<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
or	O
domotics	O
is	O
building	O
automation	B-Application
for	O
a	O
home	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
or	O
smart	O
house	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
system	O
will	O
monitor	O
and/or	O
control	O
home	O
attributes	O
such	O
as	O
lighting	O
,	O
climate	O
,	O
entertainment	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
connected	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
home	O
devices	O
are	O
an	O
important	O
constituent	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
"	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
system	O
typically	O
connects	O
controlled	O
devices	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
hub	O
(	O
sometimes	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
gateway	B-Application
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
for	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
uses	O
either	O
wall-mounted	O
terminals	O
,	O
tablet	O
or	O
desktop	O
computers	O
,	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
application	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
Web	O
interface	O
that	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
accessible	O
off-site	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
competing	O
vendors	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
increasing	O
efforts	O
towards	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
issues	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
state	O
of	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
including	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
standardized	O
security	O
measures	O
and	O
deprecation	O
of	O
older	O
devices	O
without	O
backwards	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
has	O
high	O
potential	O
for	O
sharing	O
data	O
between	O
family	O
members	O
or	O
trusted	O
individuals	O
for	O
personal	O
security	O
and	O
could	O
lead	O
to	O
energy	O
saving	O
measures	O
with	O
a	O
positive	O
environmental	O
impact	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
market	O
was	O
worth	O
US$64	O
billion	O
in	O
2022	O
and	O
is	O
projected	O
to	O
grow	O
to	O
over	O
$163	O
billion	O
in	O
2028	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
began	O
with	O
labor-saving	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-contained	O
electric	O
or	O
gas	O
powered	O
home	O
appliances	O
became	O
viable	O
in	O
the	O
1900s	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
electric	O
power	O
distribution	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
washing	O
machines	O
(	O
1904	O
)	O
,	O
water	O
heaters	O
(	O
1889	O
)	O
,	O
refrigerators	O
(	O
1913	O
)	O
,	O
sewing	O
machines	O
,	O
dishwashers	B-Application
,	O
and	O
clothes	O
dryers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1975	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
general	O
purpose	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
network	O
technology	O
,	O
X10	O
,	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
primarily	O
uses	O
electric	O
power	O
transmission	O
wiring	O
for	O
signalling	O
and	O
control	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
signals	O
involve	O
brief	O
radio	O
frequency	O
bursts	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
remains	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2012	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
ABI	O
Research	O
,	O
1.5	O
million	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
systems	O
were	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Per	O
research	O
firm	O
Statista	O
more	O
than	O
45	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
devices	O
will	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
U.S.	O
homes	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
"	O
domotics	O
"	O
is	O
a	O
contraction	O
of	O
the	O
Latin	O
word	O
for	O
a	O
home	O
(	O
domus	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
the	O
word	O
robotics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
in	O
"	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
"	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
being	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
its	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
the	O
information	O
and	O
communication	O
technologies	O
(	O
ICT	O
)	O
protocol	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
is	O
prevalent	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
different	O
realms	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Heating	O
,	O
ventilation	O
and	O
air	O
conditioning	O
(	O
HVAC	O
)	O
:	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
have	O
remote	O
control	O
of	O
all	O
home	O
energy	O
monitors	O
over	O
the	O
internet	O
incorporating	O
a	O
simple	O
and	O
friendly	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Occupancy-aware	O
control	O
system	O
:	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
sense	O
the	O
occupancy	O
of	O
the	O
home	O
using	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
and	O
environmental	O
sensors	O
like	O
CO2	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
building	O
automation	B-Application
system	O
to	O
trigger	O
automatic	O
responses	O
for	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
and	O
building	O
comfort	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Appliance	O
control	O
and	O
integration	O
with	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
,	O
taking	O
advantage	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
of	O
high	O
solar	O
panel	O
output	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
the	O
day	O
to	O
run	O
washing	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
robots	O
and	O
