<s>
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
is	O
a	O
citator	B-Library
used	O
in	O
United	O
States	O
legal	O
research	O
that	O
provides	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
authorities	O
citing	O
a	O
particular	O
case	O
,	O
statute	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
legal	O
authority	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
verb	O
Shepardizing	B-Library
(	O
sometimes	O
written	O
lower-case	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
consulting	O
Shepard	O
's	O
to	O
see	O
if	O
a	O
case	O
has	O
been	O
overturned	O
,	O
reaffirmed	O
,	O
questioned	O
,	O
or	O
cited	O
by	O
later	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
electronic	O
citators	B-Library
like	O
Westlaw	O
's	O
KeyCite	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
Shepard	O
's	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
legal	O
citation	O
service	O
that	O
attempted	O
to	O
provide	O
comprehensive	O
coverage	O
of	O
U.S.	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
early	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
the	O
Frank	O
Shepard	O
Company	O
was	O
binding	O
the	O
citations	O
into	O
maroon	O
volumes	O
with	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
stamped	O
in	O
gold	O
on	O
their	O
spines	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
the	O
ones	O
still	O
found	O
on	O
library	O
shelves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
moved	O
to	O
Colorado	O
Springs	O
in	O
1948	O
;	O
in	O
1951	O
,	O
it	O
adopted	O
the	O
name	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1966	O
,	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
McGraw	O
Hill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Shepard	O
's	O
was	O
purchased	O
by	O
Times	O
Mirror	O
and	O
Reed	B-Library
Elsevier	I-Library
(	O
owner	O
of	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
since	O
1994	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
bought	O
full	O
ownership	O
of	O
Shepard	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
this	O
acquisition	O
,	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
multi-million-dollar	O
Citations	O
Redesign	O
(	O
CR	O
)	O
project	O
"	O
that	O
"	O
redesigned	O
the	O
way	O
we	O
process	O
case	O
law	O
and	O
citations	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1999	O
,	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
released	O
an	O
online	O
version	O
,	O
named	O
Shepard	O
's	O
Citation	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
learning	O
to	O
Shepardize	B-Library
in	O
print	O
was	O
once	O
a	O
rite	O
of	O
passage	O
for	O
all	O
first-year	O
law	O
students	O
,	O
the	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
booklets	O
in	O
hardcopy	O
format	O
are	O
cryptic	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
online	O
version	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
cram	O
as	O
much	O
information	O
about	O
as	O
many	O
cases	O
in	O
as	O
little	O
space	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
market	O
research	O
by	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
indicated	O
that	O
most	O
attorneys	O
and	O
librarians	O
conduct	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
their	O
research	O
online	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
experienced	O
attorneys	O
,	O
principally	O
in	O
smaller	O
firms	O
,	O
who	O
still	O
prefer	O
print	O
and	O
who	O
are	O
extremely	O
unlikely	O
to	O
change	O
their	O
ways	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
textbook	O
Fundamentals	O
of	O
Legal	O
Research	O
formerly	O
included	O
a	O
lengthy	O
illustrated	O
explanation	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
use	O
Shepard	O
's	O
in	O
print	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
the	O
10th	O
edition	O
released	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
that	O
section	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
a	O
brief	O
explanation	O
that	O
such	O
"	O
detail	O
is	O
unnecessary	O
for	O
the	O
many	O
researchers	O
who	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
online	O
citators	B-Library
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
recommendation	O
that	O
researchers	O
without	O
access	O
to	O
an	O
online	O
citator	B-Library
should	O
telephone	O
or	O
email	O
LexisNexis	B-Library
directly	O
for	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LexisNexis	B-Library
and	O
Lexis	B-Library
Advance	O
database	O
users	O
can	O
Shepardize	B-Library
most	O
citations	O
online	O
;	O
cases	O
are	O
displayed	O
with	O
a	O
text	O
link	O
to	O
Shepardize	B-Library
the	O
case	O
and	O
usually	O
also	O
have	O
an	O
icon	O
indicating	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
as	O
citable	O
authority	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
the	O
text	O
link	O
or	O
the	O
icon	O
,	O
when	O
clicked	O
or	O
activated	O
,	O
will	O
bring	O
up	O
a	O
full	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
report	I-Library
for	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
report	I-Library
indicates	O
exactly	O
how	O
later	O
cases	O
cited	O
the	O
case	O
being	O
Shepardized	O
with	O
plain	O
English	O
phrases	O
like	O
"	O
followed	O
by	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
overruled	O
"	O
rather	O
than	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
old	O
abbreviations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
citations	O
can	O
be	O
Shepardized	O
online	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
sources	O
that	O
are	O
only	O
Shepardizable	O
in	O
the	O
print	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
volumes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
other	O
more	O
specialized	O
sources	O
not	O
as	O
widely	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
Statutes	O
at	O
Large	O
that	O
are	O
included	O
in	O
print	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
publications	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
online	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1960	O
,	O
Eugene	O
Garfield	O
developed	O
Science	B-Library
Citation	I-Library
Index	I-Library
(	O
SCI	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
later	O
expressly	O
acknowledged	O
was	O
heavily	O
influenced	O
in	O
several	O
ways	O
by	O
Shepard	B-Library
's	I-Library
Citations	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
the	O
eigenvalue-based	O
method	O
developed	O
by	O
Gabriel	O
Pinski	O
and	O
Francis	O
Narin	O
in	O
1976	O
and	O
the	O
PageRank	B-Algorithm
link	O
analysis	O
algorithm	O
using	O
the	O
similar	O
idea	O
created	O
by	O
Sergei	O
Brin	O
and	O
Larry	O
Page	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
the	O
heart	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
search	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
