<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
is	O
an	O
electronic	O
device	O
that	O
records	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
consumption	O
of	O
electric	O
energy	O
,	O
voltage	O
levels	O
,	O
current	O
,	O
and	O
power	O
factor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
communicate	O
the	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
consumer	O
for	O
greater	O
clarity	O
of	O
consumption	O
behavior	O
,	O
and	O
electricity	O
suppliers	O
for	O
system	O
monitoring	O
and	O
customer	O
billing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
typically	O
record	O
energy	O
near	O
real-time	O
,	O
and	O
report	O
regularly	O
,	O
short	O
intervals	O
throughout	O
the	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
enable	O
two-way	O
communication	O
between	O
the	O
meter	O
and	O
the	O
central	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communications	O
from	O
the	O
meter	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
may	O
be	O
wireless	O
,	O
or	O
via	O
fixed	O
wired	O
connections	O
such	O
as	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
carrier	I-Device
(	O
PLC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
communication	O
options	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
include	O
cellular	O
communications	O
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
(	O
readily	O
available	O
)	O
,	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
over	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
wireless	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
low	O
power	O
long-range	O
wireless	O
(	O
LoRa	O
)	O
,	O
Wize	B-General_Concept
(	O
high	O
radio	O
penetration	O
rate	O
,	O
open	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
frequency	O
169	O
MHz	O
)	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
(	O
low	O
power	O
,	O
low	O
data	O
rate	O
wireless	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Wi-SUN	O
(	O
Smart	O
Utility	O
Networks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
Smart	B-Device
Meter	I-Device
often	O
refers	O
to	O
an	O
electricity	O
meter	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
may	O
mean	O
a	O
device	O
measuring	O
natural	O
gas	O
,	O
water	O
or	O
district	O
heating	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
meters	O
,	O
usually	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
interval	O
or	O
time-of-use	O
meters	O
,	O
have	O
existed	O
for	O
years	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
Smart	B-Device
Meters	I-Device
"	O
usually	O
involve	O
real-time	O
or	O
near	O
real-time	O
sensors	O
,	O
power	O
outage	O
notification	O
,	O
and	O
power	O
quality	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
by	O
the	O
UK	O
consumer	O
group	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
one	O
in	O
three	O
confuse	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
with	O
energy	O
monitors	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
in-home	O
display	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
installed	O
base	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
in	O
Europe	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2008	O
was	O
about	O
39	O
million	O
units	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
analyst	O
firm	O
Berg	O
Insight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Globally	O
,	O
Pike	O
Research	O
found	O
that	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
shipments	O
were	O
17.4	O
million	O
units	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
quarter	O
of	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visiongain	O
determined	O
that	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
global	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
market	O
would	O
reach	O
US$7billion	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Commission	O
DG	O
Energy	O
estimates	O
the	O
2020	O
installed	O
base	O
to	O
have	O
required	O
€18.8	O
billion	O
in	O
investment	O
,	O
growing	O
to	O
€40.7	O
billion	O
by	O
2030	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
total	O
deployment	O
of	O
266	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
had	O
over	O
86	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
665	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
installed	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
may	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
themselves	O
constitute	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1972	O
,	O
Theodore	O
Paraskevakos	O
,	O
while	O
working	O
with	O
Boeing	O
in	O
Huntsville	O
,	O
Alabama	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
sensor	O
monitoring	O
system	O
that	O
used	O
digital	O
transmission	O
for	O
security	B-General_Concept
,	O
fire	O
,	O
and	O
medical	O
alarm	O
systems	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
meter	O
reading	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1977	O
,	O
he	O
launched	O
Metretek	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
developed	O
and	O
produced	O
the	O
first	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
provide	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
measuring	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
in	O
near	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
can	O
be	O
read	O
remotely	O
