	O
rate	O
sensor	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
fitness-related	O
uses	O
and	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
shutter	O
key	O
for	O
the	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
far	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
2013	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S4	I-Application
and	O
Note	B-Application
3	I-Application
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
ambient	O
temperature	O
sensor	O
and	O
a	O
humidity	O
sensor	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
the	O
Note	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
with	O
an	O
ultraviolet	B-Application
radiation	O
sensor	O
which	O
could	O
warn	O
the	O
user	O
about	O
excessive	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rear	O
infrared	O
laser	O
beam	O
for	O
distance	O
measurement	O
can	O
enable	O
time-of-flight	B-Device
camera	I-Device
functionality	O
with	O
accelerated	O
autofocus	O
,	O
as	O
implemented	O
on	O
select	O
LG	O
mobile	O
phones	O
starting	O
with	O
LG	B-Application
G3	I-Application
and	O
LG	B-Application
V10	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
their	O
currently	O
rare	O
occurrence	O
among	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
not	O
much	O
software	B-Operating_System
to	O
utilize	O
these	O
sensors	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
eMMC	O
(	O
embedded	O
multi	O
media	B-Device
card	I-Device
)	O
flash	B-Device
storage	I-Device
was	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
UFS	B-Device
(	O
Universal	B-Device
Flash	I-Device
Storage	I-Device
)	O
with	O
higher	O
transfer	O
rates	O
emerged	O
throughout	O
the	O
2010s	O
for	O
upper-class	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
internal	O
storage	B-General_Concept
capacity	I-General_Concept
of	O
mobile	O
phones	O
has	O
been	O
near-stagnant	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
increased	O
steeper	O
during	O
its	O
second	O
half	O
,	O
with	O
Samsung	B-Application
for	O
example	O
increasing	O
the	O
available	O
internal	O
storage	B-General_Concept
options	O
of	O
their	O
flagship	O
class	O
units	O
from	O
32	O
GB	O
to	O
512	O
GB	O
within	O
only	O
2	O
years	O
between	O
2016	O
and	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
space	O
for	O
data	O
storage	B-General_Concept
of	O
some	O
mobile	O
phones	O
can	O
be	O
expanded	O
using	O
MicroSD	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
whose	O
capacity	O
has	O
multiplied	O
throughout	O
the	O
2010s	O
(	O
→	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benefits	O
over	O
USB	O
on	O
the	O
go	O
storage	B-General_Concept
and	O
cloud	B-Application
storage	I-Application
include	O
offline	O
availability	O
and	O
privacy	O
,	O
not	O
reserving	O
and	O
protruding	O
from	O
the	O
charging	O
port	O
,	O
no	O
connection	O
instability	O
or	O
latency	O
,	O
no	O
dependence	O
on	O
voluminous	O
data	O
plans	O
,	O
and	O
preservation	O
of	O
the	O
limited	O
rewriting	O
cycles	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
permanent	O
internal	O
storage	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
moved	O
immediately	O
between	O
devices	O
by	O
changing	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
large-scale	O
data	B-Protocol
backups	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
created	O
offline	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
read	O
externally	O
should	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
be	O
inoperable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
case	O
of	O
technical	O
defects	O
which	O
make	O
the	O
device	O
unusable	O
or	O
unbootable	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
liquid	O
damage	O
,	O
fall	O
damage	O
,	O
screen	B-Device
damage	O
,	O
bending	O
damage	O
,	O
malware	O
,	O
or	O
bogus	O
system	O
updates	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
data	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
is	O
likely	O
rescueable	B-Application
externally	O
,	O
while	O
data	O
on	O
the	O
inaccessible	O
internal	O
storage	B-General_Concept
would	O
be	O
lost	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
can	O
usually	O
immediately	O
be	O
re-used	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
memory-card-enabled	O
device	O
with	O
no	O
necessity	O
for	O
prior	O
file	B-Protocol
transfers	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
dual-SIM	O
mobile	O
phones	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
hybrid	O
slot	O
,	O
where	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
slots	O
can	O
be	O
occupied	O
by	O
either	O
a	O
SIM	O
card	O
or	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
models	O
,	O
typically	O
of	O
higher	O
end	O
,	O
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
three	O
slots	O
including	O
one	O
dedicated	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
slot	I-Device
,	O
for	O
simultaneous	O
dual-SIM	O
and	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
location	O
of	O
both	O
SIM	O
and	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
slots	I-Device
vary	O
among	O
devices	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
might	O
be	O
located	O
accessibly	O
behind	O
the	O
back	O
cover	O
or	O
else	O
behind	O
the	O
battery	O
,	O
the	O
latter	O
of	O
which	O
denies	O
hot	B-Device
swapping	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phones	O
with	O
non-removable	O
rear	O
cover	O
typically	O
house	O
SIM	O
and	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
in	O
a	O
small	O
tray	O
on	O
the	O
handset	O
's	O
frame	O
,	O
ejected	O
by	O
inserting	O
a	O
needle	O
tool	O
into	O
a	O
pinhole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
earlier	O
mid-range	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
2011	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Fit	I-Application
and	O
Ace	B-Application
have	O
a	O
sideways	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
slot	I-Device
on	O
the	O
frame	O
covered	O
by	O
a	O
cap	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
opened	O
without	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
mass	B-Device
storage	I-Device
access	O
was	O
commonly	O
enabled	O
to	O
computers	O
through	O
USB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
mass	B-Device
storage	I-Device
access	O
was	O
removed	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
Media	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
