<s>
A	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
an	O
electrical	O
grid	O
which	O
includes	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
operation	O
and	O
energy	O
measures	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
metering	O
infrastructure	O
(	O
of	O
which	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
are	O
a	O
generic	O
name	O
for	O
any	O
utility	O
side	O
device	O
even	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
capable	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Sufficient	O
utility	O
grade	O
fiber	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
to	O
connect	O
and	O
monitor	O
the	O
above	O
,	O
with	O
wireless	O
as	O
a	O
backup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
power	O
conditioning	O
and	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
electricity	O
are	O
important	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
policy	O
is	O
organized	O
in	O
Europe	O
as	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
European	O
Technology	O
Platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Roll-out	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
also	O
implies	O
a	O
fundamental	O
re-engineering	O
of	O
the	O
electricity	O
services	O
industry	O
,	O
although	O
typical	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
technical	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
with	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
mostly	O
focus	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
items	O
enabled	O
by	O
them	O
,	O
and	O
general	O
security	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
could	O
also	O
monitor/control	O
residential	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
noncritical	O
during	O
periods	O
of	O
peak	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
and	O
return	O
their	O
function	O
during	O
nonpeak	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
some	O
developing	O
countries	O
like	O
China	O
,	O
India	O
,	O
and	O
Brazil	O
were	O
seen	O
as	O
pioneers	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
growing	O
concern	O
over	O
terrorist	B-Device
attacks	O
in	O
some	O
countries	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
calls	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
robust	O
energy	O
grid	O
that	O
is	O
less	O
dependent	O
on	O
centralised	O
power	O
stations	O
that	O
were	O
perceived	O
to	O
be	O
potential	O
attack	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
official	O
definition	O
of	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
was	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Energy	O
Independence	O
and	O
Security	O
Act	O
of	O
2007	O
(	O
EISA-2007	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
approved	O
by	O
the	O
US	O
Congress	O
in	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
signed	O
to	O
law	O
by	O
President	O
George	O
W	O
.	O
Bush	O
in	O
December	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Title	O
XIII	O
of	O
this	O
bill	O
provides	O
a	O
description	O
,	O
with	O
ten	O
characteristics	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
definition	O
for	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
,	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
"	O
It	O
is	O
the	O
policy	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
modernization	O
of	O
the	O
Nation	O
's	O
electricity	O
transmission	O
and	O
distribution	O
system	O
to	O
maintain	O
a	O
reliable	O
and	O
secure	O
electricity	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
can	O
meet	O
future	O
demand	O
growth	O
and	O
to	O
achieve	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
,	O
which	O
together	O
characterize	O
a	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
Increased	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
information	O
and	O
controls	O
technology	O
to	O
improve	O
reliability	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
electric	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
10	O
)	O
Identification	O
and	O
lowering	O
of	O
unreasonable	O
or	O
unnecessary	O
barriers	O
to	O
adoption	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technologies	O
,	O
practices	O
,	O
and	O
services.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Union	O
Commission	O
Task	O
Force	O
for	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grids	I-Architecture
also	O
provides	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
definition	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
is	O
an	O
electricity	O
network	O
that	O
can	O
cost	O
efficiently	O
integrate	O
the	O
behaviour	O
and	O
actions	O
of	O
all	O
users	O
connected	O
to	O
it	O
–	O
generators	O
,	O
consumers	O
and	O
those	O
that	O
do	O
both	O
–	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
economically	O
efficient	O
,	O
sustainable	O
power	O
system	O
with	O
low	O
losses	O
and	O
high	O
levels	O
of	O
quality	O
and	O
security	O
of	O
supply	O
and	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
employs	O
innovative	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
together	O
with	O