,	O
labor	O
costs	O
are	O
reduced	O
for	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
offers	O
potential	O
benefits	O
to	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
,	O
a	O
)	O
an	O
end	O
to	O
estimated	O
bills	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
a	O
major	O
source	O
of	O
complaints	O
for	O
many	O
customers	O
b	O
)	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
help	O
consumers	O
better	O
manage	O
their	O
energy	O
purchases	O
—	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
with	O
a	O
display	O
outside	O
their	O
homes	O
could	O
provide	O
up-to-date	O
information	O
on	O
gas	O
and	O
electricity	O
consumption	O
and	O
in	O
doing	O
so	O
help	O
people	O
to	O
manage	O
their	O
energy	O
use	O
and	O
reduce	O
their	O
energy	O
bills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
regards	O
to	O
consumption	O
reduction	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
critical	O
for	O
understanding	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
because	O
the	O
relatively	O
small	O
percentage	O
benefits	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
savings	O
are	O
multiplied	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
for	O
water	O
consumption	O
can	O
also	O
provide	O
detailed	O
and	O
timely	O
information	O
about	O
customer	O
water	O
use	O
and	O
early	O
notification	O
of	O
possible	O
water	O
leaks	O
in	O
their	O
premises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
advantage	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
that	O
benefits	O
both	O
customers	O
and	O
the	O
utility	O
is	O
the	O
monitoring	O
capability	O
they	O
provide	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
electrical	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
AMI	O
,	O
utilities	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
real-time	O
data	O
from	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
measurements	O
related	O
to	O
current	O
,	O
voltage	O
,	O
and	O
power	O
factor	O
to	O
detect	O
system	O
disruptions	O
more	O
quickly	O
,	O
allowing	O
immediate	O
corrective	O
action	O
to	O
minimize	O
customer	O
impact	O
such	O
as	O
blackouts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
also	O
help	O
utilities	O
understand	O
the	O
power	O
grid	O
needs	O
with	O
more	O
granularity	O
than	O
legacy	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
meeting	O
national	O
electricity	O
demand	O
with	O
accurate	O
supply	O
is	O
becoming	O
ever	O
more	O
challenging	O
as	O
intermittent	O
renewable	O
generation	O
sources	O
make	O
up	O
a	O
greater	O
proportion	O
of	O
the	O
energy	O
mix	O
,	O
the	O
real-time	O
data	O
provided	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
allow	O
grid	O
operators	O
to	O
integrate	O
renewable	O
energy	O
onto	O
the	O
grid	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
balance	O
the	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
are	O
considered	O
an	O
essential	O
technology	O
to	O
the	O
decarbonisation	O
of	O
the	O
energy	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
is	O
a	O
critical	O
technological	O
requirement	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
solutions	O
proposed	O
are	O
:	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
cell	O
and	O
pager	B-Application
networks	O
,	O
satellite	B-Application
,	O
licensed	O
radio	O
,	O
combination	O
licensed	O
and	O
unlicensed	O
radio	O
,	O
and	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
one	O
would	O
find	O
:	O
fixed	O
wireless	O
,	O
wireless	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
communication	O
with	O
the	O
head-end	O
network	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
may	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
home	O
area	O
network	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
an	O
in-premises	O
display	O
and	O
a	O
hub	O
to	O
interface	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
meters	O
with	O
the	O
head	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
for	O
this	O
network	O
vary	O
from	O
country	O
to	O
country	O
,	O
but	O
include	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
,	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEC	B-Device
61107	I-Device
is	O
a	O
communication	O
protocol	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
published	O
by	O
the	O
IEC	O
that	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
utility	O
meters	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
sends	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
data	O
using	O
a	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEC	B-Device
61107	I-Device
is	O
related	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
wrongly	O
confused	O
with	O
,	O
the	O
FLAG	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
Protocol	O
(	O
OSGP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
specifications	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
European	O
Telecommunications	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ETSI	O
)	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
14908	O
control	O
networking	O
standard	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
and	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Millions	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
based	O
on	O
OSGP	O
are	O
