<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
a	O
technologically	O
modern	O
urban	O
area	O
that	O
uses	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
electronic	O
methods	O
and	O
sensors	O
to	O
collect	O
specific	O
data	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
gained	O
from	O
that	O
data	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
manage	O
assets	O
,	O
resources	O
and	O
services	O
efficiently	O
;	O
in	O
return	O
,	O
that	O
data	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
operations	O
across	O
the	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
data	B-Application
collected	O
from	O
citizens	O
,	O
devices	O
,	O
buildings	O
and	O
assets	O
that	O
is	O
processed	O
and	O
analyzed	O
to	O
monitor	O
and	O
manage	O
traffic	O
and	O
transportation	O
systems	O
,	O
power	O
plants	O
,	O
utilities	O
,	O
water	O
supply	O
networks	O
,	O
waste	O
,	O
criminal	O
investigations	O
,	O
information	O
systems	O
,	O
schools	O
,	O
libraries	O
,	O
hospitals	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
community	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
are	O
defined	O
as	O
smart	O
both	O
in	O
the	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
their	O
governments	O
harness	O
technology	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
how	O
they	O
monitor	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
plan	O
,	O
and	O
govern	O
the	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
,	O
the	O
sharing	O
of	O
data	B-Application
in	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
city	O
itself	O
but	O
also	O
includes	O
businesses	O
,	O
citizens	O
and	O
other	O
third	O
parties	O
that	O
can	O
benefit	O
from	O
various	O
uses	O
of	O
that	O
data	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharing	O
data	B-Application
from	O
different	O
systems	O
and	O
sectors	O
creates	O
opportunities	O
for	O
increased	O
understanding	O
and	O
economic	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
concept	O
integrates	O
information	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
communication	I-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
( 	O
 '	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
 '	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
physical	O
devices	O
connected	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
( 	O
 '	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
 '	O
)	O
network	O
to	O
optimize	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
city	O
operations	O
and	O
services	O
and	O
connect	O
to	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
technology	O
allows	O
city	O
officials	O
to	O
interact	O
directly	O
with	O
both	O
community	O
and	O
city	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
to	O
monitor	O
what	O
is	O
happening	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
and	O
how	O
the	O
city	O
is	O
evolving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICT	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
to	O
enhance	O
quality	O
,	O
performance	O
and	O
interactivity	O
of	O
urban	O
services	O
,	O
to	O
reduce	O
costs	O
and	O
resource	O
consumption	O
and	O
to	O
increase	O
contact	O
between	O
citizens	O
and	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
applications	O
are	O
developed	O
to	O
manage	O
urban	O
flows	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
may	O
therefore	O
be	O
more	O
prepared	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
challenges	O
than	O
one	O
with	O
a	O
conventional	O
"	O
transactional	O
"	O
relationship	O
with	O
its	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	B-Device
cities	I-Device
have	O
already	O
adopted	O
some	O
sort	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
breadth	O
of	O
technologies	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
implemented	O
under	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
label	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
distill	O
a	O
precise	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deakin	O
and	O
Al	O
Waer	O
list	O
four	O
factors	O
that	O
contribute	O
to	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
to	O
transform	O
life	O
and	O
working	O
environments	O
within	O
the	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
embedding	O
of	O
such	O
Information	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Communications	I-General_Concept
Technologies	I-General_Concept
in	O
government	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
territorialisation	O
of	O
practices	O
that	O
brings	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
and	O
people	O
together	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
innovation	O
and	O
knowledge	O
that	O
they	O
offer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deakin	O
defines	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
as	O
one	O
that	O
utilizes	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
to	O
meet	O
the	O
demands	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
(	O
the	O
citizens	O
of	O
the	O
city	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
states	O
that	O
community	O
involvement	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
is	O
necessary	O
for	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
would	O
thus	O
be	O
a	O
city	O
that	O
not	O
only	O
possesses	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