as	O
protocol	O
for	O
USB	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
,	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
non-exclusive	O
access	O
ability	O
where	O
the	O
computer	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
without	O
it	O
being	O
locked	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
's	O
software	B-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
duration	O
of	O
the	O
connection	O
,	O
and	O
no	O
necessity	O
for	O
common	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
support	O
,	O
as	O
communication	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
an	O
abstraction	B-Architecture
layer	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
mass	B-Device
storage	I-Device
,	O
Media	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
lacks	O
parallelism	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
only	O
a	O
single	O
transfer	O
can	O
run	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
other	O
transfer	O
requests	O
need	O
to	O
wait	O
to	O
finish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
denies	O
browsing	O
photos	O
and	O
playing	O
back	O
videos	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
during	O
an	O
active	O
file	B-Protocol
transfer	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
direct	O
access	O
and	O
random	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
of	O
files	O
through	O
MTP	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
audio	O
quality	O
enhancing	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Voice	O
over	O
LTE	O
and	O
HD	B-Algorithm
Voice	I-Algorithm
have	O
appeared	O
and	O
are	O
often	O
available	O
on	O
newer	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sound	O
quality	O
can	O
remain	O
a	O
problem	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
phone	O
,	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
cellular	B-Protocol
network	O
and	O
compression	O
algorithms	O
used	O
in	O
long-distance	O
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	O
quality	O
can	O
be	O
improved	O
using	O
a	O
VoIP	B-Application
application	O
over	O
WiFi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mobile	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
HTC	B-Application
One	I-Application
M8	I-Application
and	O
the	O
Sony	B-Application
Xperia	I-Application
Z2	I-Application
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
stereophonic	O
speakers	O
to	O
create	O
spacial	O
sound	O
when	O
in	O
horizontal	O
orientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
3.5mm	O
headphone	B-Device
receptible	O
(	O
coll	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
headphone	B-Device
jack	O
"	O
)	O
allows	O
the	O
immediate	O
operation	O
of	O
passive	O
headphones	B-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
connection	O
to	O
other	O
external	O
auxiliary	O
audio	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decline	O
of	O
the	O
connector	O
's	O
availability	O
among	O
newly	O
released	O
mobile	O
phones	O
among	O
all	O
major	O
vendors	O
commenced	O
in	O
2016	O
with	O
its	O
lack	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
7	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
adapter	B-Device
reserving	O
the	O
charging	O
port	O
can	O
retrofit	O
the	O
plug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battery-powered	O
,	O
wireless	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
headphones	B-Device
are	O
an	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
tend	O
to	O
be	O
costlier	O
however	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
need	O
for	O
internal	O
hardware	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
transceiver	O
and	O
a	O
battery	O
with	O
a	O
charging	O
controller	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
coupling	O
is	O
required	O
ahead	O
of	O
each	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smartphone	B-Application
typically	O
uses	O
a	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
high	O
energy	O
density	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
such	O
a	O
design	O
had	O
initially	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
with	O
touch	B-Device
screen	I-Device
that	O
were	O
not	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
iPhones	I-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
has	O
largely	O
been	O
usurped	O
throughout	O
the	O
2010s	O
by	O
permanently	O
built-in	O
,	O
non-replaceable	O
batteries	O
;	O
a	O
design	O
practice	O
criticized	O
for	O
planned	O
obsolescence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
limitations	O
of	O
electrical	O
currents	O
that	O
existing	O
USB	O
cables	O
 '	O
copper	O
wires	O
could	O
handle	O
,	O
charging	O
protocols	O
which	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
elevated	O
voltages	O
such	O
as	O
Qualcomm	O
Quick	O
Charge	O
and	O
MediaTek	B-Architecture
Pump	O
Express	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
power	O
throughput	O
for	O
faster	O
charging	O
,	O
to	O
maximize	O
the	O
usage	O
time	O
without	O
restricted	O
ergonomy	O
and	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
time	O
a	O
device	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
power	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smartphone	B-Application
's	O
integrated	O
charge	O
controller	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
requests	O
the	O
elevated	O
voltage	O
from	O
a	O
supported	O
charger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
VOOC	B-Architecture
"	O
by	O
Oppo	O
,	O
also	O
marketed	O
as	O
"	O
dash	O
charge	O
"	O
,	O
took	O
the	O
counter	O
approach	O
and	O
increased	O
current	O
to	O
cut	O
out	O
some	O
heat	O
produced	O
from	O
internally	O
regulating	O
the	O
arriving	O
voltage	O
in	O
the	O
end	O
device	O
down	O
to	O
the	O
battery	O
's	O
charging	O
terminal	O
voltage	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
existing	O
USB	O
cables	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
requires	O
the	O
thicker	O
copper	O
wires	O
of	O
high-current	O
USB	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
has	O
been	O
widely	O
adapted	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
intermittent	O
recharging	O
without	O
wearing	O
down	O
the	O
charging	O
port	O
through	O
frequent	O
reconnection	O
,	O
with	O
Qi	O
being	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
