<s>
A	O
single-board	B-Device
computer	I-Device
(	O
SBC	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
complete	O
computer	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
circuit	O
board	O
,	O
with	O
microprocessor(s )	O
,	O
memory	B-Architecture
,	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
required	O
of	O
a	O
functional	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
commonly	O
made	O
as	O
demonstration	O
or	O
development	O
systems	O
,	O
for	O
educational	O
systems	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
embedded	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
controllers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
types	O
of	O
home	O
computers	O
or	O
portable	B-Device
computers	I-Device
integrate	O
all	O
their	O
functions	O
onto	O
a	O
single	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
desktop	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
often	O
do	O
not	O
rely	O
on	O
expansion	B-Device
slots	I-Device
for	O
peripheral	O
functions	O
or	O
expansion	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
have	O
been	O
built	O
using	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
microprocessors	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
designs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
built	O
by	O
computer	O
hobbyists	O
,	O
often	O
use	O
static	B-Architecture
RAM	I-Architecture
and	O
low-cost	O
32	O
-	O
or	O
64-bit	O
processors	O
like	O
ARM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
types	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
blade	B-Architecture
servers	I-Architecture
,	O
would	O
perform	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
server	B-Application
computer	I-Application
,	O
only	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
compact	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
computer-on-module	B-Application
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
single-board	B-Device
computer	I-Device
made	O
to	O
plug	O
into	O
a	O
carrier	O
board	O
,	O
baseboard	O
,	O
or	O
backplane	B-Architecture
for	O
system	O
expansion	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
true	O
single-board	B-Device
computer	I-Device
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Intel	O
C8080A	B-General_Concept
,	O
also	O
using	O
Intel	O
's	O
first	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
C1702A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
production	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
began	O
by	O
E&L	O
Instruments	O
,	O
a	O
Derby	O
,	O
Connecticut	O
based	O
computer	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
which	O
branded	O
the	O
system	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Mini	O
Micro	O
Designer	O
1	O
"	O
,	O
intending	O
it	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
programmable	B-Architecture
microcontroller	I-Architecture
for	O
prototyping	O
electronic	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MMD-1	O
was	O
made	O
famous	O
as	O
an	O
example	O
microcomputer	O
in	O
popular	O
8080	B-General_Concept
instruction	O
series	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
SBCs	O
figured	O
heavily	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
history	O
of	O
home	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Acorn	B-Device
Electron	I-Device
and	O
the	O
BBC	B-Device
Micro	I-Device
,	O
also	O
developed	O
by	O
Acorn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
typical	O
early	O
single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
like	O
the	O
KIM-1	B-Device
were	O
often	O
shipped	O
without	O
enclosure	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
by	O
the	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
early	O
examples	O
are	O
the	O
Ferguson	B-Device
Big	I-Device
Board	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Ampro	O
Little	O
Board	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Nascom	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
home	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
1980	O
's	O
were	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
with	O
some	O
even	O
encouraging	O
owners	O
to	O
solder	O
upgraded	O
components	O
directly	O
to	O
pre-marked	O
points	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rapid	O
adoption	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
standards	O
for	O
peripherals	O
and	O
the	O
standardization	O
of	O
the	O
PCI	B-Protocol
bus	I-Protocol
in	O
the	O
1990	O
's	O
made	O
motherboards	B-Device
and	O
compatible	O
components	O
and	O
peripherals	O
cheap	O
and	O
ubiquitous	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
multimedia	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
and	O
Sound	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
cards	I-Application
had	O
begun	O
to	O
fast	O
outpace	O
the	O
rate	O
at	O
which	O
users	O
needed	O
to	O
replace	O
their	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
two	O
trends	O
disincentivized	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
instead	O
encouraged	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
motherboards	B-Device
,	O
which	O
typically	O
housed	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
core	O
components	O
,	O
with	O
peripheral	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
controllers	O
and	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
even	O
some	O