deployed	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
15	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
OSGP	O
Alliance	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
security	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
(	O
OSGP-AES-128-PSK	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
availability	O
from	O
OSGP	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
deprecated	O
the	O
original	O
OSGP-RC4-PSK	O
security	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
identified	O
to	O
be	O
vulnerable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
trend	O
toward	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
technology	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
communication	O
platform	O
for	O
Smart	B-Device
Meter	I-Device
applications	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
utilities	O
can	O
deploy	O
multiple	O
communication	O
systems	O
,	O
while	O
using	O
IP	O
technology	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
management	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
universal	O
metering	O
interface	O
would	O
allow	O
for	O
development	O
and	O
mass	O
production	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
and	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
prior	O
to	O
the	O
communication	O
standards	O
being	O
set	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
for	O
the	O
relevant	O
communication	O
modules	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
added	O
or	O
switched	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
may	O
use	O
a	O
test	O
IR	O
LED	O
to	O
transmit	O
non-encrypted	O
usage	O
data	O
that	O
bypasses	O
meter	O
security	B-General_Concept
by	O
transmitting	O
lower	O
level	O
data	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
variants	O
are	O
classified	O
as	O
Smart	B-Device
Meter	I-Device
Equipment	O
Technical	O
Specifications	O
(	O
SMETS	B-Device
)	O
,	O
with	O
first	O
generation	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
SMETS1	B-Device
and	O
second	O
generation	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
known	O
as	O
SMETS2	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
installer	O
SMS	O
plc	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
company	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
new	O
three-phase	O
SMETS2	B-Device
meter	O
–	O
developed	O
by	O
Aclara	O
Technologies	O
–	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
UK	O
energy	O
supplier	O
,	O
Good	O
Energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
critical	O
technology	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
systems	O
is	O
the	O
information	O
technology	O
at	O
the	O
utility	O
that	O
integrates	O
the	O
Smart	B-Device
Meter	I-Device
networks	O
with	O
utility	O
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
billing	O
and	O
CIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
the	O
Meter	B-Device
Data	I-Device
Management	I-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
is	O
essential	O
for	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
implementations	O
that	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
(	O
PLC	O
)	O
technologies	O
used	O
within	O
the	O
home	O
over	O
a	O
Home	O
Area	O
Network	O
(	O
HAN	O
)	O
,	O
are	O
standardized	O
and	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HAN	O
allows	O
HVAC	O
systems	O
and	O
other	O
household	O
appliances	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
,	O
and	O
from	O
there	O
to	O
the	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
leading	O
broadband	O
PLC	O
technologies	O
selected	O
are	O
the	O
HomePlug	O
AV	O
/	O
IEEE	O
1901	O
and	O
ITU-T	B-General_Concept
G.hn	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HomePlug	O
Powerline	O
Alliance	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
for	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
HAN	O
communications	O
called	O
the	O
HomePlug	O
Green	O
PHY	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
interoperable	O
and	O
coexistent	O
with	O
the	O
widely	O
deployed	O
HomePlug	O
AV	O
technology	O
and	O
with	O
the	O
latest	O
IEEE	O
1901	O
global	O
Standard	O
and	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
Broadband	O
OFDM	B-Protocol
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ITU-T	O
commissioned	O
in	O
2010	O
a	O
new	O
project	O
called	O
G.hnem	O
,	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
home	O
networking	O
aspects	O
of	O
energy	O
management	O
,	O
built	O
upon	O
existing	O
Low	O
Frequency	O
Narrowband	O
OFDM	B-Protocol
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
org	O
's	O
PowerMeter	B-Application
,	O
until	O
its	O
demise	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
for	O
tracking	O
electricity	O
usage	O
,	O
as	O
can	O
eMeter	O
 '	O
Energy	O
Engage	O
as	O
in	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
PowerCentsDC(TM )	O
demand	O
response	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
include	O
hardware	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
communications	O
,	O
consumer	O
energy	O
displays	O
and	O
controllers	O
,	O
customer	O
associated	O
systems	O
,	O
meter	B-Device
data	I-Device
management	I-Device
software	O
,	O
and	O
supplier	O
business	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Government	O
agencies	O
