<s>
Sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
afferent	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
,	O
are	O
neurons	O
in	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
,	O
that	O
convert	O
a	O
specific	O
type	O
of	O
stimulus	O
,	O
via	O
their	O
receptors	O
,	O
into	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
or	O
graded	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cell	O
bodies	O
of	O
the	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
are	O
located	O
in	O
the	O
dorsal	O
ganglia	O
of	O
the	O
spinal	O
cord	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
types	O
of	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
have	O
different	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
that	O
respond	O
to	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
stimuli	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
six	O
external	O
and	O
two	O
internal	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
:	O
</s>
<s>
Exteroreceptors	O
include	O
olfactory	O
receptors	O
(	O
smell	O
)	O
,	O
taste	O
receptors	O
,	O
photoreceptors	O
(	O
vision	O
)	O
,	O
hair	O
cells	O
(	O
hearing	O
)	O
,	O
thermoreceptors	B-Algorithm
(	O
temperature	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
mechanoreceptors	O
(	O
stretch	O
,	O
distortion	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
involved	O
in	O
smell	O
are	O
called	O
olfactory	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
produce	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
olfactory	O
receptors	O
,	O
taste	O
receptors	O
(	O
gustatory	O
receptors	O
)	O
in	O
taste	O
buds	O
interact	O
with	O
chemicals	O
in	O
food	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
action	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
action	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
occurs	O
in	O
the	O
retinal	O
ganglion	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Issues	O
and	O
decay	O
of	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
associated	O
with	O
vision	O
lead	O
to	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inner	O
hair	O
cells	O
are	O
the	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Problems	O
with	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
associated	O
with	O
the	O
auditory	O
system	O
leads	O
to	O
disorders	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Thermoreceptors	B-Algorithm
are	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
respond	O
to	O
varying	O
temperatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
mechanisms	O
through	O
which	O
these	O
receptors	O
operate	O
is	O
unclear	O
,	O
recent	O
discoveries	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
mammals	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
distinct	O
types	O
of	O
thermoreceptors	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bulboid	B-Algorithm
corpuscle	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
a	O
cutaneous	B-Algorithm
receptor	I-Algorithm
a	O
cold-sensitive	O
receptor	O
,	O
that	O
detects	O
cold	O
temperatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanoreceptors	O
are	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
which	O
respond	O
to	O
mechanical	O
forces	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
pressure	O
or	O
distortion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialized	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
cells	O
called	O
mechanoreceptors	O
often	O
encapsulate	O
afferent	O
fibers	O
to	O
help	O
tune	O
the	O
afferent	O
fibers	O
to	O
the	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
somatic	O
stimulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanoreceptors	O
also	O
help	O
lower	O
thresholds	O
for	O
action	B-Algorithm
potential	I-Algorithm
generation	O
in	O
afferent	O
fibers	O
and	O
thus	O
make	O
them	O
more	O
likely	O
to	O
fire	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
sensory	O
stimulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
types	O
of	O
mechanoreceptors	O
fire	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
when	O
their	O
membranes	O
are	O
physically	O
stretched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nociceptors	B-Algorithm
are	O
responsible	O
for	O
processing	O
pain	O
and	O
temperature	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aortic	O
bodies	O
and	O
carotid	O
bodies	O
contain	O
clusters	O
of	O
glomus	O
cells	O
–	O
peripheral	B-Algorithm
chemoreceptors	I-Algorithm
that	O
detect	O
changes	O
in	O
chemical	O
properties	O
in	O
the	O
blood	O
such	O
as	O
oxygen	O
concentration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nociceptors	B-Algorithm
respond	O
to	O
potentially	O
damaging	O
stimuli	O
by	O
sending	O
signals	O
to	O
the	O
spinal	O
cord	O
and	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nociceptors	B-Algorithm
detect	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
noxious	O
stimuli	O
indicating	O
potential	O
for	O
damage	O
,	O
then	O
initiate	O
neural	O
responses	O
to	O
withdraw	O
from	O
the	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thermal	O
nociceptors	B-Algorithm
are	O
activated	O
by	O
noxious	O
heat	O
or	O
cold	O
at	O
various	O
temperatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mechanical	O
nociceptors	B-Algorithm
respond	O
to	O
excess	O
pressure	O
or	O
mechanical	O
deformation	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
pinch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chemical	O
nociceptors	B-Algorithm
respond	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
chemicals	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
signal	O
a	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
coming	O
from	O
the	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
head	O
enters	O
the	O
central	O
nervous	O
system	O
(	O
CNS	O
)	O
through	O
cranial	O
nerves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
from	O
the	O
sensory	B-Architecture
neurons	I-Architecture
below	O
the	O
head	O
enters	O
the	O
spinal	O
cord	O
and	O
passes	O
towards	O
the	O
brain	O
through	O
the	O
31	O
spinal	O
nerves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
's	O
adequate	O
stimulus	O
is	O
the	O
stimulus	O
modality	O
for	O
which	O
it	O
possesses	O
the	O
adequate	O
sensory	O
transduction	O
apparatus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adequate	O
stimulus	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
classify	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
:	O
</s>
<s>
Sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
classified	O
by	O
location	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Cutaneous	B-Algorithm
receptors	I-Algorithm
are	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
found	O
in	O
the	O
dermis	B-Algorithm
or	O
epidermis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Somatic	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
near	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
skin	O
can	O
usually	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
groups	O
based	O
on	O
morphology	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Free	O
nerve	O
endings	O
characterize	O
the	O
nociceptors	B-Algorithm
and	O
thermoreceptors	B-Algorithm
and	O
are	O
called	O
thus	O
because	O
the	O
terminal	O
branches	O
of	O
the	O
neuron	O
are	O
unmyelinated	O
and	O
spread	O
throughout	O
the	O
dermis	B-Algorithm
and	O
epidermis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encapsulated	O
receptors	O
consist	O
of	O
the	O
remaining	O
types	O
of	O
cutaneous	B-Algorithm
receptors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tonic	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
that	O
adapts	O
slowly	O
to	O
a	O
stimulus	O
and	O
continues	O
to	O
produce	O
action	B-Algorithm
potentials	I-Algorithm
over	O
the	O
duration	O
of	O
the	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
tonic	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
are	O
permanently	O
active	O
and	O
indicate	O
a	O
background	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
such	O
tonic	B-Architecture
receptors	I-Architecture
are	O
pain	B-Algorithm
receptors	I-Algorithm
,	O
joint	O
capsule	O
,	O
and	O
muscle	O
spindle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
phasic	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
sensory	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
that	O
adapts	O
rapidly	O
to	O
a	O
stimulus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
phasic	B-Architecture
receptor	I-Architecture
is	O
the	O
Pacinian	B-Algorithm
corpuscle	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Techniques	O
such	O
as	O
constraint-induced	O
movement	O
therapy	O
developed	O
by	O
Taub	O
have	O
helped	O
patients	O
with	O
paralyzed	O
limbs	O
regain	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
limbs	O
by	O
forcing	O
the	O
sensory	O
system	O
to	O
grow	O
new	O
neural	B-General_Concept
pathways	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
