<s>
A	O
smart	B-Algorithm
transducer	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
analog	O
or	O
digital	O
transducer	B-Algorithm
,	O
actuator	B-Algorithm
or	O
sensor	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
processing	O
unit	O
and	O
a	O
communication	O
interface	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
sensors	O
and	O
actuators	B-Algorithm
become	O
more	O
complex	O
they	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
various	O
modes	O
of	O
operation	O
and	O
interfacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
applications	O
require	O
additionally	O
fault-tolerance	B-General_Concept
and	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
high-level	O
functionality	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
by	O
adding	O
an	O
embedded	O
microcontroller	B-Architecture
to	O
the	O
classical	O
sensor/actuator	O
,	O
which	O
increases	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
complexity	O
at	O
a	O
fair	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
these	O
on-board	O
technologies	O
in	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
for	O
digital	O
processing	O
,	O
either	O
frequency-to-code	O
or	O
analog-to-digital	O
conversations	O
,	O
interfacing	O
functions	O
and	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
often	O
made	O
using	O
CMOS	B-Device
,	O
VLSI	O
technology	O
and	O
may	O
contain	O
MEMS	B-General_Concept
devices	O
leading	O
to	O
lower	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
provide	O
full	O
digital	O
outputs	O
for	O
easier	O
interface	B-Application
or	O
they	O
may	O
provide	O
quasi-digital	O
outputs	O
like	O
pulse-width	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
field	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
compact	O
unit	O
that	O
combines	O
the	O
imaging	O
functions	O
and	O
the	O
complete	O
image	O
processing	O
functions	O
is	O
often	O
called	O
a	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
a	O
crucial	O
element	O
in	O
the	O
phenomenon	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
will	O
be	O
collected	O
and	O
shared	O
for	O
better	O
integration	O
between	O
digital	B-General_Concept
environments	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
connectivity	O
between	O
sensors	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
requirement	O
for	O
an	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
innovation	O
to	O
perform	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
features	O
of	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
that	O
differentiate	O
them	O
from	O
traditional	O
sensors	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
sensors	O
in	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
sensors	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
in	O
three	O
parts	O
;	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
the	O
sensors	O
,	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
a	O
centralized	O
interface	B-Application
where	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
collected	O
and	O
processed	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
connects	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
like	O
plugs	O
,	O
sockets	O
and	O
wires	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
network	O
of	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
divided	O
in	O
two	O
parts	O
;	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
the	O
sensors	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
a	O
centralized	O
interface	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
difference	O
with	O
traditional	O
sensors	O
,	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
already	O
process	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
switch	O
to	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
entails	O
that	O
the	O
tight	O
coupling	O
between	O
transmission	O
and	O
processing	O
technologies	O
is	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
environment	I-General_Concept
,	O
actions	O
or	O
activities	O
leave	O
a	O
digital	O
trace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
measure	O
these	O
activities	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
environment	O
and	O
translate	O
this	O
into	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
environment	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
clear	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
very	O
beneficial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
at	O
the	O
device	O
layer	O
,	O
the	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
itself	O
is	O
the	O
physical	O
machinery	O
,	O
measuring	O
its	O
physical	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
logical	O
capacity	O
refers	O
to	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
MacOS	B-Application
or	O
another	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
platform	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
network	O
layer	O
,	O
the	O
logical	O
transmission	O
can	O
consist	O
of	O
various	O
transmission	O
methods	O
;	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
NFC	O
,	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
and	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
physical	O
transport	O
is	O
not	O
necessary	O
,	O
since	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
usually	O
wireless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service	O
layer	O
is	O
about	O
the	O
service	O
that	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
insurance	O
industry	O
is	O
disrupting	O
the	O
traditional	O
practice	O
in	O
multiple	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
generate	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
(	O
big	O
)	O
data	O
and	O
affects	O
the	O
business	O
models	O
of	O
insurance	O
companies	O
as	O
follows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
in	O
client	O
’s	O
homes	O
or	O
in	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
help	O
insurance	O
companies	O
to	O
get	O
much	O
more	O
detailed	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wearables	B-Operating_System
can	O
for	O
example	O
monitor	O
heart-related	O
metrics	O
,	O
location-based	O
systems	O
like	O
security	O
technologies	O
,	O
or	O
smart	O
thermostats	O
can	O
generate	O
important	O
data	O
of	O
your	O
house	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
of	O
trading	O
information	O
in	O
return	O
for	O
special	O
deals	O
is	O
called	O
bartering	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
one	O
form	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
monetization	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
monetization	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
exchanging	O
information-based	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
for	O
legal	O
tender	O
or	O
something	O
of	O
perceived	O
equivalent	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
monetization	I-General_Concept
is	O
exploiting	O
opportunities	O
to	O
generate	O
new	O
revenues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
form	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
monetization	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
insurers	O
regularly	O
use	O
nowadays	O
,	O
is	O
selling	O
data	O
to	O
third	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
recent	O
trends	O
in	O
manufacturing	O
is	O
the	O
revolution	O
of	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
which	O
data	O
exchanging	O
and	O
automation	B-Application
play	O
a	O
crucial	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automation	B-Application
in	O
smart	O
factories	O
go	O
beyond	O
these	O
easy	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
machines	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
make	O
human	O
decisions	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
imperative	O
to	O
get	O
detailed	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
’s	O
were	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
come	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
pull	O
data	O
from	O
assets	O
to	O
which	O
they	O
are	O
connected	O
and	O
process	O
the	O
data	O
continuously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
can	O
predict	O
defects	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
so	O
rather	O
than	O
fixing	O
a	O
problem	O
afterwards	O
,	O
maintenance	O
workers	O
can	O
prevent	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
applied	O
beyond	O
the	O
factory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
new	O
technologies	O
like	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
play	O
a	O
crucial	O
role	O
in	O
this	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
companies	O
are	O
focused	O
on	O
technologies	O
that	O
improve	O
cars	O
and	O
work	O
towards	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
complete	O
disruption	O
of	O
the	O
industry	O
has	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
reached	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
generate	O
data	O
of	O
the	O
car	O
and	O
their	O
surroundings	O
,	O
connect	O
them	O
into	O
a	O
car	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
translate	O
this	O
into	O
valuable	O
information	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
car	O
to	O
see	O
and	O
interpret	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
automotive	O
industry	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
sustaining	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Car	O
manufacturers	O
place	O
smart	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
in	O
different	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
car	O
,	O
which	O
collects	O
and	O
shares	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