technology	O
in	O
particular	O
areas	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
also	O
implemented	O
this	O
technology	O
in	O
a	O
manner	O
that	O
positively	O
impacts	O
the	O
local	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Excelling	O
in	O
these	O
key	O
areas	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
so	O
through	O
strong	O
human	O
capital	O
,	O
social	O
capital	O
,	O
and/or	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
infrastructure.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Department	O
for	O
Business	O
,	O
Innovation	O
and	O
Skills	O
,	O
UK	O
2013	O
:	O
"[T]he	O
concept	O
is	O
not	O
static	O
:	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
absolute	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
,	O
no	O
end	O
point	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
a	O
process	O
,	O
or	O
series	O
of	O
steps	O
,	O
by	O
which	O
cities	O
become	O
more	O
'	O
liveable	O
 '	O
and	O
resilient	O
and	O
,	O
hence	O
,	O
able	O
to	O
respond	O
quicker	O
to	O
new	O
challenges.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
European	O
Commission	O
:	O
"	O
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
a	O
place	O
where	O
traditional	O
networks	O
and	O
services	O
are	O
made	O
more	O
efficient	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
solutions	O
for	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
its	O
inhabitants	O
and	O
business.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Frost	O
&	O
Sullivan	O
2014	O
:	O
"	O
We	O
identified	O
eight	O
key	O
aspects	O
that	O
define	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
:	O
smart	O
governance	O
,	O
smart	O
energy	O
,	O
smart	O
building	O
,	O
smart	O
mobility	O
,	O
smart	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
smart	O
technology	O
,	O
smart	O
healthcare	O
and	O
smart	O
citizen.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
2007	O
:	O
"	O
Regional	O
competitiveness	O
,	O
transport	O
and	O
Information	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Communication	I-General_Concept
Technologies	I-General_Concept
economics	O
,	O
natural	O
resources	O
,	O
human	O
and	O
social	O
capital	O
,	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
,	O
and	O
participation	O
of	O
citizens	O
in	O
the	O
governance	O
of	O
cities.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Indian	O
Government	O
2015	O
:	O
"	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
offers	O
sustainability	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
economic	O
activities	O
and	O
employment	O
opportunities	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
section	O
of	O
its	O
residents	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
their	O
level	O
of	O
education	O
,	O
skills	O
or	O
income	O
levels.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
,	O
23	O
Apr	O
2019	O
:	O
"	O
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
brings	O
together	O
technology	O
,	O
government	O
and	O
society	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
following	O
characteristics	O
:	O
a	O
smart	O
economy	O
,	O
smart	O
mobility	O
,	O
a	O
smart	O
environment	O
,	O
smart	O
people	O
,	O
smart	O
living	O
,	O
smart	O
governance.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
a	O
city	O
that	O
uses	O
technological	O
solutions	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
management	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
urban	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
are	O
considered	O
being	O
advanced	O
in	O
six	O
fields	O
of	O
actions	O
,	O
namely	O
‘	O
smart	O
government’	O
,	O
‘	O
smart	O
economy’	O
,	O
‘	O
smart	O
environment’	O
,	O
‘	O
smart	O
living’	O
,	O
‘	O
smart	O
mobility’	O
and	O
‘	O
smart	O
people’	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
(	O
also	O
community	O
,	O
business	O
cluster	O
,	O
urban	O
agglomeration	O
or	O
region	O
)	O
uses	O
information	B-General_Concept
technologies	I-General_Concept
to	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Make	O
more	O
efficient	O
use	O
of	O
physical	O
infrastructure	O
(	O
roads	O
,	O
built	O
environment	O
and	O
other	O
physical	O
assets	O
)	O
through	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
in	O
order	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
strong	O
and	O
healthy	O
economic	O
,	O
social	O
,	O
cultural	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
evolve	O
towards	O
a	O
strong	O
integration	O
of	O
all	O
dimensions	O
of	O
human	O
intelligence	O
,	O
collective	O
intelligence	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
within	O
the	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
intelligence	O
of	O
cities	O
"	O
resides	O
in	O
the	O
increasingly	O
effective	O
combination	O
of	O
digital	O
telecommunication	O
networks	O
(	O
the	O
nerves	O
)	O
,	O
ubiquitously	O
embedded	O
intelligence	O
(	O
the	O
brains	O
)	O
,	O
sensors	O
and	O
tags	B-Device
(	O
the	O
sensory	O
organs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
(	O
the	O
knowledge	O
and	O
cognitive	O
competence	O
)	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
or	O
an	O
intelligent	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Empowerment	O
intelligence	O
:	O
Cities	O
provide	O
open	B-Application
platforms	I-Application
,	O
experimental	O
facilities	O
and	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