core	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
RAM	B-Architecture
modules	O
,	O
located	O
on	O
daughterboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
new	O
standards	O
like	O
USB	B-Protocol
dramatically	O
reduced	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
peripheral	O
standards	O
motherboards	B-Device
were	O
expected	O
to	O
support	O
,	O
advances	O
in	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
manufacturing	O
provided	O
new	O
chipsets	O
which	O
could	O
provide	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
many	O
daughterboards	O
,	O
particularly	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
,	O
PC	B-Device
motherboards	I-Device
offered	O
on-board	O
support	O
for	O
disk	B-Device
drives	I-Device
including	O
IDE	B-Protocol
,	O
SATA	O
,	O
NVMe	B-Application
,	O
RAID	B-Architecture
,	O
integrated	O
GPU	B-Architecture
,	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
and	O
traditional	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
and	O
parallel	B-Device
port	I-Device
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
keyboard/mouse	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plug-in	O
"	O
cards	O
"	O
retained	O
their	O
importance	O
as	O
high	O
performance	O
components	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
physically	O
large	O
and	O
complex	O
graphics	B-Architecture
coprocessors	I-Architecture
,	O
high-end	O
RAID	B-Device
controllers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
specialized	O
I/O	B-Device
cards	I-Device
such	O
as	O
data	B-Algorithm
acquisition	I-Algorithm
and	O
DSP	B-General_Concept
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2010	O
's	O
were	O
defined	O
by	O
rapid	O
and	O
sustained	O
growth	O
in	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
enabled	O
largely	O
by	O
advances	O
in	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
production	O
techniques	O
that	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
to	O
include	O
most	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
motherboard	B-Device
on	O
a	O
single	B-Architecture
integrated	I-Architecture
circuit	I-Architecture
die	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
well	O
known	O
single-board-computers	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
was	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
built	O
around	O
a	O
custom	O
Broadcom	O
SoC	O
with	O
open-source	B-Application
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
intended	O
for	O
education	O
,	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
contained	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
optimized	O
Linux	B-Application
support	O
and	O
programmable	O
GPIO	B-Architecture
pins	O
,	O
that	O
were	O
also	O
greatly	O
appealing	O
to	O
hobbyists	O
,	O
who	O
used	O
the	O
Pi	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
comparable	O
SBC	O
's	O
,	O
for	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
video	O
game	O
emulation	O
,	O
media	B-Application
streaming	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
experimentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
industry	O
,	O
the	O
rapid	O
growth	O
of	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
other	O
small-scale	O
devices	O
encouraged	O
hardware	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
move	O
towards	O
more	O
frequent	O
use	O
of	O
SoC	O
's	O
and	O
the	O
reduction	O
of	O
motherboards	B-Device
in	O
size	O
,	O
extensibility	O
and	O
complexity	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
increased	O
demand	O
for	O
small	O
,	O
cheap	O
components	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
unconventional	O
devices	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
of	O
these	O
factors	O
dramatically	O
increased	O
production	O
of	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
throughout	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
2010	O
's	O
and	O
the	O
early	O
2020	O
's	O
,	O
many	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
laptops	B-Device
and	O
other	O
smart	O
devices	O
,	O
are	O
powered	O
by	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
which	O
utilize	O
advanced	O
SoC	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
has	O
greatly	O
increased	O
performance	O
and	O
power	O
efficiency	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
raised	O
concerns	O
that	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
particularly	O
those	O
built	O
around	O
SoC	O
's	O
,	O
are	O
harder	O
to	O
repair	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
less	O
friendly	O
to	O
attempts	O
to	O
monitor	O
or	O
modify	O
instructions	O
programmed	O
into	O
the	O
boards	O
by	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
were	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
increasing	O
the	O
density	O
of	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
putting	O
all	O
the	O
functions	O
on	O
one	O
board	O
,	O
a	O
smaller	O
overall	O
system	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
notebook	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
now	O
commonly	O
defined	O
across	O
two	O
distinct	O
architectures	O
:	O
no	O
slots	O
and	O
slot	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedded	B-Architecture
SBCs	O
are	O
units	O
providing	O
all	O
the	O
required	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
with	O
no	O
provision	O
for	O
