<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
(	O
formerly	O
MemSQL	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
,	O
cloud-native	B-General_Concept
database	O
designed	O
for	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
applications	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
,	O
relational	B-Application
,	O
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
management	O
system	O
(	O
RDBMS	B-Application
)	O
that	O
features	O
ANSI	O
SQL	B-Language
support	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
known	O
for	O
speed	O
in	O
data	O
ingest	O
,	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
query	B-Application
processing	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
primarily	O
stores	O
relational	B-Application
data	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
store	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
graph	B-Application
data	I-Application
,	O
and	O
time	O
series	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
blended	O
workloads	O
,	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
HTAP	O
workloads	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
more	O
traditional	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
and	O
OLAP	B-Application
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
queries	O
,	O
it	O
compiles	B-Language
Structured	B-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
SQL	B-Language
)	O
into	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SingleStore	B-Application
database	O
engine	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
various	O
Linux	B-Application
environments	O
,	O
including	O
on-premises	B-General_Concept
installations	O
,	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
cloud	O
providers	O
,	O
in	O
containers	O
via	O
a	O
Kubernetes	B-General_Concept
operator	O
,	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
hosted	O
service	O
in	O
the	O
cloud	O
known	O
as	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Managed	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	O
data	O
consisted	O
of	O
retrofitting	O
on-premise	B-General_Concept
and	O
general-purpose	O
SQL	B-Language
databases	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
marketplace	O
saw	O
a	O
retreat	O
from	O
more	O
commonly	O
used	O
SQL	B-Language
to	O
achieve	O
speed	O
and	O
scale	O
,	O
instead	O
favoring	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
special-purpose	O
,	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
,	O
and	O
cheap	O
object	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
trends	O
drove	O
database	O
market	O
disruption	O
:	O
faster	O
internet	O
,	O
growth	O
in	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
modern	O
applications	O
for	O
streaming	O
,	O
gaming	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
more	O
,	O
and	O
modern	O
applications	O
that	O
drive	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
converged	O
streaming	O
data	O
,	O
transactional	O
,	O
and	O
analytical	O
processing	O
for	O
multi-model	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third-era	O
began	O
in	O
2017	O
with	O
real-time	O
,	O
hybrid	O
multi-cloud	O
,	O
multi-model	O
,	O
and	O
relational	B-Application
databases	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
evolution	O
in	O
cloud	O
data	O
drove	O
SingleStore	B-Application
to	O
develop	O
a	O
frictionless	O
,	O
unified	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
SQL	B-Language
database	I-Language
for	O
real-time	O
,	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
applications	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
23	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
first	O
generally	O
available	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
database	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
as	O
MemSQL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
only	O
supported	O
row-oriented	O
tables	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
highly	O
optimized	O
for	O
cases	O
where	O
all	O
data	O
can	O
fit	O
within	O
main	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
design	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
would	O
continue	O
to	O
decrease	O
exponentially	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
trend	O
similar	O
to	O
Moore	O
's	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
eventually	O
allow	O
most	O
use	O
cases	O
for	O
database	B-Application
systems	I-Application
to	O
store	O
their	O
data	O
exclusively	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
launch	O
,	O
MemSQL	B-Application
added	O
general	O
support	O
for	O
an	O
on-disk	O
column-based	O
storage	O
format	O
to	O
work	O
alongside	O
the	O
in-memory	O
rowstore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decreases	O
in	O
cost	O
of	O
memory	O
slowed	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
purely	O
in-memory	O
database	B-Application
systems	I-Application
largely	O
failed	O
to	O
materialize	O
,	O
with	O
increasing	O
demand	O
for	O
disk-based	O
OLAP	B-Application
workloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
MemSQL	B-Application
's	O
columnstore	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
focus	O
and	O
a	O
crucial	O
feature	O
for	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
27	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
MemSQL	B-Application
rebranded	O
to	O
SingleStore	B-Application
to	O
reflect	O
a	O
shift	O
in	O
focus	O
away	O
from	O
exclusively	O
in-memory	O
workloads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
current	O
product	O
release	O
,	O
v.7.5	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
and	O
only	O
database	O
to	O
combine	O
separation	O
of	O
storage	O
and	O
compute	O
plus	O
system	O
of	O
record	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Headquartered	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
in	O
June	O
2021	O
SingleStore	B-Application
opened	O
an	O
office	O
in	O
Raleigh	O
,	O
North	O
Carolina	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
office	O
opening	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
launched	O
Launch	O
Pad	O
,	O
a	O
center	O
for	O
innovation	O
to	O
incubate	O
and	O
prototype	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2013	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
raised	O
$5	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
can	O
store	O
data	O
in	O
either	O
row-oriented	O
tables	O
(	O
"	O
rowstores	O
"	O
)	O
or	O
column-oriented	O
tables	O
(	O
"	O
columnstores	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rowstore	O
tables	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
implies	O
,	O
store	O
information	O
in	O
row	O
format	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
traditional	O
data	O
format	O
used	O
by	O
RDBMS	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rowstores	O
are	O
optimized	O
for	O
singleton	O
or	O
small	O
insert	O
,	O
update	O
or	O
delete	O
queries	O
and	O
are	O
most	O
closely	O
associated	O
with	O