intelligent	O
monitoring	O
,	O
control	O
,	O
communication	O
,	O
and	O
self-healing	O
technologies	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
element	O
to	O
most	O
definitions	O
is	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
digital	O
processing	O
and	O
communications	O
to	O
the	O
power	O
grid	O
,	O
making	O
data	O
flow	O
and	O
information	B-Application
management	I-Application
central	O
to	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
grid	O
information	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
issues	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	O
utilities	O
now	O
find	O
themselves	O
making	O
three	O
classes	O
of	O
transformations	O
:	O
improvement	O
of	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
strong	O
grid	O
in	O
China	O
;	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
layer	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
essence	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
;	O
and	O
business	O
process	O
transformation	O
,	O
necessary	O
to	O
capitalize	O
on	O
the	O
investments	O
in	O
smart	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
going	O
on	O
in	O
electric	O
grid	B-Architecture
modernization	I-Architecture
,	O
especially	O
substation	O
and	O
distribution	O
automation	O
,	O
is	O
now	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
general	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technologies	O
emerged	O
from	O
earlier	O
attempts	O
at	O
using	O
electronic	O
control	O
,	O
metering	O
,	O
and	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
add	O
continuous	O
communications	O
so	O
that	O
monitoring	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
gateway	O
to	O
demand	O
response-aware	O
devices	O
and	O
"	O
smart	O
sockets	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
Italy	O
's	O
Telegestore	O
Project	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
network	O
large	O
numbers	O
(	O
27	O
million	O
)	O
of	O
homes	O
using	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
connected	O
via	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
power	B-Device
line	I-Device
communication	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
experiments	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
over	O
power	O
lines	O
(	O
BPL	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
used	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
promoted	O
for	O
more	O
reliable	O
connections	O
to	O
disparate	O
devices	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
supporting	O
metering	O
of	O
other	O
utilities	O
such	O
as	O
gas	O
and	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitoring	O
and	O
synchronization	O
of	O
wide-area	O
networks	O
were	O
revolutionized	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
when	O
the	O
Bonneville	O
Power	O
Administration	O
expanded	O
its	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
research	O
with	O
prototype	O
sensors	O
that	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
very	O
rapid	O
analysis	O
of	O
anomalies	O
in	O
electricity	O
quality	O
over	O
very	O
large	O
geographic	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
deployments	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
include	O
the	O
Italian	O
system	O
Telegestore	O
(	O
2005	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
of	O
Austin	O
,	O
Texas	O
(	O
since	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
in	O
Boulder	O
,	O
Colorado	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
represents	O
the	O
full	O
suite	O
of	O
current	O
and	O
proposed	O
responses	O
to	O
the	O
challenges	O
of	O
electricity	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
makes	O
use	O
of	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
state	O
estimation	O
,	O
that	O
improve	O
fault	O
detection	O
and	O
allow	O
self-healing	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
without	O
the	O
intervention	O
of	O
technicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
multiple	O
routes	O
are	O
touted	O
as	O
a	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
old	O
grid	O
also	O
featured	O
multiple	O
routes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
aims	O
to	O
manage	O
these	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
overall	O
improvement	O
of	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
energy	O
infrastructure	O
are	O
anticipated	O
from	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
including	O
demand-side	O
management	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
turning	O
off	O
air	O
conditioners	O
during	O
short-term	O
spikes	O
in	O
electricity	O
price	O
,	O
through	O
Voltage/VAR	O
Optimization	O
(	O
VVO	O
)	O
,	O
eliminating	O
truck-rolls	O
for	O
meter	O
reading	O
,	O
and	O
reducing	O
truck-rolls	O
by	O
improved	O
outage	O
management	O
using	O
data	O
from	O
Advanced	O
Metering	O
Infrastructure	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
may	O
warn	O
all	O
individual	O
television	O
sets	O
,	O
or	O
another	O
larger	O
customer	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