infrastructure	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
cluster	O
innovation	O
in	O
certain	O
districts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instrumentation	O
intelligence	O
:	O
Where	O
city	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
made	O
smart	O
through	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
collection	O
,	O
with	O
analysis	O
and	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
modelling	I-General_Concept
across	O
city	O
districts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
much	O
controversy	O
surrounding	O
this	O
,	O
particularly	O
with	O
regards	O
to	O
surveillance	O
issues	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
IP	B-Protocol
infrastructure	O
that	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
researchers	O
to	O
develop	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
homes	O
being	O
provided	O
with	O
smart	B-Device
energy	I-Device
meters	I-Device
to	O
become	O
aware	O
of	O
energy	O
consumption	O
and	O
reduce	O
energy	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
major	O
fields	O
of	O
intelligent	B-Device
city	I-Device
activation	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
David	O
K	O
.	O
Owens	O
,	O
the	O
former	O
executive	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
the	O
Edison	O
Electric	O
Institute	O
,	O
two	O
key	O
elements	O
that	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
must	O
have	O
are	O
an	O
integrated	O
communications	O
platform	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
dynamic	O
resilient	O
grid.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
have	O
been	O
conceptualized	O
using	O
the	O
OSI	O
model	O
of	O
'	O
layer	O
 '	O
abstractions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
are	O
constructed	O
by	O
connecting	O
the	O
city	O
's	O
public	O
infrastructure	O
with	O
city	O
application	O
systems	O
and	O
passing	O
collected	O
data	B-Application
through	O
three	O
layers	O
,	O
the	O
perception	O
layer	O
,	O
the	O
network	O
layer	O
and	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
City	O
application	O
systems	O
then	O
use	O
data	B-Application
to	O
make	O
better	O
decisions	O
when	O
controlling	O
different	O
city	O
infrastructures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
perception	O
layer	O
is	O
where	O
data	B-Application
is	O
collected	O
across	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
using	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	B-Application
could	O
be	O
collected	O
through	O
sensors	O
such	O
as	O
cameras	O
,	O
RFID	O
,	O
or	O
GPS	O
positioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
perception	O
layer	O
sends	O
data	B-Application
it	O
collects	O
using	O
wireless	O
transmissions	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
layer	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
transporting	O
collected	O
data	B-Application
from	O
the	O
perception	O
layer	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
layer	O
utilizes	O
a	O
city	O
's	O
communication	O
infrastructure	O
to	O
send	O
data	B-Application
meaning	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
intercepted	O
by	O
attackers	O
and	O
must	O
be	O
held	O
responsible	O
for	O
keeping	O
collected	O
data	B-Application
and	O
information	O
private	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
layer	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
processing	O
the	O
data	B-Application
received	O
from	O
network	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
layer	O
uses	O
the	O
data	B-Application
it	O
processes	O
to	O
make	O
decisions	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
city	O
infrastructure	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
data	B-Application
it	O
receives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creation	O
,	O
integration	O
,	O
and	O
adoption	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
capabilities	O
require	O
a	O
unique	O
set	O
of	O
frameworks	O
to	O
realize	O
the	O
focus	O
areas	O
of	O
opportunity	O
and	O
innovation	O
central	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frameworks	O
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
5	O
main	O
dimensions	O
which	O
include	O
numerous	O
related	O
categories	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
development	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
relies	O
heavily	O
on	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
combinations	O
of	O
technological	O
infrastructure	O
interact	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
array	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
technologies	O
with	O
varying	O
levels	O
of	O
interaction	O
between	O
human	O
and	O
technological	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
:	O
A	O
service	O
oriented	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
connect	O
individuals	O
and	O
devices	O
in	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yovanof	O
,	O
G	O
.	O
S	O
.	O
&	O
Hazapis	O
,	O
G	O
.	O
N	O
.	O
define	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
city	I-Device
as	O
"	O
a	O
connected	O
community	O
that	O
combines	O
broadband	O
communications	O
infrastructure	O
;	O
a	O
flexible	O
,	O
service-oriented	O
computing	O
infrastructure	O
based	O
on	O
open	O
industry	O
standards	O
;	O
and	O
,	O
innovative	O
services	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
