<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
is	O
a	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
electronics	I-Operating_System
device	O
with	O
advanced	O
mobile	O
components	O
that	O
combine	O
features	O
of	O
mobile	O
devices	O
with	O
innovative	O
features	O
useful	O
for	O
mobile	O
or	O
handheld	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
,	O
which	O
are	O
typically	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
traditional	O
rings	O
or	O
larger	O
,	O
combine	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	O
device	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
payments	O
and	O
mitigate	O
access	O
control	O
,	O
with	O
popular	O
innovative	O
uses	O
such	O
as	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
control	I-General_Concept
and	O
activity	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
can	O
communicate	O
directly	O
with	O
smartphones	B-Application
or	O
compatible	O
devices	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
personal	O
computers	O
)	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
websites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
can	O
operate	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
of	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
interacting	O
with	O
back-end	O
systems	O
on	O
the	O
cloud	O
through	O
or	O
performing	O
standalone	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
activity	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
have	O
physical	O
or	O
capacitive	O
buttons	O
to	O
use	O
as	O
an	O
activation	O
mechanism	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
to	O
initiate	O
a	O
gesture	O
or	O
make	O
a	O
phone	O
call	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
English	O
firm	O
McLear	O
,	O
founded	O
by	O
John	O
McLear	O
,	O
Chris	O
Leach	O
,	O
and	O
Joe	O
Prencipe	O
,	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
for	O
sale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
is	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
near-field	O
communication	O
device	O
,	O
effectively	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
carry	O
credit	O
cards	O
,	O
door	O
keys	O
,	O
car	O
keys	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
even	O
ID	O
cards	O
or	O
driver	O
's	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
uses	O
include	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
notify	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
incoming	O
calls	O
,	O
text	O
,	O
emails	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
;	O
use	O
as	O
gesture-based	O
controller	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
actions	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
hand	O
;	O
and	O
measure	O
steps	O
,	O
distance	O
,	O
sleep	O
,	O
heart	O
rate	O
,	O
and	O
track	O
how	O
many	O
calories	O
the	O
user	O
consumes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	O
access	O
control	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
company	O
entry	O
and	O
exit	O
,	O
home	O
access	O
,	O
cars	O
,	O
and	O
electronic	O
devices	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
use	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
change	O
the	O
status	O
quo	O
for	O
secure	O
access	O
control	O
by	O
increasing	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
decreasing	O
physical	O
security	O
flaws	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
ease	O
of	O
losing	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
adding	O
two-factor	O
authentication	O
mechanisms	O
including	O
biometrics	O
and	O
key	O
code	O
entry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
can	O
perform	O
payments	O
and	O
metro	O
ticketing	O
similar	O
to	O
contactless	O
cards	O
,	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
to	O
be	O
created	O
with	O
contactless	O
payments	O
was	O
the	O
NFC	O
Payment	O
Ring	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
mass	O
produced	O
and	O
unveiled	O
at	O
the	O
Olympics	O
Summer	O
Games	O
at	O
Rio	O
de	O
Janeiro	O
in	O
August	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
smartwatches	B-Application
,	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
utilise	O
in-built	O
sensors	O
to	O
provide	O
activity	O
and	O
wellness	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
form	O
factor	O
contains	O
enough	O
space	O
to	O
contain	O
the	O
same	O
components	O
as	O
smartwatches	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
size	O
constraints	O
,	O
smaller	O
components	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
current	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
products	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smaller	O
and	O
less	O
accurate	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
and	O
smaller	O
batteries	O
leading	O
to	O
lower	O
battery	O
life	O
than	O
smartwatches	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
microphone	O
,	O
or	O
bone	O
conduction	O
,	O
some	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
can	O
allow	O
the	O
wearer	O
to	O
make	O
phone	O
calls	O
while	O
paired	O
with	O
a	O
compatible	O
mobile	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
are	O
also	O
able	O
to	O
notify	O
the	O
wearer	O
of	O
incoming	O
calls	O
and	O
messages	O
,	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
vibrating	O
or	O
lighting	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
some	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
allow	O
the	O
wearer	O
to	O
see	O
and	O
feel	O
real-time	O
heartbeat	O
of	O
the	O
2nd	O
smart	B-Device
ring	I-Device
wearer	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
heartbeat	O
is	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
ring	O
similarly	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
lighting	O
up	O
and	O
vibrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
require	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
with	O
active	O
data	O
or	O
Wi-Fi	O
connection	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
data	O
between	O
two	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
provide	O
social	O
feedback	O
to	O
users	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
environment	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
other	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
and	O
mobile	O
devices	O
do	O
not	O
permit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smart	B-Device
rings	I-Device
provide	O
notifications	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
be	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
notification	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
constantly	O
check	O
their	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