load	O
temporarily	O
(	O
to	O
allow	O
time	O
to	O
start	O
up	O
a	O
larger	O
generator	O
)	O
or	O
continuously	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
limited	O
resources	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
load	O
reduction	O
by	O
even	O
a	O
small	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
clients	O
may	O
eliminate	O
the	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
improved	O
flexibility	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
permits	O
greater	O
penetration	O
of	O
highly	O
variable	O
renewable	O
energy	O
sources	O
such	O
as	O
solar	O
power	O
and	O
wind	O
power	O
,	O
even	O
without	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
energy	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
is	O
a	O
necessary	O
condition	O
for	O
very	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
renewable	O
electricity	O
on	O
the	O
grid	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
allows	O
for	O
systematic	O
communication	O
between	O
suppliers	O
(	O
their	O
energy	O
price	O
)	O
and	O
consumers	O
(	O
their	O
willingness-to-pay	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
permits	O
both	O
the	O
suppliers	O
and	O
the	O
consumers	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
flexible	O
and	O
sophisticated	O
in	O
their	O
operational	O
strategies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Latency	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
flow	O
is	O
a	O
major	O
concern	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
early	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
architectures	O
allowing	O
actually	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
24	O
hours	O
delay	O
in	O
receiving	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
preventing	O
any	O
possible	O
reaction	O
by	O
either	O
supplying	O
or	O
demanding	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bulk	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technologies	O
are	O
already	O
used	O
in	O
other	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
telecommunications	O
and	O
are	O
being	O
adapted	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
grid	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrated	O
communications	O
:	O
Areas	O
for	O
improvement	O
include	O
:	O
substation	O
automation	O
,	O
demand	O
response	O
,	O
distribution	O
automation	O
,	O
supervisory	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
acquisition	O
(	O
SCADA	O
)	O
,	O
energy	O
management	O
systems	O
,	O
wireless	O
mesh	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
other	O
technologies	O
,	O
power-line	B-Device
carrier	I-Device
communications	I-Device
,	O
and	O
fiber-optics	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technologies	O
include	O
advanced	O
microprocessor	O
meters	O
(	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
)	O
and	O
meter	O
reading	O
equipment	O
,	O
wide-area	O
monitoring	O
systems	O
,	O
(	O
typically	O
based	O
on	O
online	O
readings	O
by	O
Distributed	B-Algorithm
temperature	I-Algorithm
sensing	I-Algorithm
combined	O
with	O
Real	O
time	O
thermal	O
rating	O
(	O
RTTR	O
)	O
systems	O
)	O
,	O
electromagnetic	O
signature	O
measurement/analysis	O
,	O
time-of-use	O
,	O
and	O
real-time	O
pricing	O
tools	O
,	O
advanced	O
switches	O
and	O
cables	O
,	O
backscatter	O
radio	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
Digital	O
protective	O
relays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matching	O
supply	O
and	O
demand	O
,	O
called	O
load	B-Algorithm
balancing	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
essential	O
for	O
a	O
stable	O
and	O
reliable	O
supply	O
of	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
load	B-Algorithm
balancing	I-Algorithm
task	O
has	O
become	O
much	O
more	O
challenging	O
as	O
increasingly	O
intermittent	O
and	O
variable	O
generators	O
such	O
as	O
wind	O
turbines	O
and	O
solar	O
cells	O
are	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
grid	O
,	O
forcing	O
other	O
producers	O
to	O
adapt	O
their	O
output	O
much	O
more	O
frequently	O
than	O
has	O
been	O
required	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
programming	O
techniques	O
,	O
the	O
Fujian	O
power	O
grid	O
in	O
China	O
created	O
a	O
wide	O
area	O
protection	O
system	O
that	O
is	O
rapidly	O
able	O
to	O
accurately	O
calculate	O
a	O
control	O
strategy	O
and	O
execute	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Voltage	O
Stability	O
Monitoring	O
&	O
Control	O
(	O
VSMC	O
)	O
software	O
uses	O
a	O
sensitivity-based	O
successive	B-Algorithm
linear	I-Algorithm
programming	I-Algorithm
method	O
to	O
reliably	O
determine	O
the	O
optimal	O
control	O
solution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
provides	O
IT-based	O
solutions	O
which	O
the	O
traditional	O
power	O
grid	O
is	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
residents	O
can	O
manage	O
their	O
energy	O
consumption	O
easier	O
and	O
more	O
effectively	O
with	O
the	O
connection	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pacific	O