governments	O
and	O
their	O
employees	O
,	O
citizens	O
and	O
businesses.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Intelligent	O
:	O
Cognitive	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
trained	O
on	O
the	O
data	B-Application
generated	O
by	O
connected	O
city	O
devices	O
to	O
identify	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
efficacy	O
and	O
impact	O
of	O
particular	O
policy	O
decisions	O
can	O
be	O
quantified	O
by	O
cognitive	B-Application
systems	I-Application
studying	O
the	O
continuous	O
interactions	O
of	O
humans	O
with	O
their	O
urban	O
surroundings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	O
:	O
A	O
ubiquitous	B-Device
city	I-Device
provides	O
access	O
to	O
public	O
services	O
through	O
any	O
connected	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
U-city	B-Device
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Device
city	I-Device
concept	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
facility	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
accessibility	O
to	O
every	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wired	O
:	O
The	O
physical	O
components	O
of	O
IT	O
systems	O
are	O
crucial	O
to	O
early-stage	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wired	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
central	O
to	O
more	O
interconnected	O
living	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
in	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
robotics	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
various	O
connected	O
technologies	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
deployed	O
to	O
support	O
human	O
capital	O
and	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	O
:	O
A	O
hybrid	O
city	O
is	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
conurbation	O
and	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
city	I-Application
related	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	O
spaces	O
can	O
serve	O
to	O
actualize	O
future-state	O
projects	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
services	O
and	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
city	O
:	O
The	O
multiplicity	O
of	O
interactive	O
devices	O
in	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
generates	O
a	O
large	O
quantity	O
of	O
data	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
How	O
that	O
information	O
is	O
interpreted	O
and	O
stored	O
is	O
critical	O
to	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
growth	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
initiatives	O
have	O
measurable	O
positive	O
impacts	O
on	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
of	O
its	O
citizens	O
and	O
visitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
human	O
framework	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
–	O
its	O
economy	O
,	O
knowledge	O
networks	O
,	O
and	O
human	O
support	O
systems	O
–	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
indicator	O
of	O
its	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creativity	O
:	O
Arts	O
and	O
culture	O
initiatives	O
are	O
common	O
focus	O
areas	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Learning	O
:	O
Since	O
mobility	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
area	O
of	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
development	O
,	O
building	O
a	O
capable	O
workforce	O
through	O
education	O
initiatives	O
is	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Humanity	O
:	O
Numerous	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
programs	O
focus	O
on	O
soft	O
infrastructure	O
development	O
,	O
like	O
increasing	O
access	O
to	O
voluntary	O
organizations	O
and	O
designated	O
safe	O
zones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Knowledge	O
:	O
The	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
knowledge	O
economy	O
is	O
central	O
to	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
seeking	O
to	O
be	O
hubs	O
of	O
economic	O
activity	O
in	O
emerging	O
tech	O
and	O
service	O
sectors	O
stress	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
innovation	O
in	O
city	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
initiatives	O
require	O
co-ordination	O
and	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
city	O
government	O
and	O
other	O
governing	O
bodies	O
for	O
their	O
success	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
has	O
been	O
noted	O
by	O
Fleur	O
Johns	O
,	O
the	O
increasing	O
and	O
evolving	O
use	O
of	O
data	B-Application
has	O
significant	O
implications	O
at	O
multiple	O
levels	O
of	O
governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
and	O
infrastructure	O
include	O
digital	O
platforms	O
,	O
algorithms	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
embedding	O
of	O
information	O
technology	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Care	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
does	O
not	O
perpetuate	O
inequalities	O
and	O
exclude	O
marginalized	O
groups	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
gender	O
,	O
age	O
,	O
race	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
human	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
importance	O
of	O
these	O
three	O
different	O
dimensions	O
is	O
that	O
only	O
a	O
link	O
among	O
them	O
can	O
make	O
possible	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