standard	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Powermat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
lower	O
efficiency	O
of	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
transmission	O
,	O
charging	O
rates	O
are	O
below	O
that	O
of	O
wired	O
charging	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
heat	O
is	O
produced	O
at	O
similar	O
charging	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
battery	O
life	O
has	O
become	O
generally	O
adequate	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
earlier	O
smartphone	B-Application
battery	O
life	O
was	O
poor	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
weak	O
batteries	O
that	O
could	O
not	O
handle	O
the	O
significant	O
power	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
smartphones	B-Application
 '	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
color	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphone	B-Application
users	O
purchase	O
additional	O
chargers	O
for	O
use	O
outside	O
the	O
home	O
,	O
at	O
work	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
cars	O
and	O
by	O
buying	O
portable	O
external	O
"	O
battery	O
packs	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
battery	O
packs	O
include	O
generic	O
models	O
which	O
are	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
a	O
cable	O
,	O
and	O
custom-made	O
models	O
that	O
"	O
piggyback	O
"	O
onto	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
's	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
to	O
recall	O
millions	O
of	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
7	I-Application
smartphones	B-Application
due	O
to	O
an	O
explosive	O
battery	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
consumer	O
convenience	O
,	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
stations	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
in	O
some	O
hotels	O
,	O
bars	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
public	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cameras	O
have	O
become	O
standard	O
features	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Images	O
are	O
usually	O
saved	O
in	O
the	O
JPEG	O
file	O
format	B-Algorithm
;	O
some	O
high-end	O
phones	O
since	O
the	O
mid-2010s	O
also	O
have	O
RAW	B-Application
imaging	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
main	O
rear-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
lower-resolution	O
front-facing	O
camera	B-Algorithm
for	O
"	O
selfies	O
"	O
and	O
video	B-Application
chat	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Owing	O
to	O
the	O
limited	O
depth	O
available	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
for	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
and	O
optics	O
,	O
rear-facing	O
cameras	O
are	O
often	O
housed	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
bump	O
"	O
that	O
's	O
thicker	O
than	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cornered	O
location	O
benefits	O
by	O
not	O
requiring	O
other	O
hardware	O
to	O
be	O
packed	O
around	O
the	O
camera	B-Algorithm
module	O
while	O
increasing	O
ergonomy	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
lens	O
is	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
covered	O
when	O
held	O
horizontally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
advanced	O
smartphones	B-Application
have	O
cameras	O
with	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilisation	O
(	O
OIS	O
)	O
,	O
larger	O
sensors	O
,	O
bright	O
lenses	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
optical	O
zoom	O
plus	O
RAW	B-Application
images	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
new	O
smartphone	B-Application
camera	B-Algorithm
features	O
are	O
being	O
enabled	O
via	O
computational	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
multiple	O
specialized	O
lenses	O
rather	O
than	O
larger	O
sensors	O
and	O
lenses	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
constrained	O
space	O
available	O
inside	O
phones	O
that	O
are	O
being	O
made	O
as	O
slim	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mobile	O
phones	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Algorithm
i8000	I-Algorithm
Omnia	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
,	O
some	O
Nokia	B-Device
Lumias	I-Device
and	O
some	O
Sony	B-Device
Xperias	I-Device
are	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
physical	O
camera	B-Algorithm
shutter	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
with	O
two	O
pressure	O
levels	O
resemble	O
the	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
intuition	O
of	O
dedicated	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	B-Algorithm
button	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
shortcut	O
to	O
quickly	O
and	O
ergonomically	O
launch	O
the	O
camera	B-Algorithm
software	B-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
located	O
more	O
accessibly	O
inside	O
a	O
pocket	O
than	O
the	O
power	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	O
covers	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
typically	O
made	O
of	O
polycarbonate	O
,	O
aluminium	O
,	O
or	O
glass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polycarbonate	O
back	O
covers	O
may	O
be	O
glossy	O
or	O
matte	O
,	O
and	O
possibly	O
textured	O
,	O
like	O
dotted	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
or	O
leathered	O
on	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
Note	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
polycarbonate	O
back	O
covers	O
may	O
be	O
perceived	O
as	O
less	O
"	O
premium	O
"	O
among	O
fashion	O
-	O
and	O
trend-oriented	O
users	O
,	O
its	O
utilitarian	O
strengths	O
and	O
technical	O
benefits	O
include	O
durability	O
and	O
shock	O
absorption	O
,	O
greater	O
elasticity	O
against	O
permanent	O
bending	O
like	O
metal	O
,	O
inability	O
to	O
shatter	O
like	O
glass	O
,	O
which	O
facilitates	O
designing	O
it	O
removable	O
;	O
better	O
manufacturing	O
cost	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
no	O
blockage	O
of	O
radio	O
signals	O
or	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
like	O
metal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
accessories	O
are	O
sold	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
including	O
cases	O
,	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
screen	B-General_Concept
protectors	I-General_Concept
,	O
chargers	O
,	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