Northwest	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
Demonstration	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
about	O
60,000	O
metered	O
customers	O
,	O
and	O
contains	O
many	O
key	O
functions	O
of	O
the	O
future	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solar	O
Cities	O
-	O
In	O
Australia	O
,	O
the	O
Solar	O
Cities	O
programme	O
included	O
close	O
collaboration	O
with	O
energy	O
companies	O
to	O
trial	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
peak	O
and	O
off-peak	O
pricing	O
,	O
remote	O
switching	O
and	O
related	O
efforts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
Grid	I-Device
Energy	I-Device
Research	I-Device
Center	I-Device
(	O
SMERC	O
)	O
-	O
Located	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
dedicated	O
its	O
efforts	O
to	O
large-scale	O
testing	O
of	O
its	O
smart	O
EV	O
charging	O
network	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
Quart	O
-	O
In	O
Germany	O
,	O
the	O
Smart	O
Quart	O
project	O
develops	O
three	O
smart	O
districts	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
test	O
and	O
showcase	O
technology	O
to	O
operate	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
typically	O
involves	O
setting	O
up	O
a	O
lab	O
with	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
,	O
applications	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
considered	O
for	O
power	O
grid	O
management	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	O
Neural	B-Architecture
Networks	I-Architecture
(	O
ANNs	O
)	O
attempt	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
most	O
difficult	O
of	O
these	O
problems	O
,	O
the	O
non-linear	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
non-linear	O
loads	O
though	O
,	O
the	O
load	O
profile	O
is	O
n't	O
smooth	O
and	O
as	O
predictable	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
higher	O
uncertainty	O
and	O
less	O
accuracy	O
using	O
the	O
traditional	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
industry	O
was	O
valued	O
at	O
about	O
$21.4	O
billion	O
–	O
by	O
2014	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
exceed	O
at	O
least	O
$42.8	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
market	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
grow	O
at	O
a	O
faster	O
rate	O
,	O
surging	O
from	O
$69.3	O
billion	O
in	O
2009	O
to	O
$171.4	O
billion	O
by	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
segments	O
set	O
to	O
benefit	O
the	O
most	O
will	O
be	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
hardware	O
sellers	O
and	O
makers	O
of	O
software	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
and	O
organize	O
the	O
massive	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
by	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2011	O
study	O
from	O
the	O
Electric	O
Power	O
Research	O
Institute	O
concludes	O
that	O
investment	O
in	O
a	O
U.S.	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
will	O
cost	O
up	O
to	O
$476	O
billion	O
over	O
20	O
years	O
but	O
will	O
provide	O
up	O
to	O
$2	O
trillion	O
in	O
customer	O
benefits	O
over	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
replacing	O
it	O
with	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
than	O
USD	O
4	O
trillion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
are	O
deployed	O
fully	O
across	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
the	O
country	O
expects	O
to	O
save	O
USD	O
130	O
billion	O
annually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
precisely	O
limits	O
electrical	O
power	O
down	O
to	O
the	O
residential	O
level	O
,	O
network	O
small-scale	O
distributed	O
energy	O
generation	O
and	O
storage	O
devices	O
,	O
communicate	O
information	O
on	O
operating	O
status	O
and	O
needs	O
,	O
collect	O
information	O
on	O
prices	O
and	O
grid	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
move	O
the	O
grid	O
beyond	O
central	O
control	O
to	O
a	O
collaborative	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2003	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
study	O
calculated	O
that	O
internal	O
modernization	O
of	O
US	O
grids	O
with	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
capabilities	O
would	O
save	O
between	O
46	O
and	O
117	O
billion	O
dollars	O
over	O
the	O
next	O
20	O
years	O
if	O
implemented	O
within	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
these	O
industrial	O
modernization	O
benefits	O
,	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
features	O
could	O
expand	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
beyond	O
the	O
grid	O
into	O
the	O
home	O
by	O
coordinating	O
low	O
priority	O
home	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
water	O
heaters	O
so	O
that	O
their	O
use	O
of	O
power	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
desirable	O
energy	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
can	O
also	O
coordinate	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
power	O
from	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
small	O
power	O
producers	O
such	O
as	O
owners	O
of	O
rooftop	O
solar	O
panels	O
—	O
an	O
arrangement	O
that	O
would	O
otherwise	O