plug-in	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
are	O
typically	O
gaming	O
(	O
slot	O
machines	O
,	O
video	O
poker	O
)	O
,	O
kiosk	O
,	O
and	O
machine	O
control	O
automation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedded	B-Architecture
SBCs	O
are	O
much	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
ATX-type	B-Language
motherboard	I-Language
found	O
in	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
and	O
provide	O
an	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
mix	O
more	O
targeted	O
to	O
an	O
industrial	O
application	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
on-board	O
digital	O
and	O
analog	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
,	O
on-board	O
bootable	O
flash	O
memory	B-Architecture
(	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
disk	B-Device
drive	I-Device
)	O
,	O
no	O
video	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Single	B-Device
Board	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
"	O
now	O
generally	O
applies	O
to	O
an	O
architecture	O
where	O
the	O
single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computer	I-Device
is	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
backplane	B-Architecture
to	O
provide	O
for	O
I/O	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
PC104	B-Device
,	O
the	O
bus	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
backplane	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
traditional	O
sense	O
but	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
pin	O
connectors	O
allowing	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
boards	O
to	O
be	O
stacked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
industrial	O
situations	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
rackmount	B-Application
format	O
for	O
process	O
control	O
or	O
embedded	B-Architecture
within	O
other	O
devices	O
to	O
provide	O
control	O
and	O
interfacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
advantage	O
of	O
an	O
ATX	B-Language
motherboard	B-Device
as	O
compared	O
to	O
an	O
SBC	O
is	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motherboards	B-Device
are	O
manufactured	O
by	O
the	O
millions	O
for	O
the	O
consumer	O
and	O
office	O
markets	O
allowing	O
tremendous	O
economies	O
of	O
scale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
a	O
market	O
niche	O
and	O
are	O
manufactured	O
less	O
often	O
and	O
at	O
a	O
higher	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motherboards	B-Device
and	O
SBCs	O
now	O
offer	O
similar	O
levels	O
of	O
feature	O
integration	O
meaning	O
that	O
a	O
motherboard	B-Device
failure	O
in	O
either	O
standard	O
will	O
require	O
equivalent	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
common	O
variety	O
of	O
single	B-Device
board	I-Device
computer	I-Device
uses	O
standardized	O
computer	O
form	O
factors	O
intended	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
a	O
backplane	B-Architecture
enclosure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
are	O
CompactPCI	O
,	O
PXI	B-Architecture
,	O
VMEbus	B-Architecture
,	O
VXI	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
PICMG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Intel	O
PC	O
world	O
,	O
the	O
intelligence	O
and	O
interface/control	O
circuitry	O
is	O
placed	O
on	O
a	O
plug-in	O
board	O
that	O
is	O
then	O
inserted	O
into	O
a	O
passive	O
(	O
or	O
active	O
)	O
backplane	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
having	O
a	O
system	O
built	O
with	O
a	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
except	O
that	O
the	O
backplane	B-Architecture
determines	O
the	O
slot	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Backplanes	B-Architecture
are	O
available	O
with	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
slots	O
(	O
ISA	O
,	O
PCI	B-Protocol
,	O
PCI-X	O
,	O
PCI-Express	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
usually	O
totaling	O
20	O
or	O
fewer	O
,	O
meaning	O
it	O
will	O
fit	O
in	O
a	O
19	B-Application
"	I-Application
rackmount	B-Application
enclosure	O
(	O
17	O
"	O
wide	O
chassis	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
single-board	B-Device
computers	I-Device
have	O
connectors	O
that	O
allow	O
a	O
stack	O
of	O
circuit	O
boards	O
,	O
each	O
containing	O
expansion	B-Device
hardware	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
assembled	O
without	O
a	O
traditional	O
backplane	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
stacking	O
SBC	O
form	O
factors	O
include	O
PC/104	B-Device
,	O
PC/104	B-Device
-Plus	O
,	O
PCI-104	B-Device
,	O
EPIC	B-Device
,	O
and	O
EBX	O
;	O
these	O
systems	O
are	O
commonly	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
embedded	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stack-type	O
SBCs	O
often	O
have	O
memory	B-Architecture
provided	O
on	O
plug-cards	O
such	O
as	O
SIMMs	B-General_Concept
and	O
DIMMs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
circuit	O
boards	O
are	O
also	O
not	O
counted	O
for	O
determining	O
if	O
a	O
computer	O
is	O
an	O
SBC	O
or	O
not	O
for	O
two	O
reasons	O
,	O
firstly	O
because	O
the	O
HDD	O
is	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
block	O
storage	O
unit	O
,	O
and	O
secondly	O
because	O
the	O
SBC	O
may	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
at	O
all	O
as	O
most	O
can	O
be	O
booted	O
from	O
their	O
network	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