stations	O
,	O
USB	O
On-The-Go	O
adapters	B-Device
(	O
for	O
connecting	O
USB	O
drives	O
and	O
or	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
HDMI	O
cable	O
to	O
an	O
external	O
monitor	B-Device
)	O
,	O
MHL	B-Protocol
adapters	B-Device
,	O
add-on	O
batteries	O
,	O
power	O
banks	O
,	O
headphones	B-Device
,	O
combined	O
headphone-microphones	O
(	O
which	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
allow	O
a	O
person	O
to	O
privately	O
conduct	O
calls	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
without	O
holding	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
ear	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Bluetooth-enabled	O
powered	B-Device
speakers	I-Device
that	O
enable	O
users	O
to	O
listen	O
to	O
media	O
from	O
their	O
smartphones	B-Application
wirelessly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cases	O
have	O
a	O
"	O
book	O
"	O
-like	O
form	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
cover	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
opens	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
device	O
;	O
when	O
the	O
cover	O
is	O
closed	O
,	O
it	O
protects	O
the	O
screen	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
"	O
book	O
"	O
-like	O
cases	O
have	O
additional	O
pockets	O
for	O
credit	O
cards	O
,	O
thus	O
enabling	O
people	O
to	O
use	O
them	O
as	O
wallets	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accessories	O
include	O
products	O
sold	O
by	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
and	O
compatible	O
products	O
made	O
by	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
companies	O
,	O
like	O
Apple	O
,	O
stopped	O
including	O
chargers	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
"	O
reduce	O
carbon	O
footprint	O
,	O
"	O
etc.	O
,	O
causing	O
many	O
customers	O
to	O
pay	O
extra	O
for	O
charging	O
adapters	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
(	O
or	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
phones	O
,	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
smartwatches	B-Application
,	O
or	O
other	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
combine	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
other	O
features	O
useful	O
for	O
mobile	O
or	O
handheld	B-Application
use	O
;	O
usually	O
including	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
considered	O
essential	O
in	O
modern	O
mobile	O
systems	O
;	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
,	O
cellular	B-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
Protected	O
Access	O
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Global	O
Positioning	O
System	O
(	O
GPS	O
)	O
mobile	O
navigation	O
,	O
video	O
-	O
and	O
single-frame	B-Device
picture	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
voice	O
recorder	O
,	O
music	O
player	O
,	O
near	O
field	O
communication	O
,	O
and	O
infrared	O
blaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
Q1	O
2018	O
,	O
over	O
383	O
million	O
smartphones	B-Application
were	O
sold	O
with	O
85.9	O
percent	O
running	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
14.1	O
percent	O
running	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
a	O
negligible	O
number	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
running	O
other	O
OSes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
alone	O
is	O
more	O
popular	O
than	O
the	O
popular	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
Windows	B-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
use	O
(	O
even	O
without	O
tablets	B-Device
)	O
exceeds	O
desktop	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
well-known	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
are	O
Flyme	O
OS	O
and	O
Harmony	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
with	O
mobile	O
communications	O
abilities	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
)	O
contain	O
two	O
mobile	O
operating	O
systemsthe	O
main	O
user-facing	O
software	B-Device
platform	I-Device
is	O
supplemented	O
by	O
a	O
second	O
low-level	O
proprietary	O
real-time	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
which	O
operates	O
the	O
radio	O
and	O
other	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
these	O
low-level	O
systems	O
may	O
contain	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
security	O
vulnerabilities	O
permitting	O
malicious	O
base	O
stations	O
to	O
gain	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
app	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
short-form	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPod	O
Touch	O
in	O
July	O
2008	O
popularized	O
manufacturer-hosted	O
online	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
for	O
third-party	B-Application
applications	B-Application
(	O
software	B-Operating_System
and	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
)	O
focused	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
huge	O
variety	O
of	O
apps	B-Application
,	O
including	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
music	O
products	O
and	O
business	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
until	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
application	I-Application
distribution	B-Application
depended	O
on	O
third-party	B-Application
sources	O
providing	O
applications	B-Application
for	O
multiple	O
platforms	B-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
GetJar	B-Application
,	O
Handango	B-Language
,	O
Handmark	O
,	O
and	O
PocketGear	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
other	O
smartphone	B-Application
manufacturers	O
launched	O
application	O
stores	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
Market	O
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
to	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Play	O
Store	B-Application
)	O
and	O
RIM	O
's	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
App	I-Application
World	I-Application
,	O
Android-related	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
like	O
Aptoide	B-Application
,	O
Cafe	O
Bazaar	O
,	O
F-Droid	B-Application
,	O
GetJar	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Opera	B-Application
Mobile	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2014	O
,	O
93%	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
developers	I-Application
were	O
targeting	O
smartphones	B-Application
first	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1996	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