and	O
utilities	O
are	O
turning	O
toward	O
advanced	O
metering	O
infrastructure	O
(	O
AMI	O
)	O
systems	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
larger	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
initiatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
groups	O
have	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
regarding	O
the	O
cost	O
,	O
health	O
,	O
fire	O
risk	O
,	O
security	B-General_Concept
and	O
privacy	O
effects	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
and	O
the	O
remote	O
controllable	O
"	O
kill	B-Device
switch	I-Device
"	O
that	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
concerns	O
regard	O
wireless-only	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
with	O
no	O
home	O
energy	O
monitoring	O
or	O
control	O
or	O
safety	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
the	O
entire	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
and	O
smart	O
building	O
concept	O
is	O
discredited	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
confusion	O
about	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
home	O
control	O
and	O
home	O
area	O
network	O
technology	O
and	O
AMI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
(	O
now	O
former	O
)	O
attorney	O
general	O
of	O
Connecticut	O
has	O
stated	O
that	O
he	O
does	O
not	O
believe	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
provide	O
any	O
financial	O
benefit	O
to	O
consumers	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
is	O
absorbed	O
by	O
those	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
expose	O
the	O
power	O
grid	O
to	O
cyberattacks	O
that	O
could	O
lead	O
to	O
power	O
outages	O
,	O
both	O
by	O
cutting	O
off	O
people	O
's	O
electricity	O
and	O
by	O
overloading	O
the	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
many	O
cyber	O
security	B-General_Concept
experts	O
state	O
that	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
of	O
UK	O
and	O
Germany	O
have	O
relatively	O
high	O
cybersecurity	O
and	O
that	O
any	O
such	O
attack	O
there	O
would	O
thus	O
require	O
extraordinarily	O
high	O
efforts	O
or	O
financial	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EU	O
Cyber	O
security	B-General_Concept
Act	O
took	O
effect	O
in	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
Directive	O
on	O
Security	B-General_Concept
Network	O
and	O
Information	O
Systems	O
establishing	O
notification	O
and	O
security	B-General_Concept
requirements	O
for	O
operators	O
of	O
essential	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementing	O
security	B-General_Concept
protocols	O
that	O
protect	O
these	O
devices	O
from	O
malicious	O
attacks	O
has	O
been	O
problematic	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
limited	O
computational	O
resources	O
and	O
long	O
operational	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
IEC	O
62056	O
includes	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
encrypt	O
,	O
authenticate	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
sign	O
the	O
meter	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
proposed	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
data	O
verification	O
method	O
involves	O
analyzing	O
the	O
network	O
traffic	O
in	O
real-time	O
to	O
detect	O
anomalies	O
using	O
an	O
Intrusion	O
Detection	O
System	O
(	O
IDS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
found	O
that	O
for	O
a	O
typical	O
advanced	O
metering	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
the	O
centralized	O
IDS	O
architecture	O
is	O
superior	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
cost	O
efficiency	O
and	O
security	B-General_Concept
gains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
the	O
Data	O
Communication	O
Company	O
,	O
which	O
transports	O
the	O
commands	O
from	O
the	O
supplier	O
to	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
,	O
performs	O
an	O
additional	O
anomaly	O
check	O
on	O
commands	O
issued	O
(	O
and	O
signed	O
)	O
by	O
the	O
energy	O
supplier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Smart	B-Device
Meter	I-Device
devices	O
are	O
Intelligent	O
Measurement	O
Devices	O
which	O
periodically	O
record	O
the	O
measured	O
values	O
and	O
send	O
the	O
data	O
encrypted	O
to	O
the	O
Service	O
Provider	O
,	O
therefore	O
in	O
Switzerland	O
these	O
devices	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
evaluated	O
by	O
an	O
evaluation	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
and	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
certified	O
by	O
METAS	O
from	O
01.01.2020	O
according	O
to	O
Prüfmethodologie	O
(	O
Test	O
Methodology	O
for	O
Execution	O
of	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Security	I-General_Concept
Evaluation	O
of	O
Swiss	O
Smart	B-Device
Metering	I-Device
Components	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
report	O
published	O
by	O
Brian	O
Krebs	O
,	O
in	O
2009	O
a	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
electricity	O
supplier	O
asked	O
the	O
FBI	O
to	O
investigate	O
large-scale	O
thefts	O
of	O
electricity	O
related	O
to	O
its	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
health	O
concerns	O
about	O
the	O
meters	O
arise	O
from	O
the	O
pulsed	B-Algorithm
radiofrequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
RF	O
)	O
radiation	O
emitted	O
by	O