real	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
given	O
by	O
Andrea	O
Caragliu	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
a	O
city	O
is	O
smart	O
when	O
investments	O
in	O
human/social	O
capital	O
and	O
IT	O
infrastructure	O
fuel	O
sustainable	O
growth	O
and	O
enhance	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
,	O
through	O
participatory	O
governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
use	O
data	B-Application
and	O
technology	O
to	O
create	O
efficiencies	O
,	O
improve	O
sustainability	O
,	O
create	O
economic	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
enhance	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
factors	O
for	O
people	O
living	O
and	O
working	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
formally	O
,	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
:	O
"	O
An	O
urban	O
area	O
that	O
has	O
securely	O
integrated	O
technology	O
across	O
the	O
information	O
...	O
and	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
sectors	O
to	O
better	O
manage	O
a	O
city	O
’s	O
assets.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
powered	O
by	O
"	O
smart	O
connections	O
"	O
for	O
various	O
items	O
such	O
as	O
street	O
lighting	O
,	O
smart	O
buildings	O
,	O
distributed	O
energy	O
resources	O
(	O
DER	O
)	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
smart	O
transportation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amongst	O
these	O
things	O
,	O
energy	O
is	O
paramount	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
why	O
utility	O
companies	O
play	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	O
companies	O
,	O
working	O
partnership	O
with	O
city	O
officials	O
,	O
technology	O
companies	O
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
institutions	O
,	O
are	O
among	O
the	O
major	O
players	O
that	O
helped	O
accelerate	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
America	O
's	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
employ	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
data	B-Application
collection	O
,	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
disseminating	O
technologies	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
networking	O
and	O
computing	O
technologies	O
and	O
data	B-Application
security	O
and	O
privacy	O
measures	O
encouraging	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
innovation	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
overall	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
for	O
its	O
citizens	O
and	O
covering	O
dimensions	O
that	O
include	O
:	O
utilities	O
,	O
health	O
,	O
transportation	O
,	O
entertainment	O
and	O
government	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
roadmap	O
consists	O
of	O
four/three	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
is	O
a	O
preliminary	O
check	O
)	O
major	O
components	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Study	O
the	O
Community	O
:	O
Before	O
deciding	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
,	O
first	O
we	O
need	O
to	O
know	O
why	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Develop	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
Policy	O
:	O
Develop	O
a	O
policy	O
to	O
drive	O
the	O
initiatives	O
,	O
where	O
roles	O
,	O
responsibilities	O
,	O
objective	O
,	O
and	O
goals	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engage	O
The	O
Citizens	O
:	O
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
engaging	O
the	O
citizens	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
e-government	O
initiatives	O
,	O
open	O
data	B-Application
,	O
sport	O
events	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
short	O
,	O
People	O
,	O
Processes	O
,	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
PPT	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
three	O
principles	O
of	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
conceptions	O
of	O
future	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
were	O
found	O
in	O
utopian	O
works	O
such	O
as	O
New	O
Atlantis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
and	O
existence	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
is	O
relatively	O
new	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
in	O
the	O
path	O
of	O
"	O
Wired	O
Cities	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Intelligent	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
"	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
focused	O
on	O
a	O
city	O
’s	O
use	O
of	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
in	O
urban	O
problem-solving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
Smart	B-Device
City	I-Device
Expo	O
World	O
Congress	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
Barcelona	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
6000	O
people	O
from	O
50	O
countries	O
attended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Commission	O
in	O
2012	O
established	O
the	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
Marketplace	O
,	O
a	O
centralized	O
hub	O
for	O
urban	O
initiatives	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2015	O
Chancellor	O
’s	O
Budget	O
for	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
proposed	O
to	O
invest	O
£140	O
million	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
The	O
People	O
's	O
Republic	O
of	O
China	O
took	O
first	O
in	O
all	O
categories	O