prove	O
problematic	O
for	O
power	O
systems	O
operators	O
at	O
local	O
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
concern	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
telecommunications	O
to	O
fully	O
support	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
may	O
be	O
prohibitive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
are	O
specific	O
and	O
proven	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technologies	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
an	O
aggregate	O
term	O
for	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
related	O
technologies	O
on	O
which	O
a	O
specification	B-Application
is	O
generally	O
agreed	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
name	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
modernized	O
electricity	O
network	O
include	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
reduce	O
power	O
consumption	O
at	O
the	O
consumer	O
side	O
during	O
peak	O
hours	O
,	O
called	O
demand	O
side	O
management	O
;	O
enabling	O
grid	O
connection	O
of	O
distributed	O
generation	O
power	O
(	O
with	O
photovoltaic	O
arrays	O
,	O
small	O
wind	O
turbines	O
,	O
micro	O
hydro	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
combined	O
heat	O
power	O
generators	O
in	O
buildings	O
)	O
;	O
incorporating	O
grid	O
energy	O
storage	O
for	O
distributed	O
generation	O
load	B-Algorithm
balancing	I-Algorithm
;	O
and	O
eliminating	O
or	O
containing	O
failures	O
such	O
as	O
widespread	O
power	O
grid	O
cascading	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increased	O
efficiency	O
and	O
reliability	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
expected	O
to	O
save	O
consumers	O
money	O
and	O
help	O
reduce	O
emissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
opposition	O
and	O
concerns	O
have	O
centered	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
and	O
the	O
items	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
remote	O
control	O
,	O
remote	O
disconnect	O
,	O
and	O
variable	O
rate	O
pricing	O
)	O
enabled	O
by	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
opposition	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
is	O
encountered	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
often	O
marketed	O
as	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
which	O
connects	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
to	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
in	O
the	O
eyes	O
of	O
opponents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
modernization	O
of	O
electrical	O
grids	O
into	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
allows	O
for	O
optimization	O
of	O
everyday	O
processes	O
,	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
,	O
being	O
online	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
cyberattacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
intruders	O
can	O
gain	O
access	O
via	O
renewable	O
energy	O
generation	O
systems	O
and	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
connected	O
to	O
the	O
grid	O
,	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
more	O
specialized	O
weaknesses	O
or	O
ones	O
whose	O
security	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
prioritized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
has	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
access	O
points	O
,	O
like	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
defending	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
weak	O
points	O
can	O
prove	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
chiefly	O
center	O
around	O
the	O
communications	O
technology	O
at	O
the	O
heart	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
allow	O
real-time	O
contact	O
between	O
utilities	O
and	O
meters	O
in	O
customers	O
 '	O
homes	O
and	O
businesses	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
risk	O
that	O
these	O
capabilities	O
could	O
be	O
exploited	O
for	O
criminal	O
or	O
even	O
terrorist	B-Device
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
computer	O
infiltration	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
also	O
concerns	O
that	O
computer	O
malware	O
like	O
Stuxnet	O
,	O
which	O
targeted	O
SCADA	O
systems	O
which	O
are	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
industry	O
,	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
attack	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electricity	O
theft	O
is	O
a	O
concern	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
where	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
being	O
deployed	O
use	O
RF	O
technology	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
electricity	O
transmission	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
with	O
knowledge	O
of	O
electronics	O
can	O
devise	O
interference	O
devices	O
to	O
cause	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
to	O
report	O
lower	O
than	O
actual	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
has	O
also	O
identified	O
both	O
attack	O
resistance	O
and	O
self-healing	O
as	O
major	O
keys	O
to	O
ensuring	O