wireless	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
the	O
California	O
State	O
Assembly	O
asked	O
the	O
California	O
Council	O
on	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
CCST	O
)	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
potential	O
health	O
impacts	O
from	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
in	O
particular	O
whether	O
current	O
FCC	O
standards	O
are	O
protective	O
of	O
public	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CCST	O
report	O
in	O
April	O
2011	O
found	O
no	O
health	O
impacts	O
,	O
based	O
both	O
on	O
lack	O
of	O
scientific	O
evidence	O
of	O
harmful	O
effects	O
from	O
radio	O
frequency	O
(	O
RF	O
)	O
waves	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
RF	O
exposure	O
of	O
people	O
in	O
their	O
homes	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
is	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
minuscule	O
compared	O
to	O
RF	O
exposure	O
to	O
cell	O
phones	O
and	O
microwave	O
ovens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hirsch	O
also	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
CCST	O
report	O
failed	O
to	O
correct	O
errors	O
in	O
its	O
comparison	O
to	O
cell	O
phones	O
and	O
microwave	O
ovens	O
and	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
these	O
errors	O
are	O
corrected	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
"	O
may	O
produce	O
cumulative	O
whole-body	O
exposures	O
far	O
higher	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
cell	O
phones	O
or	O
microwave	O
ovens.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
has	O
adopted	O
recommended	O
Permissible	O
Exposure	O
Limit	O
(	O
PEL	O
)	O
for	O
all	O
RF	O
transmitters	O
(	O
including	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
)	O
operating	O
at	O
frequencies	O
of	O
300kHz	O
to	O
100GHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Electric	O
Power	O
Research	O
Institute	O
performed	O
a	O
study	O
to	O
gauge	O
human	O
exposure	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
as	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
FCC	O
PEL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
found	O
that	O
most	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
only	O
transmit	O
RF	O
signals	O
1%	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
or	O
less	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
indirect	O
potential	O
for	O
harm	O
to	O
health	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
is	O
that	O
they	O
enable	O
energy	O
companies	O
to	O
disconnect	O
consumers	O
remotely	O
,	O
typically	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
difficulties	O
with	O
payment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Issues	O
surrounding	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
causing	O
fires	O
have	O
been	O
reported	O
,	O
particularly	O
involving	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
Sensus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
afterward	O
,	O
Portland	O
General	O
Electric	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
replace	O
70,000	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
that	O
had	O
been	O
deployed	O
in	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
Oregon	O
after	O
similar	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
30	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
after	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
eight	O
recent	O
fire	O
incidents	O
involving	O
the	O
meters	O
,	O
SaskPower	O
was	O
ordered	O
by	O
the	O
Government	O
of	O
Saskatchewan	O
to	O
immediately	O
end	O
its	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
program	O
,	O
and	O
remove	O
the	O
105,000	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
it	O
had	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
fine-grained	O
information	O
collected	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
raises	O
growing	O
concerns	O
of	O
privacy	O
invasion	O
due	O
to	O
personal	O
behavior	O
exposure	O
(	O
private	O
activity	O
,	O
daily	O
routine	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
British	O
Columbia	O
the	O
electric	O
utility	O
is	O
government-owned	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
must	O
comply	O
with	O
privacy	O
laws	O
that	O
prevent	O
the	O
sale	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
;	O
many	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
are	O
serviced	O
by	O
private	O
companies	O
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
sell	O
their	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
as	O
evidence	O
in	O
a	O
court	O
case	O
in	O
Austin	O
,	O
Texas	O
,	O
police	O
agencies	O
secretly	O
collected	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
power	O
usage	O
data	O
from	O
thousands	O
of	O
residences	O
to	O
determine	O
which	O
used	O
more	O
power	O
than	O
"	O
typical	O
"	O
to	O
identify	O
marijuana	O
growing	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
power	O
data	O
usage	O
patterns	O
can	O
reveal	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
how	O
much	O
power	O
is	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
has	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
sampling	O
power	O
levels	O
at	O
two-second	O
intervals	O
can	O
reliably	O
identify	O
when	O
different	O
electrical	O
devices	O