of	O
the	O
International	O
AI	B-Application
City	O
Challenge	O
,	O
demonstrating	O
the	O
national	O
commitment	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
programs	O
–	O
"	O
by	O
some	O
estimates	O
,	O
China	O
has	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
’s	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
time	O
goes	O
on	O
the	O
percentage	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
in	O
the	O
worlds	O
will	O
keep	O
increasing	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
2050	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
70%	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
population	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
inhabit	O
a	O
city	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASEAN	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
Network	O
(	O
ASCN	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
collaborative	O
platform	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
synergise	O
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
development	O
efforts	O
across	O
ASEAN	O
by	O
facilitating	O
cooperation	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
development	O
,	O
catalysing	O
bankable	O
projects	O
with	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
,	O
and	O
securing	O
funding	O
and	O
support	O
from	O
ASEAN	O
's	O
external	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
it	O
highlighted	O
its	O
focus	O
on	O
strengthening	O
innovation	O
and	O
investment	O
in	O
ICT	B-General_Concept
services	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
improving	O
public	O
services	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
Mission	O
is	O
a	O
retrofitting	O
and	O
urban	O
renewal	O
program	O
being	O
spearheaded	O
by	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Urban	O
Development	O
,	O
Government	O
of	O
India	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
are	O
an	O
important	O
technology	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
improved	O
flexibility	O
of	O
the	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
permits	O
greater	O
penetration	O
of	O
highly	O
variable	O
renewable	O
energy	O
sources	O
such	O
as	O
solar	O
power	O
and	O
wind	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
devices	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablets	O
)	O
are	O
another	O
key	O
technology	O
allowing	O
citizens	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
also	O
rely	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
homes	I-Device
and	O
specifically	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
used	O
in	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bicycle-sharing	O
systems	O
are	O
an	O
important	O
element	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
mobility	O
is	O
also	O
important	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
libraries	O
have	O
been	O
established	O
in	O
several	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
collaborative	O
sensor	O
data	B-Application
management	O
platforms	O
are	O
on-line	O
database	O
services	O
that	O
allow	O
sensor	O
owners	O
to	O
register	O
and	O
connect	O
their	O
devices	O
to	O
feed	O
data	B-Application
into	O
an	O
on-line	O
database	O
for	O
storage	O
and	O
allow	O
developers	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
database	O
and	O
build	O
their	O
own	O
applications	O
based	O
on	O
that	O
data	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
supporting	O
technology	O
and	O
trends	O
include	O
remote	O
work	O
,	O
telehealth	O
,	O
the	O
blockchain	B-Application
,	O
fintech	O
,	O
online	B-Application
banking	I-Application
technology	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
cards	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
smart	O
cards	O
)	O
are	O
another	O
common	O
component	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
cards	O
possess	O
a	O
unique	O
encrypted	O
identifier	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
owner	O
to	O
log	O
into	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
government	O
provided	O
services	O
(	O
or	O
e-services	B-Application
)	O
without	O
setting	O
up	O
multiple	O
accounts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
single	O
identifier	O
allows	O
governments	O
to	O
aggregate	O
data	B-Application
about	O
citizens	O
and	O
their	O
preferences	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
services	O
and	O
to	O
determine	O
common	O
interests	O
of	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opening	O
and	O
closing	O
of	O
such	O
barriers	O
is	O
traditionally	O
done	O
manually	O
,	O
through	O
an	O
electronic	O
pass	O
but	O
can	O
even	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
ANPR	B-Application
cameras	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
bollard	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Energy	O
Data	B-Application
Management	O
Systems	O
(	O
EDMS	O
)	O
can	O
help	O
to	O
save	O
cities	O
energy	O
by	O
recording	O
data	B-Application
and	O
using	O
it	O
to	O
increase	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cost-benefit	O
analysis	O
has	O
been	O
done	O
into	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
and	O
the	O
individual	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
IT	O
,	O
telecommunication	O
and	O
energy	O
management	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Apple	O