that	O
today	O
's	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
future-proof	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
solutions	O
include	O
utilizing	O
transmission	O
substations	O
,	O
constrained	O
SCADA	O
networks	O
,	O
policy	O
based	O
data	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
,	O
and	O
attestation	O
for	O
constrained	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Policy-based	O
data	B-Application
sharing	I-Application
utilizes	O
GPS-clock-synchronized-fine-grain	O
power	O
grid	O
measurements	O
to	O
provide	O
increased	O
grid	O
stability	O
and	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attestation	O
for	O
constrained	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
faces	O
a	O
slightly	O
different	O
challenge	O
,	O
however	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
issues	O
with	O
attestation	O
for	O
constrained	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
is	O
that	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
energy	O
theft	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
attacks	O
,	O
cyber	O
security	O
providers	O
have	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
devices	O
 '	O
software	O
is	O
authentic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regulatory	O
or	O
legislative	O
actions	O
can	O
also	O
drive	O
utilities	O
to	O
implement	O
pieces	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
puzzle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
each	O
utility	O
will	O
take	O
a	O
different	O
path	O
to	O
creating	O
their	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
and	O
that	O
different	O
utilities	O
will	O
create	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
at	O
different	O
adoption	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
features	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
draw	O
opposition	O
from	O
industries	O
that	O
currently	O
are	O
,	O
or	O
hope	O
to	O
provide	O
similar	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
competition	O
with	O
cable	O
and	O
DSL	O
Internet	O
providers	O
from	O
broadband	B-Device
over	I-Device
powerline	I-Device
internet	I-Device
access	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IEEE	O
Security	O
and	O
Privacy	O
Magazine	O
,	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
will	O
require	O
that	O
people	O
develop	O
and	O
use	O
large	O
computer	O
and	O
communication	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
supports	O
a	O
greater	O
degree	O
of	O
situational	O
awareness	O
and	O
that	O
allows	O
for	O
more	O
specific	O
command	O
and	O
control	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
systems	O
have	O
dual	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
,	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
Italian	O
system	O
installed	O
by	O
Enel	O
S.p.A.	O
of	O
Italy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Telegestore	O
project	O
is	O
widely	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
scale	O
use	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
to	O
the	O
home	O
,	O
and	O
delivers	O
annual	O
savings	O
of	O
500	O
million	O
euro	O
at	O
a	O
project	O
cost	O
of	O
2.1	O
billion	O
euro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Austin	O
,	O
Texas	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
building	O
its	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
since	O
2003	O
,	O
when	O
its	O
utility	O
first	O
replaced	O
1/3	O
of	O
its	O
manual	O
meters	O
with	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
that	O
communicate	O
via	O
a	O
wireless	O
mesh	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
currently	O
manages	O
200,000	O
devices	O
real-time	O
(	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
,	O
smart	O
thermostats	O
,	O
and	O
sensors	O
across	O
its	O
service	O
area	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
expects	O
to	O
be	O
supporting	O
500,000	O
devices	O
real-time	O
in	O
2009	O
servicing	O
1	O
million	O
consumers	O
and	O
43,000	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boulder	O
,	O
Colorado	O
,	O
completed	O
the	O
first	O
phase	O
of	O
its	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
project	O
in	O
August	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
systems	O
use	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
as	O
a	O
gateway	O
to	O
the	O
home	O
automation	O
network	O
(	O
HAN	O
)	O
that	O
controls	O
smart	O
sockets	O
and	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hydro	O
One	O
,	O
in	O
Ontario	B-Architecture
,	O
Canada	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
midst	O
of	O
a	O
large-scale	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
initiative	O
,	O
deploying	O
a	O
standards-compliant	O
communications	O
infrastructure	O
from	O
Trilliant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
will	O
serve	O
1.3	O
million	O
customers	O
in	O
the	O
province	O
of	O
Ontario	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twenty-three	O
houses	O
in	O
the	O
Ker	O
Pissot	O
neighborhood	O
and	O
surrounding	O
areas	O
were	O