shipments	O
have	O
had	O
positive	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2011	O
,	O
27%	O
of	O
all	O
photographs	O
created	O
were	O
taken	O
with	O
camera-equipped	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
study	O
concluded	O
that	O
4	O
out	O
of	O
5	O
smartphone	B-Application
owners	O
use	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
shop	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Global	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
surpassed	O
the	O
sales	O
figures	O
for	O
feature	B-Device
phones	I-Device
in	O
early	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Worldwide	O
shipments	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
topped	O
1	O
billion	O
units	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
up	O
38%	O
from	O
2012	O
's	O
725	O
million	O
,	O
while	O
comprising	O
a	O
55%	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
market	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
up	O
from	O
42%	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
began	O
to	O
decline	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
by	O
NPD	O
shows	O
that	O
fewer	O
than	O
10%	O
of	O
US	O
citizens	O
have	O
spent	O
$	O
1,000	O
or	O
more	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
too	O
expensive	O
for	O
most	O
people	O
,	O
without	O
introducing	O
particularly	O
innovative	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
amid	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Oppo	O
and	O
Xiaomi	O
introducing	O
products	O
with	O
similar	O
feature	O
sets	O
for	O
lower	O
prices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
declined	O
by	O
3.2	O
%	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
in	O
smartphone	B-Application
history	O
,	O
while	O
China	O
and	O
India	O
were	O
credited	O
with	O
driving	O
most	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
predicted	O
that	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
5G	O
will	O
help	O
drive	O
new	O
smartphone	B-Application
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
the	O
highest	O
shipment	O
market	O
share	O
worldwide	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
31.3	O
%	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
a	O
slight	O
increase	O
from	O
30.3	O
%	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
while	O
Apple	O
was	O
at	O
15.3	O
%	O
,	O
a	O
decrease	O
from	O
18.7	O
%	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
Apple	O
lost	B-General_Concept
market	O
share	O
,	O
although	O
their	O
shipment	O
volume	O
still	O
increased	O
by	O
12.9	O
%	O
;	O
the	O
rest	O
had	O
significant	O
increases	O
in	O
shipment	O
volumes	O
of	O
36	O
to	O
92%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q1	O
2014	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
a	O
31%	O
share	O
and	O
Apple	O
had	O
16%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q4	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
a	O
20.4	O
%	O
share	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
19.9	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q2	O
2016	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
a	O
22.3	O
%	O
share	O
and	O
Apple	O
had	O
12.9	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Q1	O
2017	O
,	O
IDC	O
reported	O
that	O
Samsung	B-Application
was	O
first	O
placed	O
,	O
with	O
80	O
million	O
units	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Apple	O
with	O
50.8	O
million	O
,	O
Huawei	O
with	O
34.6	O
million	O
,	O
Oppo	O
with	O
25.5	O
million	O
and	O
Vivo	O
with	O
22.7	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
mobile	O
business	O
is	O
half	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
,	O
by	O
revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
had	O
a	O
74%	O
market	O
share	O
of	O
5G	O
smartphones	B-Application
in	O
South	O
Korea	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
in	O
popularity	O
of	O
touchscreen	B-Device
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
distributed	O
via	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
along	O
with	O
rapidly	O
advancing	O
network	O
,	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
storage	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
convergence	O
where	O
separate	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
organizers	O
,	O
and	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
as	O
the	O
single	O
device	O
most	O
people	O
carried	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
sensors	O
and	O
on-device	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
software	B-Operating_System
more	O
gradually	O
led	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
replacing	O
simpler	O
cameras	O
for	O
photographs	O
and	O
video	O
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
built-in	O
GPS	O
capabilities	O
and	O
mapping	O
apps	B-Application
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
largely	O
replaced	O
stand-alone	O
satellite	O
navigation	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
paper	O
maps	O
became	O
less	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
greatly	O
grew	O
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
allowing	O
many	O
people	O
to	O
use	O
them	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
,	O
and	O
some	O
companies	O
tried	O
creating	O
game	B-Application
console/phone	O
hybrids	O
based	O
on	O
phone	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
frequently	O
have	O
chosen	O
not	O
to	O
get	O
fixed-line	B-Application
telephone	I-Application
service	I-Application
in	O
favor	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Music	O
streaming	O
apps	B-Application
and	O
services	O
have	O
grown	O
rapidly	O
in	O
popularity	O
,	O
serving	O
the	O
same	O
use	O
as	O
listening	O
to	O
music	O
stations	O
on	O
a	O
terrestrial	O
or	O
satellite	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Streaming	O
video	O
services	O
are	O
easily	O
accessed	O
via	O
smartphone	B-Application
apps	I-Application
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
watching	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
have	O
often	O
stopped	O
wearing	O
wristwatches	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
checking	O
the	O
time	O
on	O
their	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
many	O
use	O
the	O
clock	O
features	O
on	O
their	O
