<s>
Smartdust	B-Device
is	O
a	O
system	O
of	O
many	O
tiny	O
microelectromechanical	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
(	O
MEMS	B-Architecture
)	O
such	O
as	O
sensors	O
,	O
robots	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
devices	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
detect	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
light	O
,	O
temperature	O
,	O
vibration	O
,	O
magnetism	O
,	O
or	O
chemicals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
usually	O
operated	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
wirelessly	O
and	O
are	O
distributed	O
over	O
some	O
area	O
to	O
perform	O
tasks	O
,	O
usually	O
sensing	O
through	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
an	O
antenna	O
of	O
much	O
greater	O
size	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
tiny	O
smart	B-Device
dust	I-Device
communication	O
devices	O
is	O
measured	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
millimeters	O
and	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
electromagnetic	O
disablement	O
and	O
destruction	O
by	O
microwave	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concepts	O
for	O
Smart	B-Device
Dust	I-Device
emerged	O
from	O
a	O
workshop	O
at	O
RAND	B-Application
in	O
1992	O
and	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
DARPA	O
ISAT	O
studies	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
potential	O
military	O
applications	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Smart	B-Device
Dust	I-Device
research	O
proposal	O
was	O
presented	O
to	O
DARPA	O
written	O
by	O
Kristofer	O
S	O
.	O
J	O
.	O
Pister	O
,	O
Joe	O
Kahn	O
,	O
and	O
Bernhard	O
Boser	O
,	O
all	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proposal	O
,	O
to	O
build	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
nodes	O
with	O
a	O
volume	O
of	O
one	O
cubic	O
millimeter	O
,	O
was	O
selected	O
for	O
funding	O
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
working	O
mote	B-Device
smaller	O
than	O
a	O
grain	O
of	O
rice	O
,	O
and	O
larger	O
"	O
COTS	O
Dust	O
"	O
devices	O
kicked	O
off	O
the	O
TinyOS	B-Device
effort	O
at	O
Berkeley	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
recent	O
review	O
discusses	O
various	O
techniques	O
to	O
take	O
smartdust	B-Device
in	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
beyond	O
millimeter	O
dimensions	O
to	O
the	O
micrometre	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
Dust	I-Device
entered	O
the	O
Gartner	O
Hype	O
Cycle	O
on	O
Emerging	O
Technologies	O
in	O
2003	O
,	O
and	O
returned	O
in	O
2013	O
as	O
the	O
most	O
speculative	O
entrant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
Nature	O
paper	O
written	O
by	O
Shyamnath	O
Gollakota	O
,	O
Vikram	O
Iyer	O
,	O
Hans	O
Gaensbauer	O
and	O
Thomas	O
Daniel	O
,	O
all	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
,	O
presented	O
tiny	O
light-weight	O
programmable	O
battery-free	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
that	O
can	O
be	O
dispersed	O
in	O
the	O
wind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dust	O
Networks	O
started	O
a	O
project	O
exploring	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
Smartdust	B-Device
,	O
which	O
included	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Defense-related	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
such	O
as	O
battlefield	O
surveillance	O
,	O
treaty	O
monitoring	O
,	O
transportation	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
scud	O
hunting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
evolved	O
into	O
today	O
's	O
RFID	B-Application
inventory	O
control	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