OLTP	B-General_Concept
(	O
transactional	O
)	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Columnstores	O
are	O
optimized	O
for	O
complex	O
SELECT	O
queries	O
,	O
typically	O
associated	O
with	O
OLAP	B-Application
(	O
analytics	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
warehousing	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
the	O
traditional	O
B-tree	O
index	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
rowstores	O
use	O
skiplists	O
optimized	O
for	O
fast	O
,	O
lock-free	O
processing	O
in	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
also	O
supports	O
using	O
hash	O
indexes	O
as	O
secondary	O
indexes	O
to	O
speed	O
up	O
certain	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SingleStore	B-Application
database	O
is	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
across	O
many	O
commodity	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
piece	O
of	O
software	O
is	O
installed	O
for	O
SingleStore	B-Application
aggregator	O
and	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
;	O
administrators	O
designate	O
each	O
machine	O
’s	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
cluster	O
during	O
setup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
aggregator	O
node	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
receiving	O
SQL	B-Language
queries	O
,	O
breaking	O
them	O
up	O
across	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
,	O
and	O
aggregating	O
results	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
leaf	O
node	O
stores	O
SingleStore	B-Application
data	O
and	O
processes	O
queries	O
from	O
the	O
aggregator(s )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
communication	O
between	O
aggregators	O
and	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
is	O
done	O
over	O
the	O
network	O
using	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
uses	O
hash	O
partitioning	O
to	O
distribute	O
data	O
uniformly	O
across	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
Pipelines	O
is	O
an	O
integration	O
technology	O
built-in	O
which	O
provides	O
streaming	O
data	O
ingestion	O
in	O
parallel	O
from	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
data	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transformation	O
and	O
ML	O
integration	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
via	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Pipeline	O
Transforms	O
by	O
embedding	O
a	O
binary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
Pipelines	O
connect	O
to	O
data	O
sources	O
such	O
as	O
Apache	B-Language
Kafka	I-Language
,	O
Apache	B-Language
Spark	I-Language
,	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
buckets	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
Blob	O
Storage	O
Google	O
Cloud	O
Storage	O
,	O
HDFS	O
,	O
or	O
files	O
on	O
disk	O
and	O
supports	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
JSON	O
,	O
Parquet	O
,	O
Avro	O
,	O
and	O
CSV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bottomless	O
storage	O
separates	O
storage	O
and	O
compute	O
for	O
SingleStore	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
availability	O
is	O
maintained	O
in	O
the	O
SingleStore	B-Application
cluster	O
for	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
data	O
but	O
long-term	O
storage	O
moves	O
to	O
blob	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blobs	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
queried	O
are	O
automatically	O
deleted	O
from	O
SingleStore	B-Application
node	O
’s	O
local	O
disk	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
cluster	O
to	O
hold	O
more	O
data	O
than	O
available	O
disk	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
cluster	O
’s	O
storage	O
“	O
bottomless.	O
”	O
New	O
replicas	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
download	O
all	O
blob	O
files	O
to	O
come	O
online	O
,	O
creating	O
and	O
moving	O
partitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
structure	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
durability	O
guarantees	O
as	O
the	O
SingleStore	B-Application
rowstore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SingleStore	B-Application
cluster	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
in	O
"	O
High	O
Availability	O
"	O
(	O
HA	O
)	O
mode	O
,	O
where	O
every	O
data	O
partition	O
is	O
automatically	O
created	O
with	O
master	O
and	O
slave	O
versions	O
on	O
two	O
separate	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
for	O
free	O
and	O
run	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
for	O
systems	O
up	O
to	O
4	O
leaf	O
nodes	O
of	O
32	O
gigs	O
RAM	B-Architecture
each	O
;	O
an	O
Enterprise	O
license	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
larger	O
deployments	O
and	O
for	O
official	O
SingleStore	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
clusters	O
can	O
be	O
managed	O
in	O
containers	O
using	O
the	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Kubernetes	B-General_Concept
Operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
is	O
also	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
managed	O
service	O
named	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Managed	O
Service	O
,	O
available	O
in	O
various	O
regions	O
in	O
Google	O
Cloud	O
and	O
Amazon	O
Web	O
Services	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
implementation	O
promised	O
for	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
ships	O
with	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
installation	O
,	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
monitoring	O
tools	O
called	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
installing	O
SingleStore	B-Application
,	O
Tools	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
set	O
up	O
the	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
SingleStore	B-Application
database	O
across	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
also	O
provides	O
a	O
browser-based	O
query	O
and	O
management	O
UI	O
called	O
SingleStore	B-Application
Studio	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
query	B-Application
processing	I-Application
and	O
database	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
shows	O
health	O
and	O
informational	O
details	O
about	O
the	O
running	O
cluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
SingleStore	B-Application
was	O
recognized	O
in	O
the	O
Magic	O
Quadrant	O
for	O
Cloud	O
Database	B-Application
Management	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
published	O
by	O
Gartner	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SingleStore	B-Application
was	O
also	O
included	O
in	O
Deloitte	O
’s	O
Technology	O
Fast	O
500	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
San	O
Francisco	O
Business	O
Times	O
Fast	O
100	O
,	O
Dresner	O
Industry	O
Excellence	O
and	O
Inc	O
5000	O
awards	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Cloud	B-General_Concept
Native	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Foundation	O
and	O
Bytecode	O
Alliance	O
.	O
</s>