phones	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
alarm	O
clocks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phones	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
digital	O
note	O
taking	O
,	O
text	B-Application
editing	I-Application
and	O
memorandum	O
device	O
whose	O
computerization	O
facilitates	O
searching	O
of	O
entries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
in	O
many	O
lesser	O
technologically	O
developed	O
regions	O
smartphones	B-Application
are	O
people	O
's	O
first	O
and	O
only	O
means	O
of	O
Internet	O
access	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
portability	O
,	O
with	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
being	O
relatively	O
uncommon	O
outside	O
of	O
business	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cameras	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
photograph	O
documents	O
and	O
send	O
them	O
via	O
email	O
or	O
messaging	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
using	O
fax	O
(	O
facsimile	O
)	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Payment	O
apps	B-Application
and	O
services	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
allow	O
people	O
to	O
make	O
less	O
use	O
of	O
wallets	B-Operating_System
,	O
purses	O
,	O
credit	O
and	O
debit	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
cash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
banking	O
apps	B-Application
can	O
allow	O
people	O
to	O
deposit	O
checks	O
simply	O
by	O
photographing	O
them	O
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
physical	O
check	O
to	O
an	O
ATM	O
or	O
teller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guide	O
book	O
apps	B-Application
can	O
take	O
the	O
place	O
of	O
paper	O
travel	O
and	O
restaurant/business	O
guides	O
,	O
museum	O
brochures	O
,	O
and	O
dedicated	O
audio	O
guide	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mobile	O
phones	O
can	O
make	O
mobile	O
payments	O
via	O
direct	O
mobile	O
billing	O
schemes	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
if	O
the	O
phone	O
and	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
sale	O
support	O
near	O
field	O
communication	O
(	O
NFC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enabling	O
contactless	B-Application
payments	I-Application
through	O
NFC-equipped	O
mobile	O
phones	O
requires	O
the	O
co-operation	O
of	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
network	O
operators	O
,	O
and	O
retail	O
merchants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
apps	B-Application
allows	O
for	O
sending	O
and	O
receiving	O
facsimile	O
(	O
Fax	O
)	O
,	O
over	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
,	O
including	O
facsimile	O
data	O
(	O
composed	O
of	O
raster	O
bi-level	B-Algorithm
graphics	O
)	O
generated	O
directly	O
and	O
digitally	O
from	O
document	O
and	O
image	O
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
unprotected	O
adolescent	O
sexual	O
activity	O
was	O
more	O
common	O
among	O
owners	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
conducted	O
by	O
the	O
Rensselaer	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
's	O
(	O
RPI	O
)	O
Lighting	O
Research	O
Center	O
(	O
LRC	O
)	O
concluded	O
that	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
or	O
any	O
backlit	O
devices	O
,	O
can	O
seriously	O
affect	O
sleep	O
cycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
persons	O
might	O
become	O
psychologically	O
attached	O
to	O
smartphones	B-Application
resulting	O
in	O
anxiety	O
when	O
separated	O
from	O
the	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
smombie	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
"	O
smartphone	B-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
zombie	B-Application
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
walking	O
person	O
using	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
and	O
not	O
paying	O
attention	O
as	O
they	O
walk	O
,	O
possibly	O
risking	O
an	O
accident	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
,	O
an	O
increasing	O
social	O
phenomenon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
of	O
slow-moving	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
temporary	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
mobile	O
lane	O
"	O
for	O
walking	O
in	O
Chongqing	O
,	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
of	O
distracted	O
smartphone	B-Application
users	O
led	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Augsburg	O
,	O
Germany	O
,	O
to	O
embed	O
pedestrian	O
traffic	O
lights	O
in	O
the	O
pavement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
phone	O
use	O
while	O
driving	O
—	O
including	O
calling	O
,	O
text	O
messaging	O
,	O
playing	O
media	O
,	O
web	O
browsing	O
,	O
gaming	B-Application
,	O
using	O
mapping	O
apps	B-Application
or	O
operating	O
other	O
phone	O
features	O
—	O
is	O
common	O
but	O
controversial	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
widely	O
considered	O
dangerous	O
due	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
distracted	O
driving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2011	O
a	O
US	O
insurance	O
company	O
,	O
State	O
Farm	O
Insurance	O
,	O
announced	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
study	O
which	O
showed	O
19%	O
of	O
drivers	O
surveyed	O
accessed	O
the	O
Internet	O
on	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
while	O
driving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Egypt	O
,	O
Israel	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Portugal	O
and	O
Singapore	O
,	O
both	O
handheld	B-Application
and	O
hands-free	O
calling	O
on	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
(	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
speakerphone	O
)	O
is	O
banned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
France	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
many	O
US	O
states	O
,	O
calling	O
is	O
only	O
banned	O
on	O
handheld	B-Application
phones	O
,	O
while	O
hands-free	O
calling	O
is	O
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
that	O
began	O
to	O
grow	O
more	O
after	O
,	O
this	O
has	O
introduced	O
additional	O
difficulties	O
for	O
law	O
enforcement	O
officials	O
when	O
attempting	O
to	O
distinguish	O
one	O
usage	O
from	O
another	O
in	O
drivers	O
using	O
their	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
more	O
apparent	O
in	O
countries	O
which	O
ban	O
both	O
handheld	B-Application
and	O
hands-free	O