are	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ross	O
Anderson	O
wrote	O
about	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
"	O
It	O
is	O
not	O
necessary	O
for	O
my	O
meter	O
to	O
tell	O
the	O
power	O
company	O
,	O
let	O
alone	O
the	O
government	O
,	O
how	O
much	O
I	O
used	O
in	O
every	O
half-hour	O
period	O
last	O
month	O
"	O
;	O
that	O
meters	O
can	O
provide	O
"	O
targeting	O
information	O
for	O
burglars	O
"	O
;	O
that	O
detailed	O
energy	O
usage	O
history	O
can	O
help	O
energy	O
companies	O
to	O
sell	O
users	O
exploitative	O
contracts	O
;	O
and	O
that	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
"	O
a	O
temptation	O
for	O
policymakers	O
to	O
use	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
data	O
to	O
target	O
any	O
needed	O
power	O
cuts.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Reviews	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
programs	O
,	O
moratoriums	O
,	O
delays	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
opt-out	O
"	O
programs	O
are	O
some	O
responses	O
to	O
the	O
concerns	O
of	O
customers	O
and	O
government	O
officials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
residents	O
who	O
did	O
not	O
want	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
,	O
in	O
June	O
2012	O
a	O
utility	O
in	O
Hawaii	O
changed	O
its	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
program	O
to	O
"	O
opt	O
out	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
utility	O
said	O
that	O
once	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
installation	O
project	O
is	O
nearing	O
completion	O
,	O
KIUC	O
may	O
convert	O
the	O
deferral	O
policy	O
to	O
an	O
opt-out	O
policy	O
or	O
program	O
and	O
may	O
charge	O
a	O
fee	O
to	O
those	O
members	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
costs	O
of	O
servicing	O
the	O
traditional	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Connecticut	O
,	O
another	O
US	O
state	O
to	O
consider	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
,	O
regulators	O
declined	O
a	O
request	O
by	O
the	O
state	O
's	O
largest	O
utility	O
,	O
Connecticut	O
Light	O
&	O
Power	O
,	O
to	O
install	O
1.2	O
million	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
,	O
arguing	O
that	O
the	O
potential	O
savings	O
in	O
electric	O
bills	O
do	O
not	O
justify	O
the	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
allow	O
dynamic	O
pricing	O
;	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
this	O
allows	O
prices	O
to	O
be	O
reduced	O
at	O
times	O
of	O
low	O
demand	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
increase	O
prices	O
at	O
peak	O
times	O
if	O
all	O
consumers	O
have	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
allow	O
energy	O
suppliers	O
to	O
switch	O
customers	O
to	O
expensive	O
prepay	O
tariffs	O
instantly	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
difficulties	O
paying	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
during	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
very	O
high	O
energy	O
prices	O
from	O
2022	O
,	O
companies	O
were	O
remotely	O
switching	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
from	O
a	O
credit	O
tariff	O
to	O
an	O
expensive	O
prepay	O
tariff	O
which	O
disconnects	O
supplies	O
unless	O
credit	O
has	O
been	O
purchased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Prepaid	O
tariffs	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
levied	O
without	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
but	O
this	O
required	O
a	O
dedicated	O
prepay	O
meter	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Chicago	O
area	O
,	O
Commonwealth	O
Edison	O
ran	O
a	O
test	O
installing	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
on	O
8,000	O
randomly	O
selected	O
households	O
together	O
with	O
variable	O
rates	O
and	O
rebates	O
to	O
encourage	O
cutting	O
back	O
during	O
peak	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Crain	O
's	O
Chicago	O
Business	O
article	O
"	O
Smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
test	O
underwhelms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
7	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
in	O
Texas	O
had	O
not	O
persuaded	O
many	O
people	O
to	O
check	O
their	O
energy	O
data	O
as	O
the	O
process	O
was	O
too	O
complicated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
from	O
a	O
parliamentary	O
group	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
suggests	O
people	O
who	O
have	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
installed	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
save	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
£11	O
annually	O
on	O
their	O
energy	O
bills	O
,	O
much	O
less	O
than	O
originally	O
hoped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Australian	O
Victorian	O
Auditor-General	O
found	O
in	O
2015	O
that	O
'	O
Victoria	O
's	O
electricity	O
consumers	O
will	O
have	O
paid	O
an	O
estimated	O
$2.239	O
billion	O
for	O
metering	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
rollout	O
and	O
connection	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
can	O
allow	O
real-time	O
pricing	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
theory	O
this	O
could	O
help	O
smooth	O
power	O
consumption	O
as	O
consumers	O
adjust	O
their	O
demand	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
