<s>
A	O
secure	B-Device
element	I-Device
(	O
SE	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
secure	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
OS	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
tamper-resistant	O
processor	O
chip	O
or	O
secure	O
component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
96	O
billion	O
secure	B-Device
elements	I-Device
have	O
been	O
produced	O
and	O
shipped	O
between	O
2010	O
and	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SEs	O
are	O
an	O
evolution	O
of	O
the	O
traditional	O
chip	O
that	O
was	O
powering	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
adapted	O
to	O
suit	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
numerous	O
use	O
cases	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
set	O
top	O
boxes	O
,	O
wearables	B-Operating_System
,	O
connected	O
cars	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
widely	O
used	O
by	O
technology	O
firms	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
SEs	O
provide	O
secure	O
isolation	O
,	O
storage	O
and	O
processing	O
for	O
applications	O
(	O
called	O
applets	B-Language
)	O
they	O
host	O
while	O
being	O
isolated	O
from	O
the	O
external	O
world	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
rich	O
OS	O
and	O
application	O
processor	O
when	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
)	O
and	O
from	O
other	O
applications	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
SE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
and	O
MULTOS	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
deployed	O
standardized	O
multi-application	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
currently	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
applications	O
running	O
on	O
SE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1999	O
,	O
GlobalPlatform	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
body	O
responsible	O
for	O
standardizing	O
secure	B-Device
element	I-Device
technologies	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
dynamic	O
model	O
of	O
application	O
management	O
in	O
a	O
multi	O
actor	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GlobalPlatform	O
also	O
runs	O
Functional	O
and	O
Security	O
Certification	O
programmes	O
for	O
secure	B-Device
elements	I-Device
,	O
and	O
hosts	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
Functional	O
Certified	O
and	O
Security	O
Certified	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Common	O
Criteria	O
Secure	B-Device
Element	I-Device
Protection	O
Profile	O
has	O
been	O
released	O
targeting	O
EAL4+	O
level	O
with	O
ALC_DVS.2	O
and	O
AVA_VAN.5	O
extension	O
to	O
standardize	O
the	O
security	O
features	O
of	O
a	O
secure	B-Device
element	I-Device
across	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
