<s>
Implementation	O
of	O
an	O
SOA	O
requires	O
tools	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
run-time	B-Device
infrastructure	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
collectively	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
service-oriented	B-Application
architecture	I-Application
implementation	I-Application
framework	I-Application
or	O
(	O
SOAIF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
SOAIF	O
includes	O
both	O
design-time	O
and	O
run-time	B-Device
capabilities	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
all	O
the	O
software	O
functionality	O
an	O
enterprise	O
needs	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
operate	O
an	O
SOA	O
,	O
including	O
service-oriented	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
tools	B-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
integration	B-Architecture
,	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
implementation	O
frameworks	O
should	O
meet	O
the	O
requirements	O
for	O
loosely	B-Application
coupled	I-Application
,	O
coarse	O
grained	O
,	O
asynchronous	O
Services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
accomplished	O
via	O
a	O
peer-to-peer	O
messaging	O
infrastructure	O
with	O
distributed	O
security	O
mechanisms	O
that	O
allow	O
efficient	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchanges	I-General_Concept
for	O
easy	O
implementation	O
,	O
while	O
enabling	O
each	O
enterprise	O
to	O
enforce	O
its	O
own	O
security	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
packaged	O
application	O
integration	B-Architecture
solutions	O
are	O
complex	O
and	O
require	O
significant	O
implementation	O
effort	O
,	O
often	O
including	O
extensive	O
manual	O
coding	O
for	O
deployment	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
SOAIF	O
provides	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
run	O
time	O
deployment	O
of	O
services	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
dramatically	O
reduces	O
the	O
overall	O
costs	O
of	O
application	O
integration	B-Architecture
and	O
deployment	O
by	O
automating	O
these	O
time-consuming	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
allows	O
extension	O
of	O
integration	B-Architecture
across	O
business	O
boundaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
traditional	O
software	O
development	O
process	O
,	O
translating	O
requirements	O
into	O
working	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
is	O
both	O
time-consuming	O
and	O
difficult	O
,	O
requiring	O
several	O
stages	O
of	O
manual	O
development	O
and	O
deployment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SOAIF	O
incorporates	O
tools	B-Application
that	O
let	O
processes	O
that	O
are	O
developed	O
,	O
using	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
Business	O
Process	O
Execution	O
Language	O
(	O
BPEL	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
easily	O
translated	O
into	O
distributed	O
,	O
high-level	O
services	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
easier	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
manipulate	O
,	O
and	O
debug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
combination	O
of	O
service-oriented	O
tools	B-Application
and	O
built-in	O
support	O
for	O
distributed	O
debugging	O
,	O
run-time	B-Device
tracing	O
and	O
logging	O
,	O
and	O
dynamic	O
deployment	O
allows	O
the	O
SOAIF	O
to	O
dramatically	O
reduce	O
the	O
time	O
taken	O
to	O
implement	O
and	O
deliver	O
working	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOAIFs	O
have	O
unique	O
requirements	O
at	O
both	O
the	O
tools	B-Application
and	O
infrastructure	O
levels	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
typically	O
provided	O
by	O
any	O
single	O
current	O
technology	O
or	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
enterprise	O
standards	O
support	O
(	O
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
,	O
reliability	O
,	O
and	O
scalability	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
security	O
in	O
distributed	B-Architecture
environment	I-Architecture
,	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
framework	O
must	O
also	O
be	O
symmetric	O
,	O
which	O
implies	O
that	O
the	O
same	O
event-based	O
infrastructure	O
software	O
and	O
tools	B-Application
need	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
all	O
machines	O
within	O
the	O
enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
,	O
messaging	O
,	O
and	O
existing	O
enterprise	O
standards	O
becomes	O
essential	O
in	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
eliminate	O
single	B-Architecture
points	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
failure	I-Architecture
and	O
to	O
maximize	O
performance	O
,	O
a	O
fully	O
distributed	O
architecture	O
becomes	O
essential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SOAIF	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
distributed	O
for	O
maximum	O
performance	O
and	O
scalability	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
such	O
a	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environment	O
,	O
it	O
becomes	O
necessary	O
to	O
restrict	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
interactions	O
that	O
partners	O
can	O
conduct	O
with	O
the	O
corporate	O
IT	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
requires	O
a	O
security	O
model	O
that	O
incorporates	O
users	O
,	O
Web	O
services	O
and	O
more	O
general	O
enterprise	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
’s	O
fully	O
distributed	O
and	O
fault-tolerant	B-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
SOAIF	O
