<s>
Sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
are	O
bursts	O
of	O
neural	B-Algorithm
oscillatory	I-Algorithm
activity	I-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
generated	O
by	O
interplay	O
of	O
the	O
thalamic	O
reticular	O
nucleus	O
(	O
TRN	O
)	O
and	O
other	O
thalamic	O
nuclei	O
during	O
stage	O
2	O
NREM	O
sleep	O
in	O
a	O
frequency	O
range	O
of	O
~	O
11	O
to	O
16Hz	O
(	O
usually	O
12	O
–	O
14	O
Hz	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
duration	O
of	O
0.5	O
seconds	O
or	O
greater	O
(	O
usually	O
0.5	O
–	O
1.5	O
seconds	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
reported	O
(	O
at	O
face	O
value	O
)	O
for	O
all	O
tested	O
mammalian	O
species	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
recently	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
believed	O
that	O
each	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindle	I-Algorithm
oscillation	O
peaked	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
throughout	O
the	O
neocortex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
is	O
unclear	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
they	O
actively	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
consolidation	O
of	O
overnight	O
declarative	O
memory	O
through	O
the	O
reconsolidation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
closely	O
modulate	O
interactions	O
between	O
the	O
brain	O
and	O
its	O
external	O
environment	O
;	O
they	O
essentially	O
moderate	O
responsiveness	O
to	O
sensory	O
stimuli	O
during	O
sleep	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
correlation	O
has	O
been	O
found	O
between	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
brainwave	B-Algorithm
activity	O
in	O
the	O
thalamus	O
and	O
a	O
sleeper	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
maintain	O
tranquility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sleep	B-Algorithm
spindle	I-Algorithm
activity	O
has	O
furthermore	O
been	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
new	O
information	O
into	O
existing	O
knowledge	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
directed	O
remembering	O
and	O
forgetting	O
(	O
fast	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
NREM	O
sleep	O
,	O
the	O
brain	B-Algorithm
waves	I-Algorithm
produced	O
by	O
people	O
with	O
schizophrenia	B-Application
lack	O
the	O
normal	O
pattern	O
of	O
slow	O
and	O
fast	O
spindles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loss	O
of	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
are	O
also	O
a	O
feature	O
of	O
familial	O
fatal	O
insomnia	O
,	O
a	O
prion	O
disease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
some	O
studies	O
that	O
show	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
is	O
currently	O
underway	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
web-based	O
automatic	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindle	I-Algorithm
detection	O
system	O
by	O
using	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
present	O
study	O
show	O
that	O
the	O
automatic	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindle	I-Algorithm
detection	O
system	O
has	O
great	O
potential	O
in	O
practical	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
observed	O
in	O
reptiles	O
and	O
birds	O
so	O
far	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
mammals	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
were	O
described	O
at	O
face	O
value	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
pseudo-spindles	O
invites	O
uncertainty	O
around	O
these	O
observations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clearly	O
distinct	O
frontal	O
and	O
posterior	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
play	O
a	O
crucial	O
role	O
in	O
declarative	O
memory	O
consolidation	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
most	O
studies	O
neglect	O
to	O
control	O
for	O
sex	O
,	O
although	O
both	O
sex	O
and	O
menstruation	O
affect	O
sleep	O
and	O
online	O
learning	O
periods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
during	O
the	O
declarative	O
memory	O
process	O
may	O
be	O
affected	O
by	O
modulatory	O
menstrual	O
cycle	O
effects	O
in	O
females	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Humanlike	O
sex	O
differences	O
in	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindle	I-Algorithm
activity	O
and	O
sleep-dependent	O
learning	O
were	O
observed	O
in	O
the	O
dog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Women	O
tend	O
to	O
have	O
0.16	O
more	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
per	O
minute	O
than	O
men	O
(	O
⁠	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
experiments	O
concerning	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
estrogen	O
and	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
offline	O
memory	O
consolidation	O
have	O
also	O
focused	O
on	O
sleep	B-Algorithm
spindles	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