usage	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
those	O
which	O
ban	O
handheld	B-Application
use	O
only	O
,	O
as	O
officials	O
cannot	O
easily	O
tell	O
which	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
phone	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
simply	O
by	O
looking	O
at	O
the	O
driver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
from	O
27	O
February	O
2007	O
,	O
motorists	O
who	O
are	O
caught	O
using	O
a	O
handheld	B-Application
phone	O
while	O
driving	O
will	O
have	O
three	O
penalty	O
points	O
added	O
to	O
their	O
license	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
fine	O
of	O
£60	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Zealand	O
has	O
banned	O
handheld	B-Application
phone	O
use	O
since	O
1	O
November	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
database	O
of	O
laws	O
provides	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
provisions	O
of	O
laws	O
that	O
restrict	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
while	O
driving	O
for	O
all	O
50	O
states	O
and	O
the	O
District	O
of	O
Columbia	O
between	O
1992	O
,	O
when	O
first	O
law	O
was	O
passed	O
through	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dataset	O
contains	O
information	O
on	O
22	O
dichotomous	O
,	O
continuous	O
or	O
categorical	O
variables	O
including	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
activities	O
regulated	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
texting	O
versus	O
talking	O
,	O
hands-free	O
versus	O
handheld	B-Application
calls	O
,	O
web	O
browsing	O
,	O
gaming	B-Application
)	O
,	O
targeted	O
populations	O
,	O
and	O
exemptions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
patent	O
war	O
"	O
between	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
Apple	O
started	O
when	O
the	O
latter	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
original	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S	I-Application
Android	B-Application
phone	I-Application
copied	O
the	O
interfaceand	O
possibly	O
the	O
hardwareof	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
3GS	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
smartphone	B-Application
patents	O
licensing	O
and	O
litigation	O
involving	O
Sony	O
Mobile	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
Inc.	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Nokia	O
,	O
Motorola	O
,	O
HTC	B-Application
,	O
Huawei	O
and	O
ZTE	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
conflict	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
wider	O
"	O
patent	O
wars	O
"	O
between	O
multinational	O
technology	O
and	O
software	B-Operating_System
corporations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
2010s	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
lawsuits	O
,	O
counter-suits	O
,	O
and	O
trade	O
complaints	O
based	O
on	O
patents	O
and	O
designs	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
and	O
devices	O
based	O
on	O
smartphone	B-Operating_System
OSes	I-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
has	O
increased	O
significantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
suits	O
,	O
countersuits	O
,	O
rulings	O
,	O
license	O
agreements	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
major	O
events	O
began	O
in	O
2009	O
as	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
market	O
stated	O
to	O
grow	O
more	O
rapidly	O
by	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rise	O
in	O
number	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
medical	I-Application
apps	I-Application
in	O
the	O
market	O
place	O
,	O
government	O
regulatory	O
agencies	O
raised	O
concerns	O
on	O
the	O
safety	O
of	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
such	O
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
findings	O
of	O
these	O
medical	O
experts	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
excessive	O
smartphone	B-Application
use	O
in	O
society	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
headaches	O
,	O
sleep	O
disorders	O
and	O
insufficient	O
sleep	O
,	O
while	O
severe	O
smartphone	B-Application
addiction	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
physical	O
health	O
problems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
hunchback	O
,	O
muscle	O
relaxation	O
and	O
uneven	O
nutrition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
debate	O
about	O
beneficial	O
and	O
detrimental	O
impacts	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
or	O
smartphone-uses	O
on	O
cognition	O
and	O
mental	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smartphone	B-Application
malware	O
is	O
easily	O
distributed	O
through	O
an	O
insecure	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
malware	O
is	O
hidden	O
in	O
pirated	O
versions	O
of	O
legitimate	O
apps	B-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
then	O
distributed	O
through	O
third-party	B-Application
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
online	O
petition	O
has	O
urged	O
smartphone	B-Application
makers	O
to	O
install	O
kill	B-Device
switches	I-Device
in	O
their	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
"	O
Find	O
my	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
"	O
Android	B-Application
Device	O
Manager	O
"	O
can	O
locate	O
,	O
disable	O
,	O
and	O
wipe	O
the	O
data	O
from	O
phones	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
lost	B-General_Concept
or	O
stolen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
Protect	O
in	O
OS	O
version	O
10.3.2	O
,	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
rendered	O
unrecoverable	O
to	O
even	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
's	O
own	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
recovery	O
tools	O
if	O
incorrectly	O
authenticated	O
or	O
dissociated	O
from	O
their	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Leaked	O
documents	O
published	O
by	O
WikiLeaks	O
,	O
codenamed	O
Vault	O
7	O
and	O
dated	O
from	O
2013	O
to	O
2016	O
,	O
detail	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Central	O
Intelligence	O
Agency	O
(	O
CIA	O
)	O
to	O
perform	O
electronic	O
surveillance	O
and	O
cyber	O
warfare	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
compromise	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
most	O
smartphones	B-Application
(	O
including	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
journalists	O
and	O
researchers	O
