<s>
Shadow	B-Application
profile	I-Application
describes	O
the	O
situation	O
when	O
users	O
 '	O
or	O
non-users	O
'	O
information	O
is	O
collected	O
without	O
their	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
discussed	O
cases	O
of	O
shadow	O
profiling	O
is	O
on	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
reported	O
to	O
collect	O
information	O
on	O
people	O
which	O
they	O
did	O
not	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
data	O
breach	O
of	O
over	O
six	O
million	O
Facebook	B-Application
users	I-Application
 '	O
personal	O
information	O
indicated	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
shadow	B-Application
profiles	I-Application
,	O
since	O
the	O
leaked	O
information	O
was	O
not	O
provided	O
by	O
users	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
this	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
started	O
to	O
combine	O
user	O
's	O
shadow	B-Application
profiles	I-Application
with	O
their	O
public	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combined	O
profiles	O
were	O
then	O
further	O
shared	O
with	O
the	O
users	O
 '	O
friends	O
if	O
they	O
used	O
Facebook	B-Application
's	O
Download	O
Your	O
Information	O
(	O
DYI	O
)	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benefits	O
brought	O
by	O
shadow	B-Application
profile	I-Application
related	O
behaviors	O
include	O
a	O
more	O
efficient	O
way	O
of	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
anomaly	O
behaviors	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
generate	O
more	O
customized	O
results	O
,	O
sometimes	O
users	O
are	O
willing	O
to	O
share	O
their	O
information	O
with	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoTs	B-Operating_System
)	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
convenience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
argued	O
solutions	O
points	O
out	O
the	O
inefficiency	O
of	O
privacy	O
terms	O
that	O
companies	O
use	O
to	O
ask	O
for	O
users	O
 '	O
consent	O
,	O
such	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
sometimes	O
too	O
lengthy	O
(	O
Facebook	B-Application
's	O
privacy	O
terms	O
has	O
9,500	O
words	O
)	O
,	O
involved	O
with	O
professional	O
vocabularies	O
that	O
only	O
few	O
would	O
fully	O
understand	O
or	O
the	O
users	O
do	O
not	O
understand	O
who	O
are	O
the	O
other	O
parties	O
they	O
are	O
granting	O
their	O
information	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
