<s>
Simulation	B-Device
for	I-Device
Automatic	I-Device
Machinery	I-Device
or	O
SAM	O
were	O
two	O
unique	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
built	O
by	O
the	O
Norwegian	O
Defence	O
Research	O
Establishment	O
(	O
NDRE	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	B-Device
1	I-Device
,	O
built	O
between	O
1962	O
and	O
1964	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
Norwegian-built	O
programmable	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
4,096	O
14-bit	O
words	O
of	O
memory	O
and	O
14	O
registers	B-General_Concept
and	O
was	O
used	O
in-house	O
at	O
NDRE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
was	O
built	O
between	O
1966	O
and	O
1967	O
and	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
analysis	O
of	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
at	O
Tromsø	O
Satellite	O
Station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
it	O
was	O
completed	O
in	O
1962	O
,	O
the	O
design	O
group	O
led	O
by	O
Yngvar	O
Lundh	O
started	O
working	O
on	O
SAM	B-Device
1	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
development	O
were	O
Lars	O
Monrad-Krohn	O
,	O
Per	O
Bjørge	O
and	O
Rolf	O
Skår	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
they	O
established	O
Norsk	O
Data	O
and	O
developed	O
the	O
Nord-1	B-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
background	O
was	O
that	O
NDRE	O
had	O
a	O
keypunch	B-Device
machine	I-Device
,	O
but	O
there	O
were	O
no	O
commercially	O
available	O
digital	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yngvar	O
Lundh	O
wrote	O
his	O
master	O
's	O
thesis	O
in	O
engineering	O
at	O
NDRE	O
in	O
1957	O
and	O
then	O
studied	O
at	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
where	O
he	O
encountered	O
the	O
TX-2	B-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Holberg	O
gave	O
the	O
go-ahead	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
in	O
mid	O
1962	O
and	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
Lydia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Part	O
of	O
the	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
Norwegian	O
support	O
was	O
the	O
opportunity	O
of	O
training	O
Norwegians	O
in	O
pulse-code	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
and	O
digital	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
agreement	O
involved	O
that	O
NDRE	O
was	O
to	O
supply	O
a	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
for	O
Tromsø	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NDRE	O
argued	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
fully	O
capable	O
of	O
delivering	O
such	O
a	O
system	O
,	O
but	O
NTNF	O
instead	O
wanted	O
to	O
safe	O
by	O
buying	O
the	O
PDP-8	B-Device
from	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Michelsen	O
Institute	O
which	O
allowed	O
them	O
to	O
borrow	O
their	O
computer	O
in	O
case	O
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
did	O
not	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
in	O
Europe	O
and	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
three	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
which	O
used	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	B-Device
1	I-Device
had	O
a	O
main	O
memory	O
of	O
4,096	O
words	O
,	O
each	O
24	O
bits	O
long	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
seven	O
14-bit	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
,	O
eight	O
special	O
purpose	O
registers	B-General_Concept
,	O
three	O
data	O
registers	B-General_Concept
,	O
</s>
<s>
an	O
accumulator	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
screen	O
,	O
a	O
light	B-Device
pen	I-Device
,	O
a	O
punch	B-Device
card	I-Device
reader	I-Device
and	O
a	O
Flexowriter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
there	O
was	O
time	O
between	O
SAM	B-Device
2	I-Device
was	O
completed	O
and	O
it	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
Tromsø	O
,	O
the	O
designers	O
took	O
it	O
on	O
a	O
tour	O
to	O
Bergen	O
and	O
Trondheim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
Norsk	O
Data	O
,	O
a	O
major	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAM	B-Device
1	I-Device
is	O
on	O
display	O
at	O
the	O
Norwegian	O
Museum	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