security	O
:	O
a	O
household	O
security	O
system	O
integrated	O
with	O
a	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
system	O
can	O
provide	O
additional	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
remote	O
surveillance	O
of	O
security	O
cameras	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
or	O
access	O
control	O
and	O
central	O
locking	O
of	O
all	O
perimeter	O
doors	O
and	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indoor	B-Device
positioning	I-Device
systems	I-Device
(	O
IPS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
for	O
the	O
elderly	O
and	O
disabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Air	B-Device
Quality	I-Device
Egg	I-Device
is	O
used	O
by	O
people	O
at	O
home	O
to	O
monitor	O
the	O
air	O
quality	O
and	O
pollution	O
level	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
and	O
create	O
a	O
map	O
of	O
the	O
pollution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	B-Application
control	I-Application
devices	O
like	O
Amazon	B-Application
Alexa	I-Application
or	O
Google	B-Device
Home	I-Device
used	O
to	O
control	O
home	O
appliances	O
or	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
Research	O
found	O
that	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
could	O
involve	O
a	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
,	O
inflexibility	O
of	O
interconnected	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
poor	O
manageability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
designing	O
and	O
creating	O
a	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
system	O
,	O
engineers	O
take	O
into	O
account	O
several	O
factors	O
including	O
scalability	O
,	O
how	O
well	O
the	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
monitored	O
and	O
controlled	O
,	O
ease	O
of	O
installation	O
and	O
use	O
for	O
the	O
consumer	O
,	O
affordability	O
,	O
speed	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
ability	O
to	O
diagnose	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
systems	O
have	O
been	O
sold	O
as	O
complete	O
systems	O
where	O
the	O
consumer	O
relies	O
on	O
one	O
vendor	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
system	O
including	O
the	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
communications	O
protocol	O
,	O
the	O
central	O
hub	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
now	O
open	O
hardware	O
and	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	I-License
systems	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
instead	O
of	O
or	O
with	O
proprietary	B-Application
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
are	O
increasingly	O
interfaced	O
with	O
mobile	O
phones	O
through	O
Bluetooth	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
increased	O
affordability	O
and	O
customizability	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
suffers	O
from	O
platform	B-Application
fragmentation	I-Application
and	O
lack	O
of	O
technical	O
standards	O
a	O
situation	O
where	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
both	O
hardware	O
variations	O
and	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
running	O
on	O
them	O
,	O
makes	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
developing	O
applications	O
that	O
work	O
consistently	O
between	O
different	O
inconsistent	O
technology	O
ecosystems	O
hard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
may	O
hesitate	O
to	O
bet	O
their	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
future	O
on	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
or	O
hardware	O
devices	O
that	O
use	O
proprietary	B-Application
protocols	O
that	O
may	O
fade	O
or	O
become	O
difficult	O
to	O
customize	O
and	O
interconnect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nature	O
of	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
problem	O
for	O
security	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	O
privacy	O
,	O
since	O
patches	O
to	O
bugs	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
core	O
operating	O
system	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
reach	O
users	O
of	O
older	O
and	O
lower-price	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
have	O
been	O
raised	O
by	O
tenants	O
renting	O
from	O
landlords	O
who	O
decide	O
to	O
upgrade	O
units	O
with	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concerns	O
include	O
weak	O
wireless	O
connections	O
that	O
render	O
the	O
door	O
or	O
appliance	O
unusable	O
or	O
impractical	O
;	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
door	O
passcodes	O
kept	O
by	O
the	O
landlord	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
potential	O
invasion	O
of	O
privacy	O
that	O
comes	O
with	O
connecting	O
smart	B-Device
home	I-Device
technologies	O
to	O
home	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
also	O
conducted	O
user	O
studies	O
to	O
determine	O
what	O
the	O
barriers	O
are	O
for	O
consumers	O
when	O
integrating	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
or	O
systems	O
into	O
their	O
daily	O
lifestyle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
the	O
findings	O
showed	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
misunderstanding	O
related	O
to	O
where	O
the	O
data	O
collected	O
by	O
smart	B-Device
devices	I-Device
was	O
stored	O
and	O
how	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Utilizing	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
could	O
lead	O
to	O
more	O
efficient	O
and	O
intelligent	O
energy-saving	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
has	O
a	O
large	O
potential	O
regarding	O
family	O
safety	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
automation	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
smart	O
security	O
systems	O
and	O
surveillance	O
setups	O
.	O
</s>