price	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Take	O
Back	O
Your	O
Power	O
,	O
an	O
independent	O
Canadian	O
documentary	O
directed	O
by	O
Josh	O
del	O
Sol	O
was	O
released	O
describing	O
"	O
dirty	O
electricity	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
issues	O
with	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2011	O
submission	O
to	O
the	O
Public	O
Accounts	O
Committee	O
,	O
Anderson	O
wrote	O
that	O
Ofgem	O
was	O
"	O
making	O
all	O
the	O
classic	O
mistakes	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
known	O
for	O
years	O
to	O
lead	O
to	O
public-sector	O
IT	O
project	O
failures	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
most	O
critical	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
—	O
how	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
will	O
talk	O
to	O
domestic	O
appliances	O
to	O
facilitate	O
demand	O
response	O
—	O
is	O
essentially	O
ignored.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Citizens	O
Advice	O
said	O
in	O
August	O
2018	O
that	O
80%	O
of	O
people	O
with	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
were	O
happy	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
related	O
to	O
first-generation	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
losing	O
their	O
functionality	O
,	O
aggressive	O
sales	O
practices	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
having	O
to	O
send	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
readings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
number	O
of	O
SMETS1	B-Device
meters	O
installed	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
Peter	O
Earl	O
,	O
head	O
of	O
energy	O
at	O
the	O
price	O
comparison	O
website	O
comparethemarket.com	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Government	O
expected	O
there	O
would	O
only	O
be	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
first-generation	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
before	O
Smets	B-Device
II	O
came	O
in	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
reality	O
is	O
there	O
are	O
now	O
at	O
least	O
five	O
million	O
and	O
perhaps	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
10	O
million	O
Smets	B-Device
I	O
meters.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
UK	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
in	O
southern	O
England	O
and	O
the	O
Midlands	O
use	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
network	O
to	O
communicate	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
correctly	O
when	O
phone	O
coverage	O
is	O
weak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2018	O
the	O
National	O
Audit	O
Office	O
(	O
NAO	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
watches	O
over	O
public	O
spending	O
,	O
opened	O
an	O
investigation	O
into	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
program	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
cost	O
£11bn	O
by	O
then	O
,	O
paid	O
for	O
by	O
electricity	O
users	O
through	O
higher	O
bills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Audit	O
Office	O
published	O
the	O
findings	O
of	O
its	O
investigation	O
in	O
a	O
report	O
titled	O
"	O
Rolling	O
out	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
"	O
published	O
in	O
November	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
,	O
amongst	O
other	O
findings	O
,	O
indicated	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
installed	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
would	O
fall	O
materially	O
short	O
of	O
the	O
Department	O
for	O
Business	O
,	O
Energy	O
&	O
Industrial	O
Strategy	O
(	O
BEIS	O
)	O
original	O
ambitions	O
of	O
all	O
UK	O
consumers	O
having	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
installed	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2019	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
rollout	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
was	O
delayed	O
for	O
four	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ross	O
Anderson	O
and	O
Alex	O
Henney	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
Ed	O
Miliband	O
cooked	O
the	O
books	O
"	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
case	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
appear	O
economically	O
viable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
say	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
three	O
cost-benefit	O
analyses	O
of	O
residential	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
found	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
it	O
would	O
save	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
ministers	O
kept	O
on	O
trying	O
until	O
they	O
got	O
a	O
positive	O
result	O
...	O
To	O
achieve	O
'	O
profitability	O
 '	O
the	O
previous	O
government	O
stretched	O
the	O
assumptions	O
shamelessly	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
counter-fraud	O
officer	O
at	O
Ofgem	O
with	O
oversight	O
of	O
the	O
roll-out	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
program	O
who	O
raised	O
concerns	O
with	O
his	O
manager	O
about	O
many	O
millions	O
of	O
pounds	O
being	O
misspent	O
was	O
threatened	O
with	O
imprisonment	O
under	O
section	O
105	O
of	O
the	O
Utilities	O
Act	O
2000	O
,	O
a	O
provision	O
intended	O
to	O
protect	O
national	O
security	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