reported	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
spyware	O
,	O
called	O
Pegasus	B-Application
,	O
developed	O
and	O
distributed	O
by	O
a	O
private	O
company	O
which	O
can	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
infect	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
smartphones	B-Application
oftenpartly	O
via	O
use	O
of	O
0-day	O
exploitswithout	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
any	O
user-interaction	O
or	O
significant	O
clues	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
then	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
exfiltrate	O
data	O
,	O
track	O
user	O
locations	O
,	O
capture	O
film	O
through	O
its	O
camera	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
activate	O
the	O
microphone	B-Application
at	O
any	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Analysis	O
of	B-Protocol
data	I-Protocol
traffic	I-Protocol
by	O
popular	O
smartphones	B-Application
running	O
variants	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
found	O
substantial	O
by-default	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
sharing	O
with	O
no	O
opt-out	O
by	O
this	O
pre-installed	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guidelines	O
for	O
mobile	B-Application
device	I-Application
security	O
were	O
issued	O
by	O
NIST	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
conducting	O
a	O
private	O
,	O
in-person	O
meeting	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
site	O
recommends	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
switch	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
off	O
and	O
disconnect	O
the	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
smartphones	B-Application
late	O
at	O
night	O
can	O
disturb	O
sleep	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
blue	O
light	O
and	O
brightly	O
lit	O
screen	B-Device
,	O
which	O
affects	O
melatonin	O
levels	O
and	O
sleep	O
cycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
alleviate	O
these	O
issues	O
,	O
"	O
Night	O
Mode	O
"	O
functionality	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
color	O
temperature	O
of	O
a	O
screen	B-Device
to	O
a	O
warmer	O
hue	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
day	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
blue	O
light	O
generated	O
became	O
available	O
through	O
several	O
apps	B-Application
for	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
the	O
f.lux	B-Operating_System
software	B-Operating_System
for	O
jailbroken	B-Application
iPhones	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.3	I-Operating_System
integrated	O
a	O
similar	O
,	O
system-level	O
feature	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Night	O
Shift.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Android	B-Application
device	O
manufacturers	O
bypassed	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
initial	O
reluctance	O
to	O
make	O
Night	O
Mode	O
a	O
standard	O
feature	O
in	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
included	O
software	B-Operating_System
for	O
it	O
on	O
their	O
hardware	O
under	O
varying	O
names	O
,	O
before	O
Android	B-Application
Oreo	I-Application
added	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
OS	O
for	O
compatible	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
2010s	O
decade	O
commenced	O
,	O
the	O
sale	O
figures	O
of	O
dedicated	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
decreased	O
sharply	O
since	O
mobile	O
phone	O
cameras	O
were	O
increasingly	O
perceived	O
as	O
serving	O
as	O
a	O
sufficient	O
surrogate	O
camera	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increases	O
in	O
computing	O
power	O
in	O
mobile	O
phones	O
enabled	O
fast	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
high-resolution	O
filming	O
,	O
with	O
1080p	O
Full	O
HD	O
being	O
achieved	O
in	O
2011	O
and	O
the	O
barrier	O
to	O
2160p	O
4K	B-Architecture
being	O
breached	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
design	O
and	O
space	O
limitations	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
lack	O
several	O
features	O
found	O
even	O
on	O
low-budget	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
including	O
a	O
hot-swappable	B-Device
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
and	O
battery	O
for	O
nearly	O
uninterrupted	O
operation	O
,	O
physical	O
buttons	O
and	O
knobs	O
for	O
focusing	O
and	O
capturing	O
and	O
zooming	O
,	O
a	O
bolt	O
thread	O
tripod	O
mount	O
,	O
a	O
capacitor-charged	O
xenon	O
flash	O
that	O
exceeds	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
 '	O
LED	O
flashlights	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
ergonomic	O
grip	O
for	O
steadier	O
holding	O
during	O
handheld	B-Application
shooting	O
,	O
which	O
enables	O
longer	O
exposure	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
dedicated	O
cameras	O
can	O
be	O
more	O
spacious	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
house	O
larger	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
and	O
feature	O
optical	O
zooming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
late	O
2010s	O
,	O
smartphone	B-Application
manufacturers	O
have	O
bypassed	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
optical	O
zoom	O
to	O
a	O
limited	O
extent	O
by	O
incorporating	O
additional	O
rear	O
cameras	O
with	O
fixed	O
magnification	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
have	O
prevented	O
some	O
smartphones	B-Application
from	O
operating	O
after	O
repairs	O
,	O
by	O
associating	O
components	O
 '	O
unique	O
serial	O
numbers	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
so	O
it	O
will	O
refuse	O
to	O
operate	O
or	O
disable	O
some	O
functionality	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
mismatch	O
that	O
would	O
occur	O
after	O
a	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Locking	O
of	O
the	O
serial	O
number	O
was	O
first	O
documented	O
in	O
2015	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
6	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
become	O
inoperable	O
from	O
a	O
detected	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
home	O
"	O
button	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
some	O
functionality	O
was	O
restricted	O
on	O
Apple	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
smartphones	B-Application
when	O
a	O
battery	O
replacement	O
not	O
authorized	O
by	O
the	O
vendor	O
was	O
detected	O
.	O
</s>
