<s>
Self-service	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
serving	O
oneself	O
,	O
usually	O
when	O
making	O
purchases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
Automated	O
Teller	O
Machines	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
banks	O
,	O
and	O
customer-operated	O
supermarket	O
check-out	O
,	O
labor-saving	O
of	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
self-sourcing	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
the	O
latter	O
's	O
subset	O
,	O
selfsourcing	O
and	O
a	O
related	O
pair	O
:	O
End-user	O
development	O
and	O
End-user	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
decades	O
,	O
laws	O
have	O
been	O
passed	O
both	O
facilitating	O
and	O
preventing	O
self-pumping	O
of	O
gas	O
and	O
other	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-service	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
serving	O
oneself	O
,	O
usually	O
when	O
purchasing	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-service	B-General_Concept
is	O
over	O
the	O
phone	O
,	O
web	O
,	O
and	O
email	O
to	O
facilitate	O
customer	O
service	O
interactions	O
using	O
automation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-service	B-General_Concept
software	O
and	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
apps	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
online	O
banking	O
apps	O
,	O
web	O
portals	O
with	O
shops	O
,	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
check-in	O
at	O
the	O
airport	O
)	O
become	O
increasingly	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
situations	O
have	O
aspects	O
of	O
Self-service	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
where	O
permitted	O
involve	O
benefits	O
to	O
the	O
person	O
doing	O
the	O
work	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
job	O
&	O
personal	O
satisfaction	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
tradeoffs	O
are	O
frequently	O
involved	O
,	O
including	O
long	O
term	O
losses	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
situation	O
where	O
no	O
payment	O
is	O
made	O
is	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
airport	O
check-in	O
kiosks	O
and	O
checkout	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
a	O
2005	O
HRO	O
Today	O
article	O
titled	O
"	O
Insourcing	O
,	O
Outsourcing	B-Architecture
?	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
one	O
USA	O
example	O
is	O
pumping	O
gas	O
:	O
New	O
Jersey	O
banned	O
customers	O
from	O
doing	O
this	O
in	O
1949	O
;	O
now	O
NJ	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
state	O
"	O
where	O
drivers	O
are	O
not	O
allowed	O
to	O
pump	O
their	O
own	O
gasoline.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
it	O
was	O
considered	O
a	O
radical	O
change	O
to	O
propose	O
permitting	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
at	O
the	O
gas	O
pumps	O
,	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
reported	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
push	O
..	O
(	O
came	O
)	O
from	O
Japanese	O
big	O
business	O
...	O
trying	O
to	O
cut	O
costs.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Selfsourcing	O
is	O
the	O
internal	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
IT	O
systems	O
by	O
knowledge	O
workers	O
with	O
minimal	O
contribution	O
from	O
IT	O
specialists	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
essentially	O
outsourcing	B-Architecture
development	O
effort	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
times	O
they	O
use	O
in-house	B-Architecture
Data	O
warehouse	O
systems	O
,	O
which	O
often	O
run	O
on	O
mainframes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
terms	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
end	O
user	O
self	B-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
,	O
when	O
someone	O
who	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
professional	O
programmer	O
programs	O
,	O
codes	O
,	O
scripts	O
,	O
writes	O
macros	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
other	O
ways	O
uses	O
a	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
user-directed	O
data	O
processing	O
accomplishment	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
End	B-General_Concept
user	I-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
and	O
End	O
user	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
was	O
for	O
do-it-yourself/selfsourcing	O
,	O
including	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
programs	O
written	O
in	O
DOS-BASIC	O
or	O
,	O
somewhat	O
later	O
,	O
dBASE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
,	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
End-user	O
development	O
tool	O
,	O
was	O
estimated	O
in	O
2005	O
to	O
done	O
by	O
13	O
million	O
American	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
data	O
became	O
siloed	B-Application
Once	O
terminal	B-Application
emulation	I-Application
arrived	O
,	O
more	O
data	O
was	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
more	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Techniques	O
such	O
as	O
Screen	O
scraping	O
and	O
FTP	B-Protocol
reduced	O
rekeying	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mainframe	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
FOCUS	O
were	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
PC	O
,	O
and	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
(	O
BI	O
)	O
software	O
became	O
more	O
widespread	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-house	B-Architecture
IT	O
specialists	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
valuable	O
commodity	O
and	O
are	O
often	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
planning	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1992	O
study	O
showed	O
that	O
because	O
Excel	B-Application
"	O
tends	O
to	O
produce	O
output	O
even	O
in	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
errors	O
"	O
there	O
is	O
"	O
user	O
over-confidence	O
in	O
program	O
correctness.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
silos	I-Application
may	O
violate	O
policy	O
and	O
even	O
privacy/HIPPA/HIPAA	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
tools	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
professionals	O
,	O
among	O
the	O
basic	O
members	O
of	O
various	O
categories	O
from	O
a	O
more	O
detailed	O
list	O
of	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
tools	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
-	O
Microsoft	O
Word	O
,	O
Powerpoint	O
,	O
Excel	B-Application
,	O
dBase	B-Application
(	O
or	O
Access	O
)	O
represent	O
areas	O
of	O
functionality	O
used	O
for	O
knowledge	O
management	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
finding	O
stored	O
information	O
and	O
in	O
entering	O
new	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
self-service	B-General_Concept
kiosks	O
-	O
interactive	O
kiosks	O
have	O
become	O
common	O
in	O
industries	O
like	O
QSR	O
,	O
transportation	O
,	O
hospitality	O
,	O
healthcare	O
,	O
cannabis	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	O
resource	O
departments	O
have	O
enabled	O
Employee	O
self-service	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
providing	O
employees	O
with	O
tools	O
for	O
skill	O
building	O
and	O
career	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