interconnected	O
with	O
a	O
microgrid	O
that	O
was	O
automated	O
as	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
with	O
software	O
from	O
Engie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
software	O
dynamically	O
updates	O
energy	O
supply	O
and	O
demand	O
in	O
5	O
minute	O
intervals	O
,	O
deciding	O
whether	O
to	O
pull	O
energy	O
from	O
the	O
battery	O
or	O
from	O
the	O
panels	O
and	O
when	O
to	O
store	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
hot	O
water	O
heaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
City	O
of	O
Mannheim	O
in	O
Germany	O
is	O
using	O
realtime	O
Broadband	B-General_Concept
Powerline	O
(	O
BPL	O
)	O
communications	O
in	O
its	O
Model	O
City	O
Mannheim	O
"	O
MoMa	O
"	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sydney	O
also	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
the	O
Australian	O
Government	O
implemented	O
the	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
,	O
Smart	B-Device
City	I-Device
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
attempted	O
deployments	O
of	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
rejected	O
in	O
2009	O
by	O
electricity	O
regulators	O
in	O
the	O
Commonwealth	O
of	O
Massachusetts	O
,	O
a	O
US	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
an	O
article	O
in	O
the	O
Boston	O
Globe	O
,	O
Northeast	O
Utilities	O
 '	O
Western	O
Massachusetts	O
Electric	O
Co	O
.	O
subsidiary	O
actually	O
attempted	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
program	O
using	O
public	O
subsidies	O
that	O
would	O
switch	O
low	O
income	O
customers	O
from	O
post-pay	O
to	O
pre-pay	O
billing	O
(	O
using	O
"	O
smart	O
cards	O
"	O
)	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
special	O
hiked	O
"	O
premium	O
"	O
rates	O
for	O
electricity	O
used	O
above	O
a	O
predetermined	O
amount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
spokesman	O
for	O
an	O
environmental	O
group	O
supportive	O
of	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
plans	O
and	O
Western	O
Massachusetts	O
 '	O
Electric	O
's	O
aforementioned	O
"	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
"	O
plan	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
stated	O
"	O
If	O
used	O
properly	O
,	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
technology	O
has	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
potential	O
for	O
reducing	O
peak	O
demand	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
allow	O
us	O
to	O
shut	O
down	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
oldest	O
,	O
dirtiest	O
power	O
plants	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eEnergy	O
Vermont	O
consortium	O
is	O
a	O
US	O
statewide	O
initiative	O
in	O
Vermont	O
,	O
funded	O
in	O
part	O
through	O
the	O
American	O
Recovery	O
and	O
Reinvestment	O
Act	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
electric	O
utilities	O
in	O
the	O
state	O
have	O
rapidly	O
adopted	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
about	O
90%	O
Advanced	O
Metering	O
Infrastructure	O
deployment	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
presently	O
evaluating	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
dynamic	O
rate	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
a	O
large-scale	O
project	O
(	O
>5000	O
connections	O
,	O
>20	O
partners	O
)	O
was	O
initiated	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
integrated	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
technologies	O
,	O
services	O
and	O
business	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EPB	O
in	O
Chattanooga	O
,	O
TN	O
is	O
a	O
municipally-owned	O
electric	O
utility	O
that	O
started	O
construction	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
in	O
2008	O
,	O
receiving	O
a	O
$	O
111,567,606	O
grant	O
from	O
the	O
US	O
DOE	O
in	O
2009	O
to	O
expedite	O
construction	O
and	O
implementation	O
(	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
budget	O
of	O
$	O
232,219,350	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deployment	O
of	O
power-line	O
interrupters	O
(	O
1170	O
units	O
)	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
April	O
2012	O
,	O
and	O
deployment	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
meters	I-Device
(	O
172,079	O
units	O
)	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
's	O
backbone	O
fiber-optic	B-Architecture
system	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
first	O
gigabit-speed	O
internet	O
connection	O
to	O
residential	O
customers	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
through	O
the	O
Fiber	O
to	O
the	O
Home	O
initiative	O
,	O
and	O
now	O
speeds	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
10	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
residents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
reduced	O
power	O
outages	O
by	O
an	O
average	O
of	O
60%	O
,	O
saving	O
the	O
city	O
about	O
60	O
million	O
dollars	O
annually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
market	O
in	O
China	O
is	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
$22.3	O
billion	O
with	O
a	O
