<s>
A	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
(	O
sensor	O
)	O
or	O
intelligent	O
camera	O
(	O
sensor	O
)	O
or	O
(	O
smart	O
)	O
vision	O
sensor	O
or	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
or	O
smart	B-General_Concept
optical	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
or	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
optical	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
or	O
smart	B-General_Concept
visual	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
or	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
visual	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
system	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
image	O
capture	O
circuitry	O
,	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
extracting	O
application-specific	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
captured	O
images	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
generating	O
event	O
descriptions	O
or	O
making	O
decisions	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
intelligent	O
and	O
automated	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
self-contained	O
,	O
standalone	O
vision	O
system	O
with	O
built-in	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
housing	O
of	O
an	O
industrial	O
video	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vision	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
one	O
single	O
piece	O
of	O
hardware	O
known	O
as	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
or	O
smart	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
sensor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
industry-proof	O
24V	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
lines	O
for	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
PLC	B-Architecture
,	O
actuators	O
,	O
relays	O
or	O
pneumatic	O
valves	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
capability	O
in	O
machine	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
generally	O
means	O
a	O
degree	O
of	O
development	O
such	O
that	O
these	O
capabilities	O
are	O
ready	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
individual	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
architecture	O
has	O
the	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
compact	O
volume	O
compared	O
to	O
PC-based	O
vision	O
systems	O
and	O
often	O
achieves	O
lower	O
cost	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
a	O
somewhat	O
simpler	O
(	O
or	O
omitted	O
)	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
term	O
smart	O
sensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
publication	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
was	O
in	O
1975	O
as	O
according	O
to	O
Belbachir	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
the	O
General	O
Electric	O
's	O
Electronic	O
Systems	O
Division	O
indicated	O
requirements	O
of	O
two	O
industrial	O
firms	O
for	O
smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
report	O
for	O
National	O
Technical	O
Information	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authors	O
affiliated	O
in	O
HRL	O
Laboratories	O
defined	O
a	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
a	O
camera	O
that	O
could	O
process	O
its	O
pictures	O
before	O
recording	O
them	O
"	O
in	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
mentions	O
of	O
smart	B-General_Concept
optical	I-General_Concept
sensors	I-General_Concept
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
concept	O
evaluation	O
for	O
satellites	B-Application
by	O
NASA	O
and	O
General	O
Electric	O
Space	O
Division	O
from	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
marketed	O
since	O
the	O
mid	O
80s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
photonics	O
boost	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Photonics	O
accelerates	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
data	O
collection	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
AI	B-Application
improves	O
the	O
spectrum	O
of	O
applications	O
of	O
photinics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Sony	O
has	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
sensors	I-General_Concept
with	O
AI	B-Application
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
capabilies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
Exmor	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-General_Concept
camera	I-General_Concept
usually	O
consists	O
of	O
several	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
necessarily	O
all	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
components	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
a	O
dedicated	O
processor	B-General_Concept
in	O
each	O
unit	O
,	O
smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
are	O
especially	O
suited	O
for	O
applications	O
where	O
several	O
cameras	O
must	O
operate	O
independently	O
and	O
often	O
asynchronously	O
,	O
or	O
when	O
distributed	O
vision	O
is	O
required	O
(	O
multiple	O
inspection	O
or	O
surveillance	O
points	O
along	O
a	O
production	O
line	O
or	O
within	O
an	O
assembly	O
machine	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
kind	O
of	O
applications	O
where	O
more	O
complex	O
vision	O
systems	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
additionally	O
be	O
applied	O
in	O
some	O
applications	O
where	O
volume	O
,	O
pricing	O
or	O
reliability	O
constraints	O
forbid	O
use	O
of	O
bulkier	O
devices	O
and	O
PC	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
code	O
reading	O
and	O
verification	O
(	O
barcode	O
,	O
Data	B-Algorithm
Matrix	I-Algorithm
,	O
alphanumeric	B-Application
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
can	O
purchase	O
smart	B-General_Concept
cameras	I-General_Concept
and	O
develop	O
their	O
own	O
programs	O
for	O
special	O
,	O
custom	O
made	O
applications	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
can	O
purchase	O
ready	O
made	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
from	O
the	O
camera	O
manufacturer	O
or	O
from	O
third	O
party	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Custom	O
programs	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
by	O
programming	O
in	O
various	O
languages	O
(	O
typically	O
C	B-Language
or	O
C++	B-Language
)	O
or	O
by	O
using	O
more	O
intuitive	O
,	O
albeit	O
somewhat	O
less	O
flexible	O
,	O
visual	B-Language
development	I-Language
tools	I-Language
where	O
existing	O
functionalities	O
(	O
often	O
called	O
tool	O
or	O
blocks	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
in	O
a	O
list	O
(	O
a	O
sequence	O
or	O
a	O
bi-dimensional	O
flowchart	O
)	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
desired	O
flow	B-Application
of	I-Application
operations	I-Application
without	O
any	O
need	O
to	O
write	O
program	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