infrastructure	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
security	O
model	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
existing	O
standards	O
and	O
tools	B-Application
and	O
should	O
support	O
certificate	O
authentication	O
at	O
both	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
services	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SOAIF	O
needs	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
single	O
dashboard	O
with	O
visibility	O
into	O
an	O
organization	O
’s	O
entire	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
platform	O
should	O
incorporate	O
visual	O
implementation-process-composition	O
tools	B-Application
,	O
together	O
with	O
infrastructure-level	O
support	O
to	O
instantly	O
deploy	O
the	O
modeled	O
implementation-level	O
processes	O
across	O
a	O
distributed	O
enterprise	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
visual	O
composition	O
tools	B-Application
need	O
to	O
be	O
service-oriented	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
directly	O
manipulate	O
higher-level	O
,	O
coarse-grained	O
implementation	O
processes	O
as	O
first-class	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
critical	O
problem	O
in	O
deploying	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
is	O
monitoring	O
and	O
debugging	O
concurrently	O
running	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
SOAIF	O
should	O
provide	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
tracing	O
,	O
logging	O
,	O
and	O
monitoring	O
any	O
process	O
or	O
service	O
across	O
the	O
distributed	B-Architecture
environment	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
changes	O
are	O
implemented	O
within	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
by	O
abstracting	O
all	O
concepts	O
relating	O
to	O
lower-level	O
middleware	O
at	O
the	O
tools	B-Application
and	O
applications	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essential	O
elements	O
of	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
include	O
design-time	O
and	O
run-time	B-Device
infrastructure	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
service-oriented	O
tools	B-Application
for	O
deploying	O
distributed	O
processes	O
and	O
implementation	O
flows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
is	O
typically	O
provided	O
by	O
an	O
enterprise	B-Application
service	I-Application
bus	I-Application
(	O
ESB	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
addresses	O
the	O
challenges	O
in	O
composing	O
,	O
deploying	O
,	O
and	O
managing	O
distributed	O
,	O
service-based	O
enterprise	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ESB	O
incorporates	O
a	O
standards-based	O
,	O
enterprise-class	O
messaging	O
backbone	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
enhanced	O
systems	O
connectivity	O
using	O
web	O
services	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
,	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
that	O
contributes	O
to	O
an	O
optimal	O
SOA	O
implementation	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
Enterprise	B-Application
service	I-Application
bus	I-Application
(	O
ESB	O
)	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
infrastructural	O
element	O
to	O
distributed	O
Services	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ESB	O
approach	O
to	O
integration	B-Architecture
considers	O
systems	O
as	O
discrete	O
,	O
distributed	O
Services	O
that	O
connect	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
via	O
an	O
asynchronous	O
,	O
message-oriented	O
communications	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
message-oriented	O
infrastructure	O
allows	O
loosely	B-Application
coupled	I-Application
,	O
document-oriented	O
exchanges	O
between	O
independent	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESBs	O
provides	O
the	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
components	O
that	O
simplify	O
and	O
scale	O
integration	B-Architecture
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESBs	O
do	O
not	O
however	O
provide	O
the	O
required	O
integration	B-Architecture
to	O
meet	O
high-level	O
business	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESBs	O
also	O
do	O
not	O
provide	O
guarantees	O
of	O
loose	B-Application
coupling	I-Application
and	O
coarse	O
granularity	O
to	O
meet	O
evolving	O
Service-oriented	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
fault	B-General_Concept
tolerance	I-General_Concept
,	O
scalability	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
reliability	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
service-based	O
tools	B-Application
,	O
</s>
<s>
run-time	B-Device
monitoring	O
,	O
tracing	O
,	O
and	O
logging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
BPM	O
is	O
that	O
while	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
construct	O
processes	O
that	O
achieve	O
integration	B-Architecture
goals	O
,	O
enterprises	O
typically	O
use	O
BPM	O
tools	B-Application
only	O
at	O
design	O
time	O
,	O
modeling	O
processes	O
as	O
they	O
used	O
to	O
be	O
or	O
processes	O
as	O
they	O
should	O
be	O
,	O
but	O
rarely	O
processes	O
as	O
they	O
actually	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
IT	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
while	O
BPM	O
solutions	O
can	O
craft	O
orchestrated	O
processes	O
that	O
are	O
composed	O
of	O
fine-grained	O
Services	O
,	O
they	O
do	O
n’t	O
contain	O
the	O
runtime	B-Device
environment	I-Device
necessary	O
for	O
loosely	B-Application
coupled	I-Application
,	O
asynchronous	O
Service	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
very	O
least	O
,	O
a	O
BPM	O
solution	O
