<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
visual	O
cues	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
readability	O
of	O
a	O
formal	O
notation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
include	O
the	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
of	O
computer	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
sizes	O
and	O
color	O
codes	O
for	O
easy	O
recognition	O
of	O
consumer	O
symbols	O
such	O
as	O
bank	O
notes	O
or	O
coins	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
regular	O
typographic	O
conventions	O
often	O
found	O
in	O
technical	O
books	O
to	O
highlight	O
sections	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
type	O
of	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
provides	O
redundant	O
(	O
more	O
than	O
necessary	O
)	O
information	O
;	O
if	O
the	O
visual	O
cues	O
are	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
that	O
some	O
information	O
is	O
provided	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
traffic	O
lights	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
chart	O
's	O
key	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
secondary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
not	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
actual	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
,	O
rather	O
it	O
allows	O
for	O
the	O
meaning	O
to	O
be	O
readily	O
understood	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
annotates	O
formal	O
notation	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
contexts	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
broken	O
down	O
to	O
two	O
main	O
domains	O
:	O
text	O
and	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
common	O
instances	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
that	O
are	O
seen	O
in	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
common	O
in	O
typography	B-Application
and	O
in	O
code	B-Application
editors	I-Application
appearing	O
as	O
boldness	O
,	O
italics	O
,	O
and	O
spacing/indentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
coloring	O
and	O
indentation	O
is	O
commonly	O
implemented	O
in	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
make	O
source	O
code	O
more	O
readable	O
and	O
make	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
more	O
understandable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
C	B-Language
source	I-Language
code	I-Language
does	O
not	O
use	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
to	O
ease	O
the	O
interpretation	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
of	O
C	B-Language
is	O
easier	O
to	O
read	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
graphical	O
contexts	O
to	O
better	O
convey	O
information	O
beyond	O
what	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
of	O
the	O
graphic	O
makes	O
explicit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
graphical	O
representation	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
well	O
studied	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
heavily	O
impacted	O
by	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
flowchart	B-Language
and	O
especially	O
drakon-charts	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
layout	O
factors	O
unincorporated	O
into	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
that	O
impact	O
a	O
flowchart	B-Language
's	O
ease	O
of	O
understanding	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
drakon-charts	B-Language
all	O
the	O
arc	O
(	O
line	O
)	O
crossings	O
are	O
forbidden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
drakon-charts	B-Language
all	O
the	O
line	O
bends	O
are	O
minimized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
one	O
that	O
uses	O
better	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
readily	O
understood	O
whereas	O
the	O
other	O
model	O
requires	O
careful	O
analysis	O
to	O
understand	O
its	O
contents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
inadequate	O
use	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
can	O
significantly	O
increase	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
effort	O
necessary	O
to	O
understand	O
a	O
model	O
,	O
misuse	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
detriment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
of	O
individuals	O
to	O
understand	O
and	O
use	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
vary	O
based	O
on	O
experience	O
within	O
the	O
relevant	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experts	O
in	O
a	O
field	O
are	O
generally	O
more	O
able	O
to	O
utilize	O
the	O
clues	O
provided	O
by	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
compares	O
to	O
novices	O
who	O
often	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
,	O
ignoring	O
the	O
hints	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
differences	O
based	O
on	O
level	O
of	O
experience/expertise	O
when	O
creating	O
documents	O
that	O
utilize	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
circuit	O
diagrams	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
illustrated	O
by	O
common	O
novice	O
mistakes	O
such	O
as	O
creating	O
visual	O
symmetry	O
where	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
logical	O
symmetry	O
and	O
frequent	O
transitions	O
between	O
differing	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
conventions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
trade-off	O
is	O
that	O
,	O
what	O
in	O
many	O
other	O
cases	O
is	O
only	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
(	O
like	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
indentation	O
in	O
free-form	B-Language
languages	I-Language
)	O
,	O
is	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
is	O
not	O
optional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Python	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
requires	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
follow	O
strict	O
indentation	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
types	O
of	O
secondary	B-General_Concept
notation	I-General_Concept
,	O
however	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
formal	O
notation	O
.	O
</s>