,	O
Baidu	B-Application
,	O
Alibaba	O
,	O
Tencent	O
,	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
Schneider	O
Electric	O
launched	O
market	O
initiatives	O
for	O
intelligent	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sensor	O
developers	O
and	O
startup	O
companies	O
are	O
also	O
continually	O
developing	O
new	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
University	O
research	O
labs	O
developed	O
prototypes	O
for	O
intelligent	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIT	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
Lab	O
focuses	O
upon	O
intelligent	O
,	O
sustainable	O
buildings	O
,	O
mobility	O
systems	O
(	O
GreenWheel	O
electric	O
bicycle	O
,	O
mobility	O
on	O
demand	O
,	O
CityCar	O
,	O
Wheel	O
Robots	O
)	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
IntelCities	O
research	O
consortium	O
for	O
electronic	O
government	O
,	O
planning	O
systems	O
and	O
citizen	O
participation	O
;	O
URENIO	O
developed	O
intelligent	B-Device
city	I-Device
platforms	O
for	O
the	O
innovation	O
economy	O
focusing	O
on	O
strategic	O
intelligence	O
,	O
technology	O
transfer	O
,	O
collaborative	O
innovation	O
,	O
and	O
incubation	O
,	O
while	O
it	O
promotes	O
intelligent	B-Device
cities	I-Device
research	O
and	O
planning	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
Academic	O
Network	O
is	O
working	O
on	O
e-governance	O
and	O
e-services	B-Application
in	O
the	O
North	O
Sea	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MK:Smart	O
project	O
is	O
focusing	O
on	O
issues	O
of	O
sustainable	O
energy	O
use	O
,	O
water	O
use	O
and	O
transport	O
infrastructure	O
alongside	O
exploring	O
how	O
to	O
promote	O
citizen	O
engagement	O
alongside	O
educating	O
citizens	O
about	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laboratory	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
Machine	O
Learning	O
,	O
Business	O
&	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Analytics	I-General_Concept
(	O
LAMBDA	O
)	O
at	O
Tel	O
Aviv	O
University	O
focuses	O
on	O
Digital	O
Life	O
,	O
Smart	O
Transportation	O
and	O
Human	O
Mobility	O
Patterns	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
journals	O
in	O
this	O
area	O
include	O
the	O
UK	O
IET	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
criticisms	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
revolve	O
around	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
collection	O
and	O
analytics	O
has	O
raised	O
questions	O
regarding	O
surveillance	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
,	O
particularly	O
as	O
it	O
relates	O
to	O
predictive	O
policing	O
and	O
abuse	O
by	O
law	O
enforcement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bias	O
in	O
strategic	O
interest	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
ignoring	O
non-ICT	O
centered	O
modes	O
of	O
promising	O
urban	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
,	O
as	O
a	O
scientifically	O
planned	O
city	O
,	O
would	O
defy	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
real	O
development	O
in	O
cities	O
is	O
often	O
haphazard	O
and	O
participatory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
that	O
line	O
of	O
criticism	O
,	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
seen	O
as	O
unattractive	O
for	O
citizens	O
as	O
they	O
"	O
can	O
deaden	O
and	O
stupefy	O
the	O
people	O
who	O
live	O
in	O
its	O
all-efficient	O
embrace	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
may	O
lead	O
to	O
an	O
underestimation	O
of	O
the	O
possible	O
negative	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
technological	O
and	O
networked	O
infrastructures	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
city	O
to	O
be	O
smart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
no	O
less	O
true	O
for	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
than	O
it	O
was	O
for	O
the	O
industrial	O
,	O
 [ or ] 	O
manufacturing	O
city.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
environment	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
threats	O
that	O
affect	O
the	O
privacy	O
of	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
discussion	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
centers	O
around	O
the	O
usage	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
technology	O
rather	O
than	O
on	O
the	O
inhabitants	O
of	O
the	O
cities	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Especially	O
in	O
low-income	O
countries	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
are	O
irrelevant	O
to	O
the	O
urban	O
population	O
which	O
lives	O
in	O
poverty	O
with	O
limited	O
access	O
to	O
basic	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
focus	O
on	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
may	O
worsen	O
inequality	O
and	O
marginalization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
strategy	O
is	O
not	O
planned	O
for	O
people	O
with	O
accessibility	O
problems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
persons	O
with	O
disabilities	O
affecting	O
mobility	O
,	O
vision	O
,	O
hearing	O
,	O
and	O
cognitive	O
function	O
,	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
new	O
technologies	O
could	O
create	O
new	O
barriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
slogan	O
only	O
for	O
land	O
revenue	O
generation	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
Global	O
South	O
.	O
</s>