must	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
loosely	B-Application
coupled	I-Application
integration	B-Architecture
approach	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
business	O
processes	O
runtime	O
activities	O
that	O
coordinate	O
integration	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
service-oriented	O
integration	B-Architecture
(	O
SOI	O
)	O
approach	O
uses	O
the	O
architectural	O
guiding	O
principles	O
of	O
Services	O
orientation	O
to	O
construct	O
an	O
ecosystem	O
of	O
Services	O
that	O
business	O
users	O
can	O
dynamically	O
combine	O
and	O
compose	O
into	O
higher-level	O
processes	O
that	O
meet	O
continuously	O
evolving	O
and	O
changing	O
business	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOI	O
approaches	O
transcend	O
brittle	O
,	O
tightly	O
coupled	O
EAI	B-Architecture
and	O
Business-to-business	O
integration	B-Architecture
approaches	O
by	O
mandating	O
a	O
separation	O
of	O
the	O
consumer	O
of	O
each	O
Service	O
from	O
the	O
producer	O
of	O
that	O
Service	O
,	O
thus	O
enforcing	O
the	O
critical	O
aspect	O
of	O
loose	B-Application
coupling	I-Application
that	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
allow	O
an	O
integration	B-Architecture
scenario	O
to	O
evolve	O
automatically	O
to	O
meet	O
business	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SOI	O
provides	O
no	O
guidance	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
build	O
the	O
right	O
Services	O
to	O
meet	O
current	O
business	O
requirements	O
,	O
nor	O
does	O
it	O
provide	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
execute	O
Services	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
effective	O
,	O
scalable	B-Architecture
manner	O
to	O
guarantee	O
long-running	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
web	O
services	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
,	O
and	O
.NET	B-Application
for	O
connectivity	O
to	O
various	O
systems	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
XSLT	B-Application
and	O
X-query	O
for	O
transformation	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
LDAP	B-Protocol
,	O
TLS	B-Protocol
for	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
modern	O
ESBs	O
implement	O
a	O
symmetric	O
,	O
distributed	O
architecture	O
in	O
which	O
peer-messaging	O
servers	O
run	O
on	O
multiple	O
nodes	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
network	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
highly	O
scalable	B-Architecture
,	O
reliable	O
distributed	O
messaging	O
platform	O
with	O
no	B-Architecture
single	I-Architecture
point	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
failure	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
if	O
one	O
has	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
requires	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchanges	I-General_Concept
between	O
New	O
York	O
and	O
Boston	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
between	O
San	O
Francisco	O
and	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
two	O
flows	O
of	O
data	O
do	O
n’t	O
necessarily	O
have	O
to	O
traverse	O
a	O
messaging	O
hub	O
located	O
in	O
Chicago	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
often	O
the	O
case	O
in	O
most	O
enterprise	O
or	O
cross-enterprise	O
deployments	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Service-oriented	O
tools	B-Application
enable	O
composition	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
applications	I-Architecture
from	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
services	O
(	O
Web	O
services	O
and	O
more	O
general	O
enterprise	O
services	O
)	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
typically	O
runs	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
service-oriented	O
tools	B-Application
within	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
to	O
compose	O
flexible	O
,	O
easy-to-modify	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
abstracting	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
message	O
routing	O
from	O
service	O
implementations	O
,	O
service-oriented	O
tools	B-Application
decouple	O
and	O
enable	O
running	O
processes	O
to	O
be	O
modified	O
on-the-fly	O
by	O
simple	O
service	O
replacement	O
or	O
addition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tools	B-Application
framework	O
within	O
an	O
SOAIF	O
supports	O
the	O
run-time	B-Device
deployment	O
of	O
services	O
,	O
allowing	O
changed	O
processes	O
to	O
be	O
deployed	O
instantly	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESBs	O
provide	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
set	O
several	O
security	O
attributes	O
for	O
each	O
service	O
and	O
provide	O
administrative	O
tools	B-Application
to	O
configure	O
security	O
settings	O
on	O
the	O
distributed	O
ESB	O
infrastructure	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ESBs	O
include	O
native	O
service-level	O
support	O
for	O
run-time	B-Device
monitoring	O
,	O
tracing	O
,	O
and	O
logging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
services	O
can	O
be	O
monitored	O
instantly	O
,	O
using	O
visual	O
tools	B-Application
within	O
the	O
SOAIF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Trace	O
levels	O
can	O
be	O
dynamically	O
changed	O
within	O
existing	O
services	O
running	O
across	O
the	O
network	O
and	O
debug	O
logs	O
can	O
be	O
routed	O
to	O
software	O
tools	B-Application
on	O
any	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
features	O
greatly	O
simplify	O
the	O
development	O
,	O
deployment	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
applications	I-Architecture
running	O
across	O
the	O
SOAIF	O
.	O
</s>