projected	O
growth	O
to	O
$61.4	O
billion	O
by	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
State	O
Grid	O
Corp.	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Academy	O
of	O
Science	O
,	O
and	O
General	O
Electric	O
intend	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
to	O
develop	O
standards	O
for	O
China	O
's	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
rollout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Part	O
of	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
Initiative	O
,	O
IEEE	O
2030.2	O
represents	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
aimed	O
at	O
utility	O
storage	O
systems	O
for	O
transmission	O
and	O
distribution	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Device
P2030	I-Device
group	O
expects	O
to	O
deliver	O
early	O
2011	O
an	O
overarching	O
set	O
of	O
guidelines	O
on	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
has	O
also	O
spun	O
out	O
a	O
2030.1	O
effort	O
drafting	O
guidelines	O
for	O
integrating	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
into	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEC	O
TC	O
57	O
has	O
created	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
international	O
standards	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
standards	O
include	O
IEC	O
61850	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
architecture	O
for	O
substation	O
automation	O
,	O
and	O
IEC	O
61970/61968	O
–	O
the	O
Common	O
Information	O
Model	O
(	O
CIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenADR	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
communications	O
standard	O
used	O
for	O
demand	O
response	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MultiSpeak	O
has	O
created	O
a	O
specification	B-Application
that	O
supports	O
distribution	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UCA	O
International	O
User	O
Group	O
discusses	O
and	O
supports	O
real	O
world	O
experience	O
of	O
the	O
standards	O
used	O
in	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
utility	O
task	O
group	O
within	O
LonMark	O
International	O
deals	O
with	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
related	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
trend	O
towards	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
technology	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
communication	O
platform	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
meter	I-Device
applications	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
utilities	O
can	O
deploy	O
multiple	O
communication	O
systems	O
,	O
while	O
using	O
IP	O
technology	O
as	O
a	O
common	O
management	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	B-Device
P2030	I-Device
is	O
an	O
IEEE	O
project	O
developing	O
a	O
"	O
Draft	O
Guide	O
for	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
Interoperability	O
of	O
Energy	O
Technology	O
and	O
Information	O
Technology	O
Operation	O
with	O
the	O
Electric	O
Power	O
System	O
(	O
EPS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
End-Use	O
Applications	O
and	O
Loads	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
G.hn	B-General_Concept
is	O
standard	O
for	O
high-speed	O
communications	O
over	O
power	O
lines	O
,	O
phone	O
lines	O
and	O
coaxial	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
Energy	O
Independence	O
and	O
Security	O
Act	O
of	O
2007	O
(	O
EISA	O
)	O
,	O
NIST	O
is	O
charged	O
with	O
overseeing	O
the	O
identification	O
and	O
selection	O
of	O
hundreds	O
of	O
standards	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
work	O
has	O
begun	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
standards	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
selected	O
for	O
inclusion	O
in	O
NIST	O
's	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
catalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
commentators	O
have	O
suggested	O
that	O
the	O
benefits	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
realized	O
from	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
standardization	O
could	O
be	O
threatened	O
by	O
a	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
patents	O
that	O
cover	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
architecture	O
and	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
patents	O
that	O
cover	O
standardized	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
elements	O
are	O
not	O
revealed	O
until	O
technology	O
is	O
broadly	O
distributed	O
throughout	O
the	O
network	O
(	O
"	O
locked-in	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
significant	O
disruption	O
could	O
occur	O
when	O
patent	O
holders	O
seek	O
to	O
collect	O
unanticipated	O
rents	O
from	O
large	O
segments	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
30-plus	O
page	O
report	O
from	O
the	O
GridWise	O
Alliance	O
,	O
which	O
represents	O
stakeholders	O
that	O
design	O
,	O
build	O
and	O
operate	O
the	O
electric	O
grid	O
,	O
takes	O
a	O
deep	O
dive	O
into	O
grid	B-Architecture
modernization	I-Architecture
efforts	O
across	O
the	O
country	O
and	O
ranks	O
them	O
by	O
state.	O
"	O
</s>
